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COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 






> 



London: 

A. and G. A. Spottiswoode, 

New-Street-Square. 



COMPENDIUM 



CHEONOLOGY 



CONTAINING 

THE MOST IMPORTANT DATES OF GENERAL HISTORY, 

POLITICAL, ECCLESIASTICAL, AKD LITERARY, 

PEOM THE CHEATION OF THE WOELD TO THE EKD 
OF THE YEAE 1854. 



BY F. H. JAQUEMET. 

EDITED BY 

THE REV. JOHN ALCOEN, M.A. 






^CP Cr 



LONDON: 

LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 

1855. 



TO 

THE MOST REV. RICHARD WHATELY, D.D, 

LORD ARCHBISHOP OF DUBLIN, 

IS, BY HIS grace's KIND PERMISSION, MOST RESPECTFULLY 
DEDICATED 

BT HIS grace's OBLIGED AND OBEDIENT SERVANT, 

THE AUTHOR. 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



Few are aware of the difficulties that lie in the way of 
obtaining accurate chronological data, for both Ancient 
and Modern History. The compiler of the following list 
has spent several years in ascertaining its contents, from a 
variety of the most trustworthy sources ; and it is hoped 
it will be found, on examination, to answer a useful pur- 
pose in furnishing a more portable and accurate Chrono- 
logical Guide than any that has been hitherto published 
in the English language. 

The requirements of students of Classical and Eccle- 
siastical History in the Universities have been specially 
considered in the preparation of the work. 

The leading events of both Ancient and Modern History 
have been distinguished from the rest by being printed in 
the largest type, for the convenience of those who may 
wish to learn or to teach a selection of the most important 
dates only. 

Lists of the genealogies of the English and French 
monarchs, and a synchronical list of the sovereigns of the 
chief countries of Europe, have been added, to save the 
trouble of referring to a variety of places in the book. 

The Indices have been designed to contain every name 
and event mentioned in the body of the work, and thus to 
facilitate its use as a book of reference. 

In a field so extensive, there cannot but be room for a 
variety of opinions, as to what ought to be inserted, and 
what omitted, in a compendium of this nature. While it 
is hoped the selection here made will be found generally 
useful, the Editor will feel obliged for any suggestions 



VI ADVERTISEMENT. 

relative to improvements, either in the matter or form, 
that might be made in future editions of the work. 

The subjects that are printed in different typographical 
characters are to be distinguished as follows : — 

Kings of Judah, and afterwards Kings of England, in 

Old English ; as, UtCtOVia, queen of England. 
Kings of Israel, and afterwards Kings of Scotland, in 

Roman capitals ; as, DAVID II., king of Scotland. 
Emperors of Germany in Egyptian type ; as, CHABLES 

v., emperor of Germany. 
Kings of France in Italic capitals ; as, Z O UIS XIV., 

king of France. 
The Popes in small Italic capitals ; as, pope GJREGOBY 

VII. 
Illustrious men in small Roman capitals ; as, socrates. 
The History of the Bible, and afterwards that of the 

British Empire, are printed in Italics. 
Ecclesiastical History in smaller Italics, 
The most important events in General History are 

printed in large Egyptian capitals ; as, THE 

DELUGE. 
Literature, discoveries, inventions, &c., are printed in 

the smallest type. 



ERRATA. 

The following errata have been discovered while the work was going through the press: — 
Page 3. line 14. for Cj-cles read Cycle. 
B.C. 220. for Philip read Philip III. 
A. c. 331 . „ Tachomius read Pachomius. 
400. „ Claudius read Claudian. 

915. after 915 insert " Constantine and Romanus, emperors of the Last," under 
919 ; and omit it in 915. 
1107./or Alexander VII. read Alexander 1. 
13.34. „ Benedict VII. read Benedict XII. 
1440. „ Frederick II. read Frederick IV. 
1453. „ Constantine XI. re«rf Constantine Xlll. 
1517. insert Correggio, painter, b. 1494, d. 1534. 
1570. „ John Fox, martyrologist, b. 1517, d. 1587. 
16o4./i>r Dutch read Spaniards. 
1759. „ Frederick IV. read Ferdinand IV. 
1815. „ Labeydoyere rrad Labedoyere. 
1845. „ Disturbance is rt-flci Disturbance in. 



ERRATA (continued;. vii 

11. c. 1859. The next date to this should be 185G, not l'/i'i<i. 
522. for Orestes read Oroetes. 
171. The next date is " 170. Antiochus," &c. 
4. for Vellius read Vellelus. 
A.c. 6G. „ Barcas rt'rt<Z Barea, a«d 
„ 138 read 139. 
138. „ Telusium read Pelusium. 
818. „ Bertrand rcarf Bernard. 
842. omit Lewis of Bavaria, emperor of Germany. 
913. for Landaaius read Landoniuo. 
931. „ Geneva r^rtrf Genoa. 
J 071. omit Andronicus I. 
1097. " Newcastle on Tyne" sliould be under 1079 or 1080: others ascribe its 

foundation to Robert, son of William the Conqueror, 
HOG- for Tenchebray read Tinchebray. 
1250. „ Mansoura read Massoura. 
1298. " Statute of Edward," &c. should be under 1297. 
1311. " Gaveston put to death," should be under 1312. 
1327. The Janissaries are commonly said to have been instituted by the next 

sultan Amurath in 13GI or 13G2. 
IZU.read 1330. 

14r)3./oy Chatillon read Castillon. 
1464. „ Paul in. read Paul II. 
1475. „ Picquigni read Pequigni. 
1478. „ Piazzirt'«c? Pazzi. 

1504. The date 1505 should have been prefixed to " Vassili IV.," &c. 
1594. " Bank of England incorporated " should be inserted under 1694. 
JG43. Archbishop Laud's trial and condemnation should be under 1644 : he 

was executed Jan. 10. 1G45. 
1G48. for Sens read Lens. 
16G4. ,, Riguet read Riquet. 
1685. „ Le Tillier read Le Tellier. 
1718. „ Utricia read Ulrica ; and so also in 1720. 
1721. „ Carnelia reai^ Carelia. 
1757. „ Verdun reai^ Verden. 
17G0. „ Leignitz read Liegnitz. 
1821. The cession of Florida should be under 1820. 
1839. read Aden in Arabia near the entrance of the Red Sea. 

In the Index, for Duris read Duns ; for Thurst read Thurot ; for 
William of Turc read William of Tyre. 



COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Chronology (from the Greek words " chronosP time, and 
** logosy'^ word or description) is the science which treats 
of time. Its object is to arrange and exhibit the various 
events which have occurred in the history of the world 
in the order of their succession, and to ascertain the in- 
tervals of time between them. 

Olympiads. 

The Grecians reckoned time by periods of four years, 
called Olympiads. The first began 776 B.C. It is material 
to observe, that as the Olympic years and periods begin 
with the 1st of July, the first six months of a year of our 
era belong to one Olympic year, and the last six months 
to another. Thus, when it is said that the first year of the 
Incarnation corresponds to the first of the 195th Olympiad, 
we are to understand that it is only with respect to the last 
six months of that yeai' that the correspondence takes 
place ; the first six months belonged to the fourth year 
of the 194th Olympiad. In referring dates expressed by 
Olympiads to our era, or the contrary, we must therefore 
distinguish two cases. 1st. When the event in question 
happened between the first of January and the first of the 
following July, the sum of the Olympic year and of the 
year before Christ is always equal to 776. The year of 



2 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 

the era, therefore, will be found by subtracting the number 
of the Olympic year from 776. For example, Yarro 
refers the foundation of Rome to the 21st of April of the 
third year of the sixth Olympiad, and it is required to find 
the year before our era. Since five Olympic periods have 
elapsed, the third year of the sixth Olympiad is 5 x 4 + 3 =: 
23; therefore, subtracting 23 from 776 we have 753, 
which is the year before Christ to which the foundation 
of Rome is referred by Yarro. 2nd. When the event 
took place between the summer solstice and the 1st of 
January following, the sum of the Olympic year and of the 
year before Christ is equal to 777. The difference, there- 
fore, between 777 and the year in one of the dates will 
give the year in the other date. Thus, the moon was 
eclipsed on the 27th of August, a little before midnight, 
in the year 413 before our era ; and it is required to find 
the corresponding year in the Olympic era. Subtract 
413 from 777, the remainder is 364; and 364 divided by 
4 gives 91 without a remainder ; consequently, the eclipse 
happened in the fourth year of the 91st Olympiad, which 
is the date to which it is referred by Thucydides. — If the 
year is after Christ, and the event took place in one of 
the first six months of the Olympic year — that is to say, 
between July and January — we must subtract 776 from 
the number of the Olympic year to find the corresponding 
year of our era ; but if it took place in one of the last six 
months of the Olympic year, or between January and 
July, we must deduct 775. The computation by Olym- 
piads seldom occurs in historical records after the middle 
of the fifth century of our era, about a.d. 440. 

Era of the Foundation of Rome. 

After the Olympiads, the era most frequently met with 
in ancient history is that of the foundation of Rome 
753 B.C. For events in the Roman history after the birth 
of Christ we have only to add the given year of our 
Lord to 753 to get the year of Rome ; or subtract 753 
from the given year of Rome to get the year of our Lord. 
If the event took place before the birth of Christ, subtract 
the given year B.C. from 754 in order to find the year of 



COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. S 

Rome. If the given year be that of Rome, subtract it in 
like manner from 754 in order to find the year B.C. 

£Jra of Mahomet 

The Mahometans date their years from the Hegira, or 
Flight of Mahomet, which occurred 622 A. c. To reduce 
the year of the Hegira to that of the Christian era, mul- 
tiply it by the decimal '9692, and add 622 to the product; 
if there be a fraction in the sum, the year of the Christian 
era is one more than the integer number. For example, 
the year of the Hegira 1153, multiplied by -9692, gives 
1117-4876, which added to 622 makes 1739*4876, there- 
fore the corresponding year of the Christian era is 1740. 

Cycles, 

Cycles, from "cyclos^' a circle, is a designation of a 
recurring period of time. The three most considerable 
cycles are, the solar, the lunar, and the Roman indiction. 

The Solar Cycle is a revolution of 28 years. This 
includes all the possible combinations of the days of the 
week with the days of the month. If there were no 
bissextile, or leap year, it is evident that, after seven 
years had elapsed, the same days of the week would 
again answer to the same days of the month. For in- 
stance, if the dominical letter for 1808 be B, it would 
become so again in seven years, which would confine the 
solar cycle to that period. But as every fourth year is 
bissextile, this consequently deranges by one day this 
successive return of the days of the week to answer to the 
days of the month. This adaptation will not, therefore, 
take place till after four times seven years. In order to 
find the solar cycle, add 9 to the given year, and divide 
the sum by 28, the remainder will show the year of the 
solar cycle. If nothing remains, it will be the 28th year 
of the cycle. 

The Cycle of the Moon is a period of 19 years, or 6940 
days, which make 235 lunations ; after which the new and 
full moons return on the same days of the month, but 1 hour 
and 28 minutes sooner : so that on whatever days the new 

B 2 



4 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 

and full moons fall in any given year, they will happen 
19 years after upon the same days of the month. But 
if a centesimal common year take place Avithin the cycle, 
that circumstance will remove the new and full moons to 
a day later in the calendar than they would otherwise 
have been. The number of the years of the lunar cycle 
is called the Prime, from its use in pointing out the first 
day of the moon ; and it is named, also, the Golden Number, 
because at Athens that number was written in letters of 
gold. The golden number marks the new moon, which 
now happens five days sooner than it should do by the 
calendar, because nearly 1440 years have elapsed since 
the adjustment of the golden number at the Council of 
Nice. In order to find the golden number add 1 to the 
given year ; divide the sum by 1 9, and the remainder is 
the golden number for that year. If there be no re- 
mainder, 19 is the golden number. Meton, an Athenian, 
in the first year of the 87th Olympiad, observed the sol- 
stice at Athens, and invented this cycle of 19 years to 
make the solar and lunar years begin at the same time. 

The Roman Indiction is a period of 1 5 years, which was 
used by the Romans for indicating the time of certain 
payments made by the tributary provinces to the state. 
Authors mention three difl:erent indictions : the indiction 
of Constantine, which began September 1st, a.d. 312 ; 
the imperial, or Cesarean indiction, or the indiction of the 
Western Empire, which began on the 24tli of the same 
month ; and that of the Church of Rome, Avliich is used 
in the papal bulls, beginning December 25th, a.d. 312, or 
January 1st, 313. In order to find the Roman indiction 
add 3 to the given year, divide the sum by 15, and the 
remainder will be the Roman indiction. 

Julian Period, 

Although the Julian period is not, properly speaking, 
a chronological era, yet, on account of its affording con- 
siderable facilities in the comparison of different eras with 
one another, and in marking without ambiguity the years 
before Christ, it is very generally employed by chro- 
nologers. It consists of 7980 Julian years. The number 



COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 5 

7980 is formed by the continued multiplication of the 
three numbers 28, 19, and 15 — that is, of the cycles of the 
sun, of the moon, and of the indiction. Hence, when the 
number of any year in the Julian period is divided by one 
of these three numbers, the remainder after the division 
will indicate the number of that year in the corresponding 
cycle. The first year of the Christian era had 10 for 
its number in the cycle of the sun, 2 in the cycle of the 
moon, and 4 in the indiction ; but 4714 is the only number 
less than 7980 which, on being divided by 28, 19, and 15, 
gives the respective remainders 10, 2, 4. Hence the 
first year of the Christian era corresponded with the year 
4714 of the Julian period. In order, therefore, to find 
the year of our era corresponding to any other year of the 
period, or the contrary, we have the following rule : — 

1st. When the given year is anterior to the commence- 
ment of the Christian era, subtract the number of the year 
in the Julian period from 4714, and the remainder is the 
year before Christ ; or subtract the year before Christ 
from 4714, and the remainder is the corresponding year in 
the Julian period. 

2nd. When the given year is after Christ, subtract 4713 
from the year of the period, and the remainder is the year 
of the Christian era; or add 4713 to the year of Christ, 
and the sum is the corresponding year of the Julian period. 
This system was invented by Julius Scaliger. 



B 3 



ANCIENT HISTORY, 



B.C. 



4004. THE CREATION OP THE WORLD, accord. 

ing to the Hebrew text of the Scriptures. According to the ver- 
sion of the Septuagint, 5872. According to the Samaritan version, 
4700. The Talmudists, 5344 ; Scaliger, 3950 ; Petavius, 3984 ; 
Dr. Hales, 5411. The celebrated astronomer La Place has observed, 
that this year was distinguished as a remarkable astronomical epoch ; the 
greater axis of the earth's orbit then coinciding with the line of the equi- 
noxes, and consequently the true and mean equinoxes being united. Laier 
astronomers, however, fix this epoch in the year B.C. 4089. 

4003. The fall of Adam and Eve, and the hirth of Cain. 
{Adam signifies earthy, taken out of red earth ; Eve, mother of 
all living, or enlivening ; Cain, gotten or acquired.') 

3875. Cain murders his brother Abel. {Abel signifies vanity.) 

3874. Birth of Seth. {Seth signifies appointed.) 

3317. Birth of Methuselah, EnocKs son ; he lived 969 years. 

3101. Indian era of the Kaliyuga. 

3017. Enoch, son of Jared, is translated to heaven for his 
piety at the age ofS65. 

2948. Birth of Noah, sonof Lamech. {Noah signifies rest or comfort.) 

2700. Commencement of the Chinese cyclical era of 60 
years. 

2448. Birth of Japhet. (Japhet signifies enlargement.) Not only 
Europe, but a large portion of Asia, and probably America, fell 
to the share of his posterity. 

.2445. Birth of ohem. {Shem signifies name, or renown.) His chief 
renown consisted in his being destined to be the lineal an- 
cestor of the promised Seed of the woman : his pos- 
terity inherited the greater part of Asia. 

2444. Birth of Jiam. (Ham signifies burnt or black.) His posterity 
inherited the southern regions of Asia, and part of Africa. 

2348. THE DELUGE OF NOAH. It had been 
announced 120 years before to Noah : he and his 
B 4 



8 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [2247— 

B.C. 

family found a refuge in the ark, which he had 
built according to God^s command, — Hales, 3155; 

F. Clinton, 2482. 

2247. The huilding of the Tower of Babel : confusion of lan- 
guages, and dispersion of mankind, 

J2o4. Astronomical observations began at this time to be made at Babylon: Callis- 
thenes sent Aristotle a register of them for 1903 years, extending back from 
the taking of that city by Alexander, b.c. 331. 

2221. Mmrod or Belus (Nimrbd signifies a rebel), grand- 
son of Ham, founds the monarchy of Babylon 
or Chaldsea, situated between the Tigris and the 
Euphrates. — Asshur (or, ..according to others, 
Nimrod) builds Mneveh (see Genesis x. 11.), 
and founds the monarchy of Assyria. — Founda- 
tion of the Chinese empire. 

2188. Menes (in Scripture Mizraim), son of Ham, founds 
the monarchy of Egypt, which continues 1663 
years, till the conquest of Egypt by Cambyses. 

2126. Birth of Terah, son of Nahor and father of 

Abraham. Menu, legislator in India. 

2084. Foundation of Sicyon (first called Agialea, then 
Mecone),one of the most ancient towns of Greece 
(according to Usher 2089, Newton 1080); its 
inhabitants were called Pelasgi. — The Shepherd 
kings (Auritae or Hyksos) conquer Egypt. — ■ 

Oguz Khan, legislator among the Tartars. 

2069. Ninus and Semiramis his wife commence their con- 
quests and establish the great empire of Assyria 
(according to others 1267, others 2182); it ex- 
tended from the Euphrates to the Indus ; its 
chief towns were Babylon (taken in 2059) and 

JSlineveh. (The earliest authentic records of Assyrian history are 
those mentioned in 862 and 772.) 

2040. Moeris, king of Egypt (860, Newton) : he corrected 
the irregularities of the inundations of the Nile 
by digging a lake, which was called after his 

name. Hosheng and Jemshid legislate in Persia. 

1998. Noah dies 390 years after the Flood, aged 950. 

1996. Birth of Abram. 

1921. CALL OF ABRAHAM. At God's command he 



—1748.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 9 

B.C. 

leaves Haran, and comes to sojourn in Canaan, in 
his 75th year. The first call was given to Abra- 
ham while he lived in Ur of the Chaldees: he 
departed thence to Haran, where his father died, 

1913. Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and his allies subdue 
the king of Sodom and his confederates, and take 
Lot captive ; but Abram pursues and defeats them ; 
he rescues Lot, and is blessed by Melchizedek, to 
whom he gives a tenth of the spoils. 

1897. Sodom and Gomorrah are destroyed by fire from 
heaven. — Divine Institution of circumcision, as 
a mark of the chosen people of God. 

1896. Isaac is born, Abraham being 100 years old. 

1892. Abraham serids away Hagar, and Ishmael her son, 
the progenitor of the Arab tribes. 

1872. God commands Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac. 

1859. Sai'ah, Abraham^ s wife, dies at Hebron, aged 127. 

1836. The kingdom of Argos, in the Peloponnesus, is 
founded (1 08 0, Newton) by Inachus, an emigrant 
from Phoenicia, where the science of navigation 

was first discovered. The Phoenicians are said to have in- 
vented glass, the art of dyeinpr in scarlet and purple, and alphabetical 
writing. According to some, Memnon the Egyptian invented letters in 
B.C. 1822. 

1836. Birth of Jacob and Esau. (1993, Haies.) 
1825. The Shepherd kings abandon Egypt. 
1821. Death of Abraham, aged 175. 
1796. Deluge of Ogyges in Attica and Boeotia, 

1760. Jacob having fraudulently obtained the blessing from 
Isaac, flees into Mesopotamia from the rage of 
Esau, where, after having served his uncle Laban 
seven years, he marries Leah and Rachel, Laban! s 
daughter Si m 1753. 

1752. Birth of Reuben, JacoVs first-born by Leah: their 
other children were Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, 
and Zebulon, 

1748. Birth of Dan, son of Jacob and Bilhah, RacheVs 
handmaid: his younger brother was Naphtali. 



10 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l745— 

B.C. 

Birth of Gad, son of Zilpah, LealCs handmaid : 
his younger brother was Asher, 

1745. Birth of Josejyh, son of Rachel. 

1732. Birth of Benjamin : death of Rachel, 

1728. Joseph is sold hy his brethren to the Midianites, who 
sell him to Potiphar the Egyptian. 

1716. Isaac dies, aged 180. 

1701. The seven years of famine in Egypt are ended, and 
Joseph returns the Egyptians their land and cattle. 

— This is the first instanre of landed property vested in the monarch, and 
held from him as suzerain, the. common practice under the feudal system, 
which prevailed many hundred years later. 

1689. Jacob dies, aged 147, after having predicted the descent 
of the Messiah from the family of Judah, under 
the name of Shiloh (^Peace-maker). 

1635. Joseph dies in Egypt, aged 110. 

1619. The Cusliites, from beyond the Indus, settle in 

Egypt. 
1582. The Chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins 

about this time. They consist of 37 statues, 128 busts, and 250 

inscriptions, and were found in the Isle of Paros, in the reign of James I. 
They were purchased by Lord Arundel, and given to the University of Ox- 
ford in 1627. The inscriptions containing the chronology are often called 
by the name of "the Parian Chronicle."— ATLAS, an astronomer, and 
PROMETHEUS his brother. 

1577. Rameses Miamun begins to reign in Egypt, and per- 
secutes the Israelites. 

1571. BIRTH OP MOSES, the chosen deliverer of the 
Israelites from Egypt. 

1556. Cecrops brings a colony from Egypt, and founds 
the kingdom of Athens. He establishes the 

Areopagus. The Parian Murbles place this event 26 years earlier ; 

Newton, in 1080. 

1546. Scamander migrates from Crete, and founds the 
kingdom of Troy. 

1531. Moses, being ^0 years of age, kills an Egyptian, whom 
he found smiting a Hebrew; in consequence of 
which he flies to Miclian, and there marries Zip- 

porah, daughter of JethrO. Here, it is supposed, Moses com- 
posed the book of Job, which would therefore be the oldest writing extant. 

1530. Birth of Caleb, son of Jephunneh. 



—1451.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 11 

B.C. 

1529. Deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly. 

1522. Amphictyon, son of Deucalion, establishes the 
famous council of the Amphictyons, composed 
of the wisest and most virtuous men from several 
, cities of Greece. 

1520. Foundation of Corinth by Sisyphus, son of ^olus. 

It received its name from Corinthus, the son of Pelops ; its original name 
was Ephyre. 

1519. Foundation of Thebes in Boeotia by Cadmus, a 
Phoenician, who first introduced the use of letters 
and the Eleusinian Mysteries into Greece. 

1506. Erectheus, or, according to others, Orpheus, in- 
stitutes the Panathengean Games, in honour of 
Minerva, the patroness of Athens. The great 
Panathengea were observed every 5th year. 

1491. Exodus or Departure of the Israelites out of Egypt, 
Amenophis 11. , the Egyptian king^ is drowned in 
the Red Sea. (1648, Hales.) The law is given 
to Moses on Mount Sinai. The moral law contained in 
the Ten Commandments', the ceremonial or ecclesiastical law 
relating to Divine worship ; and the civil or state law, appointing 
the form of government, called a Theocracy, of which Jehovah 
Himself was the head, 

1490. Foundation of Sparta in the Peloponnesus. — some 

writers suppose Troy to have been built ten years later by Dardanus. 

Construction of the Tabernacle. Nadah and 
Ahihu are struck dead with fire from heaven for 
offering strange fire before God. 

1471. Korahy Dathan, and Abiram, rebel against Moses; 
they are swallowed up by the earth, and 250 of 
their associates consumed by fire. 14,700 men are 
destroyed by a plague for murmuring against 
Moses and Aaron. 

1453. The first Olympic Games celebrated at Elis, in 
Greece, by the Idsei Dactyli. 

1451. Moses, by striking the rock, brings forth water at 
Meribah. The Israelites are plagued with fiery 
serpents. Balak, king of Moab, sends for Balaam 
to curse the Israelites. The lands of Sihon and 
Og are divided among the tribes of Reuben and 
Gad, and the hcdf -tribe of Manasseh. MOSES 



12 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l450— 

DIES 071 Mount Nebo, aged 120, AND IS SUC- 
CEEDED BY JOSHUA. (1608, Hales; 15S5. 

F. Clinton.) Passage of the Jordan, and capture of 
Jericho. Achans trespass and death. — sanchonia- 

THO, a Phoenician historian ; fragments of his history have been preserved 
by Eusebius, and are the most ancient monuments of writing alter the books 
of Moses. 

1450. The Giheonites craftily effect a covenant with Joshua ; 
in their defence he defeats Jive kings of Canaan, at 
which time the sun and moon stand still. 

1444. The Tabernacle is set up at Shiloh, and the land is 
divided. 

1443. Death of Joshua, aged wo. 

1433. Belochus, the last king of " the race of Ninus, 
makes his daughter Atossa, surnamed Semira- 
mis II., his associate on the throne. 

1406. Minos I., king and legislator of Crete (1006, New- 

ton). It is said in the Grecian mythology, that for his equity he was 

rewarded after death with the office of supreme judge in the infernal regions. 

1394. Othniel, first judge of the Israelites ; he delivers them 
from the king of Mesopotamia ; the land has rest 
forty years. After his death they are delivered 
into the hands of Eglon, king of Moah, ivhom 
they serve 18 years. 

1356. The Eleusinian Mysteries are introduced at Athens 
by Erectheus, or by Eumolpus, in honour of 
Ceres, in imitation of the Egyptian games of 
I sis. 

1336. Ehud slays Eglon and delivers Israel. After him 
Shamgar slays 600 Philistines ivith an ox-goad. 

1326. The Isthmian Games are instituted by Sisyphus, 

king or Corinth. OLEN, the most ancient composer of hymns. 

1312. Birth of Ohed, the son of Boaz by Ruth, from ivhom 
David descended. 

1304. Pelops, a Phrygian, comes into Peloponnesus, "the 
island of Pelops." — Minos II., king of Crete, 
the first who acquired the sovereignty of the 

sea (1006, Newton). D-EDALUS, a most ingenious Athe- 
nian : he invented the sails of ships, the wedge^ and many other mechanical 



—1213.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 13 



B.C. 



1296. DEBORAH AND BARAK DELIVER 
ISRAEL from the hand of Jahin, king of Ca- 
naan, whom they had served 20 years : Jael kills 
Sisera ; the land then has rest 40 years, 

1266. (Edipus reigns in Thebes. 

1263. THE ARGONAUTIC EXPEDITION 
UNDER JASON (937, Newton) : he was foi. 

lowed by ^SCULAPIUS, the physician ; ARGUS, the builder of the ship 
Argo; the twin brothers CASTOR and POLLUX; DEUCALION, son 
of Minos ; HERCULES, NESTOR, THESEUS, PIRITHOUS, and 

ORPHEUS, whom some consider the inventor of poetry The first Pythian 

Games are celebrated by Adrastus, king of Argos, in honour of Apollo, near 
the temple of Delphi. 

1257. Theseus unites the cities of Attica under one go- 
vernment. 

1252. Tyre or Tsor, the capital of Phoenicia, is founded 
by the Sidonians. 

1249. GIDEON, or Jeruhhaal, DEFEATS THE 
MIDIANITES. In his days the Israelites have 
rest 40 years. Abimelech, Gideon's son, succeeds 
him, after having destroyed his 69 brethren. 

1239. Latinus begins to reign in Italy. — mus^eus, a poet. 

1226. The Nemean Games are instituted by Adrastus, in 
honour of Hercules and Jupiter. 

1225. WAR OP THE SEVEN CHIEFS 
AGAINST THEBES, in which Eteocles 
its king, and Polynices his brother, sons of 
GEdipus, kill each other (928, Newton). 

1223. Commencement of the kingdom of the Lydians 
(or 1221), under Argon, who reigns at Sardis, 
the first of the dynasty of the Heraclidae. 

1222. Olympic Games celebrated by Hercules, and dedi- 
cated to Jupiter Olympius. 

1215. Second war of Thebes, or war of the Epigoni : 
they were the descendants of the Grecian heroes 
who had been killed ten years before in the first 
Theban war. 

1213. War of the Amazons: these martial females pene- 
trate into Greece. — Helen is carried off by 
Theseus, and 15 years after by Paris, when on 
a visit to Greece. 



14 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [ll84— 

1184. TROY IS TAKEN AND BURNT BY 
THE GREEKS after a siege of 10 years, 
undertaken to recover Helen, whom Paris, son 
of Priam, king of Troy, had carried away from 
the house of Menelaus, her husband (1209, according 

to the Arundelian Marbles, and 904 according to Newton), LliQ 

most celebrated Grecian princes who distin- 
guished themselves in this war were, Achilles, 
Ajax, Menelaus, Ulysses, Diomedes, Patroclus, 
Agamemnon, Nestor, &c. Hector was appointed 
by Priam, his father, captain of all the Trojan 
forces, ^neas, son-in-law of Priam, also greatly 
distinguished himself Two y ears after he landed 
in Italy, and married Lavinia, the daughter 
of King Latinus. His son Ascanius built the 
city of Alba. Antenor, another Trojan prince, 
founded the city of Padua. 

1173. Teucer builds Salamis, in the island of Cyprus 
(895, Newton); his descendants continued mas- 
ters of the town for above 800 years, it was destroyed 

by an earthquake, and rebuilt in the 4th century, and called Constantia. 

1141. The Israelites defeated by the Philistines at Shiloh, 
and the Ark taken \_or, in 1116]. 

1140. About this time, SAMSON, son of Manoah, 
begins to deliver Israel from the Philistines. He 
judged Israel 20 years. Between him and Abime- 
lech there had been Tola, Jair, Jephthah, Ibzan, 
Elon, Abdon, and Eli the higJi-priest. 

1124. Migration of the ^olian colonies (844, Newton); 
they found twelve cities in Asia Minor, of which 
Smyrna was the most considerable, until it 
joined the Ionic Confederation about the year 
700. 

1104. Keturn of the Heraclidae into Peloponnesus (825, 
Newton), which they divide among themselves 
two years after : whence begins the kingdom of 
Lacedsemon under Eurysthenes and Procles. 

1096. The Israelites, under SamueVs instructions, solemnly 



—1015.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 15 

B.C. 

re'pent at Mizpeh, and are delivered from the 
Philistines. [Or, in 1120.] 

1095. SAUL IS ANOINTED KING OVER 
ISRAEL BY SAMUEL. 

1093. War loith the Philistines, in which Saul rashly 
sacrifices, and is rejected of God. 

1082. Cheops, the builder of the greatest Pyramid in 
Egypt (825, Newton). 

1070. Codrus, seventeenth and last king of Athens, sacri- 
fices his life to save his country from the Hera- 
clidae (or 1068 ; Newton, 804). Medon, his son, 
elected first perpetual archon. His successors 
were called from him Medontida3, and the office 
of archon remained for above 200 years in the 
family of Codrus, under twelve perpetual ar- 
chons. 

1063. Samuel is sent to Bethlehem to anoint DAVID, who 
SLAYS GOLIATH, the champion of the 
Philistines. 

1060. Death of Samuel: he is buried at Ramah. 

1055. DAVID, KING OP JUDAH : Saul is slain 
on Mount Gilhoa in a war loith the Philistines ; 
his son Ishbosheth is made king hy Ahner at 
Mahanaim. 

1048. Abner forsakes Ishbosheth, and is murdered by Joab. 
Death of Ishbosheth. — David king of all Israel. 

1047. David takes the fort of Zion from the Jebusites, and 
calls it the city of David ; and, making Jerusalem 
the seat of his government, reigns there 33 years. 

1044. Settlement of the Ionian colonies in Asia Minor 
(794, Newton), where they found twelve cities, 
140 years after the Trojan war. 

1028. QEnotrus, son of Lycaon (or Janus) leads the first co- 
lony of Greeks into Italy (according to Newton) 

1021. Absalom rebels against his father, and is killed by 
Joab. 

1015 SOLOMON, KING OP ISRAEL. David 
dies, aged 70. 



16 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1012— 

B.C. 

1012. Era of the foundation of the Temple (1027, Hales), 

— LOKMAN or Bidpai, a Hindoo fabulist. 

1004. DEDICATION OP SOLOMON'S TEM- 
PLE. 

1002. Shishak or Sesostris reigns in Egypt, and dedicates 
Thebes to his father Ammon, calling it No- 
Amon. 

975. 3^c5oboatn, son of Solomon, reigns over Judah and 
Benjamin, and JEEOBOAM over the other 
tribes, called the kingdom of Israel. 

HOMER, the celebrated Greek poet, author of 

the Iliad and Odyssey. seven illustrious cities disputed the 
honour of having given hira birth, as is expressed in these lines: — 

" Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenae, 
Orbis de patria certat, Hoinere, tua." 

HE SI CD, also a celebrated Grecian poet, born at Ascra, in Bceotia: his 
chief poems are, the Works and Days, Theogony, and the Shield of Her- 
cules. (Newton places Homer and Hesiod about 870; Clinton, Homer 
from 962 to 927, and Hesiod from 859 to 824.) 

974. Jerohoam corrupts the worship of Jehovah, by setting 
up the golden calves at Dan and Bethel: he is 
reproved by a prophet from Judah, who, disobeying 
God, is slain by a lion, 

971. Shishak, king of Egypt, invades Judea, and plunders 
Jerusalem and the Temple. He is siam in 956 (Newton). 

958. ^btfa]&, king of Judah: a year after his accession 
to the throne, he defeats Jeroboam, and kills 
500,000 of his men. 

955. ^Sa, king of Judah: he reigns 41 years. 

954. NADAB, king of Israel : he is slain by BAASHA, 
who destroys all the family of Jeroboam, and 
reigns 24 years. 

952. About this time flourished the prophets Jehu, Hi^.Mni, 
and Azariah. 

941. Zerah the Ethiopian, is defeated by Asa (946, New- 
ton.) 

^ZO. ^JjAK, king of Israel. 

92 9. ZIMRI murders Elah, and reigns seven days, being 
dethroned by OMK-I, who reigns jointly with 



—884.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 17 

B.C. 

TIBNI about 5 years, and alone about 7 years. 
He built Samaria, and made it the seat of govern- 
ment, ivhich had hitherto been at Tirzah, 

918. AHAB, king of Israel, reigns 22 years. 

915.. Tiberinus, king of Alba, being drowned in the 
Albula (from him called the Tiber), is succeeded 
by Agrippa Sylvius, who reigns 40 years, 

according to the mythic Roman history. 

914. ^J'^ilOSjap^Ht, king of Judah, reigns 25 years. 
910. ELIJAH foretells to Ahab a dreadful faynine. 
906. Elijah restores the worship of the true God, and slays 
the priests of Baal at Mount Carmel. 

800. 

898. Lycurgus begins to govern at Lacedaemon (708, 
Newton), under the title of preceptor to Cha- 
rilaus, the posthumous son of his brother Poly- 
dectes. — Ahab, king of Israel, associates his son 
AHAZIAH with him in the kingdom; as does 
Jehoshaphat of Judah, his son 2i^l)0ratll. 

897. Ahab, being joined with Jehoshaphat against the 
Syrians, is slain at Ramoth Gilead, and is sue- 
ceeded by his son Ahaziah. 

896. JEHOEAM, king of Israel. — Elijah is taken to 
heaven in a fiery chariot, 

888. 2JE]&0rnm ascends the throne of Judah in the fifth 
year of Jehoram, king of Israel, 

885. ^Ja^ta]^, king of Judah, 

884. LYCURGUS REEOHMS THE REPUB- 
LIC OP LACED^MON, and with Iphitus 
and Cleosthenes, restores the Olympic Games at 
Elis, about 108 years before the era commonly 
called the First Olympiad. — JEHU slays Je- 
horam, king of Israel, with Ahaziah, king of 
Judah, and reigns over the kingdom of Israel 46 
years. ^tfialiaf), mother of Ahaziah, murders 
all the royal family, except Joash, and usurps the 
throne of Judah 6 years. 
c 



18 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [878— 

B.C. 

878. ^J'^^^S) ^^^^ of Judah. Jehoiada the priest slays 
Athaliah and her idolatrous priests, 

869. DIDO BUILDS CARTHAGE (883, Newton), 

a Phoenician colony, now in ruins: it is 10 miles east of Tunis — Phido, 
king of Argos, is supposed to have invented scales and measures, and first 
coined silver at JEgina ; but he really belongs to the next century. (See 748.) 

862. About this time the Ninevites repent at the preaching 
O/THE PROPHET JONAH. {According to 
others, about 840.) This is the earliest historic record of Nineveh. 

856. JEHOAHAZ, king of Israel, reigns 17 years. 

839. ^maU^fi^ king of Judah, reigns 29 years. JEHO- 
ASH or Joashi king of Israel. Hazael, king of 
Syria, dies, and is succeeded by Benhadad. 

825. JEROBOAM II., king of Israel, reigns 41 years. — 

BELESIS, an astronomer and priest of Babylon. 

820. FALL OP THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE : 
DEATH OF BARDAHAPALUS. The 
empire of the Medes is founded by Arbaces, 
who, with Belesis, king of Babylon, had taken 

Nineveh. (A11 this is probably only a different version of what 
really took place in 606.) 

814. CARANUS FOUNDS THE KINGDOM 

OF MACEDON (others, 750), and reigns 28 
years. This kingdom continued 646 years, till 
the battle of Pydna. 
810. ^^atialj, or Uzziah, king of Judah, reigns 52 
years, 

800. 

784. Death of Jeroboam II., king of Israel, after a reign 
of Al years: an interregnum of 11 or 12 years 
follows. 

779. The monarchical government is abolished at Co- 
rinth, and the Prytanes (chief magistrates) are 
elected. 

776. THE FIRST OLYMPIAD. Coroebus obtains 
a prize at Olympia, in the 28th year from the 
institution of the games by Iphitus, and 23 
years before the foundation of Rome. 



-743.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 19 

B.C. 

772. SHALLUM murders Zachariah, king of Israel, 
who had reigned six months, and succeeds him; 
hut having reigned one month, he is killed by ME- 
JSTAHEM, ivho reigns 10 years, 

in. PUL, KING OF ASSYRIA, invades Israel, 
and renders Menahem tributary, 

1^1. V'E:KABlKR,kiMg of Israel, 

760. The Ephori, popular magistrates, are introduced into 
the government of Laced^mon by Theopompus. 

759. PEKAH, one of PekahiaKs captains, murders and 
succeeds him, 

758. ISAIAHj Joel, Amos, Micah, Hosea, prophets. 

3J0t1Jaitt, king of Judah, subdues the Ammonites, 
and compels them to pay tribute. 

753. THE FOUNDATION OF ROME by Romu- 

lUS, on the 20th of April, according to Varro (Cato, 752; Polybius, 751; 
Fabius Pictor, 747; Usher, 748; Newton, 627.) 

752. Decennial archons appointed at Athens on the 
death of Alcmaeon, Charops being the first. 

751. Sabacon, the Ethiopian, invades and conquers 
Egypt. 

750. Rape of the Sabines. — Birth of Hezekiah, son of 
Ahaz. 

748. Phidon, king of Argos, and the Pisaeans, seize the 
presidency of the Olympic Games (584, New- 
ton.) 

747. ERA OF NABONASSAR or Baladan, king of 
Babylon, supposed by some to be the same as 
Belesis, — Death of Pul: Tiglath-pileser, king 
of Assyria (supposed by some to be the same as 
Arbaces or Ninus Junior) begins to reign at 
Nineveh. 

743. THE FIRST MESSENIAN WAR begins 
(652, Newton) ; it continues 20 years, till the 
taking of Ithome in 723. 



20 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [742- 



B.C. 



742. ^l)a^, king of Judah. 

740, Tiglath-pileser carries part of Israel into captivity. — 

Callinus, an orator, who is said to liave first invented elegiac poetry : some 
of his verses are to be found in Stobseus. 

735. Candaules succeeds Meles on the Lydian throne, 
and reigns 17 years. 

732. Syracuse is built by a Corinthian colony under 
Archias. 

730. HO SHEA, king of Israel, reigns 9 years. 

729. Shalmaneser succeeds Tiglath-pileser, king of As- 
syria, and reigns 14 years. 

727. |j^0^0lkia]&, king of Judah, restores the worship of God, 
and reigns 29 years. — Sebichus or So (or Se- 
vecus or Sethon), the Ethiopian, king of Egypt. 

724. Hoshea, king of Israel, relying on So, king of Egypt, 
refuses to -pay tribute to Shalmaneser, loho takes 
him captive and lays siege to Samaria. 

721. END OP THE KINGDOM OP ISRAEL, 

in the 6th year of Hezekiah, king of Judah ; 
Samaria being taken, and the ten tribes carried 
into captivity by Shalmaneser, or by Sargon his 
successor, who perhaps began to reign in 723. 

717. Tirhakah the Ethiopian, or Tarachus, king of 
Egypt, the last of the dynasty. 

716. GYGES, the first of the Mermnadse, kills and 
succeeds Candaules, the last of the Heraclids, as 
KING OP LYDIA, reigns 28 years. 

715. NUMA POMPILIUS, second king of Eome, 
succeeds Romulus after an interregnum of one 
year, and reigns 43 years. 
Sennacherib begins to reign in Assyria (accord- 
ing to Rawlinson, 716, Hincks, 703), and sub- 
dues Merodach Baladan, king of Babylon. (Or, 
Sargon succeeded Shalmaneser in 716, and 
Sennacherib succeeded Sargon in 714.) 

713. Sennacherib, having overrun Syria and Phoenicia, 
invades Judah, and defeats the Egyptians and 
Ethiopians, who came to fight with him. 



—683.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 21 

SENNACHERIB'S ARMY (185,000 MEN) 
IS DESTROYED IN ONE NIGHT BY 
THE ANGEL OP THE LORD at Jeru- 
salem, in answer to the prayers of Hezekiah and 
Isaiah. (Confirmed by the inscriptions lately 
found at Nineveh recounting the successes of 
Sennacherib in this campaign, including the 
taking of Lachish, but not speaking of Jerusalem 
as taken by him). This event is generally 
placed in 710. 

712. Sennacherib again subdues Merodach Baladan, and 
makes his own son governor of Babylonia. 

710. Dejoces, governor of theMedes, assumes the title of 
king, and reigns 53 years. He built Ecbatana, 
the capital of Media. Soon after this, probably, 
the Syrians revolt from the Assyrians. 

708. Tarentum is built by the Partheniae (under Pha- 
lantus), who had been expelled from Sparta 
(625, Newton). 

706. Sennacherib, being slain by his two eldest sons, is 
succeeded by his third son, Esarhaddon, who 
reigns 43 years. 

703. Corcyra is built by the Corinthians. 

700. 
698. j^^XX^^^t^f king of Judah, reigns 55 gears, 
688. Death of Tirhakah, king of Egypt, an interregnum 

of 2 years succeeds. — About this time it is probable No- 
Amon or Thebes was taken by Esarhaddon j or in 671. 

685. THE SECOND MESSENIAN WAR be- 
gins, and continues 14 years till the taking of 
Ira, after a siege of 11 years. Tyrtaeus, poet, 
born in Attica : he inspired the Lacedaemonians 
with courage to defeat Aristomenes, the Mes- 
senian general. — Twelve princes seize on the 
kingdom of Egypt, and govern it by a joint 
confederacy 15 years (670, Newton). 

683. Annual archons elected at Athens, Creon being 

the first. Archilochus, poet of Faros, inventor of Iambics. 

C 3 



22 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [680— 

B.C. 

680. Esarhaddon or Assarhaddinus, king of Assyria, 
seizes on the kingdom of Babylon, and reigns 
over both countries 13 years. 

678. Esarhaddon invades Palestine, and plants a colony of 
foreigners in Samaria. — Ardys succeeds Gyges 
as king of Lydia, and reigns 49 years. 

672. TULLUS HOSTILIUS, third king of Eome. 
671. Esarhaddon invades Egypt (according to Newton). 

670. Psammetichus, one of the twelve confederated 
princes of Egypt, having overcome the rest, 
seizes upon the whole kingdom, and reigns 54 
years. — The Messenians take possession of 
Zancle, in Sicily, and change its name to 

MeSSana. TERPANDEI^ a lyrlc poet and musician of Lesbos ; he 

added three strings to the lyre, which before his time had only four. 

667. Saosduchinus, supposed to be the same as Nabu- 
chodonosor, succeeds his father Esarhaddon in 
the kingdom of Assyria and Babylon. 
THE COMBAT BETWEEN THE HO- 
RATII AND CUMATII decides the differ- 
ences between the Romans and the Albans. — 

QQ5. Death of Mettius Euffetius, the Alban dictator. 
Immediately after the town of Alba is destroyed, 
and the inhabitants transferred to Rome. — 

ALCMAN, a poet. 

658. Foundation of Byzantium, afterwards Constanti- 
nople, by a colony of Athenians, according to Ammianus ; by Milesians, 
according to Paterculus ; or by Lacedaemonians, according to Justin. — 
STESICHORUS, poet of Himera.in Sicily. 

657. Phraortes, supposed to be the Arphaxad mentioned 
in the book of Judith, succeeds Dejoces in the 
kingdom of Media. 

647. Chiniladon succeeds Saosduchinus, king of Babylon 
and Assyria, and reigns 22 years. 

643. ^111011, king of Judah ; two years after he is mur- 
dered hy his servants, and succeeded by ^^%\d!^y 
his son, only 8 years old. 

640. ANCUS MARTIUB, 4th king of Rome. 

635. Phraortes is killed in battle with the Assyrians. 
Cyaxares succeeds him in the kingdom of Media 



—606.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 23 

B.C. 

(perhaps not till 611). He besieges Nineveh^ 
but is diverted by an invasion of the Scythians. 
The Cimmerians (expelled by the Scythians) take 
Sardis. 

634, The Scythians invade Media, and occupy Upper 
Asia for 28 years, penetrating even to Egypt. 

625. Nabopolassar rebels against the king of Assyria, 
and makes himself master of Babylon; reigns 
2 1 years. Periander, tyrant of Corinth. - Arion, poet 

and musician of Methymna, in the island of Lesbos. 

624. Josiah (of JudaK) repairs the temple^ puts down 
idolatry, completes his reformation, and keeps a 
solemn passover, 

621. DRACO, archon and legislator of Athens (572, 
Newton). 

617. Alyattes, the 4th of the family of the Mermnadae, 
and father of Croesus, succeeds Sadyattes as king 
of Lydia, and reigns 57 years. He expels the Cim- 
merians. — Psammetichus, king of Egypt, dies, 
and is succeeded by Necus or Pharaoh Necho. 

616. TARQUIHIUS PRISCUS, 5th king of Rome. 

612. Cylon seizes the Acropolis at Athens ; he surrenders, 
and is treacherously put to death by Megacles 

the Alcmaeonid. — Alcceus, poet, and Sappho, poetess, both of 
Lesbos. 

611. Cyaxares (probably) begins to recover Media from 

the Scythians. 
610. Josiah is slain in battle by Pharaoh Necho, and is 

succeeded by ^t^^di^^}^ who reigns 3 months. 
609. Pharaoh Necho carries Jehoahaz captive into Egypt, 

and makes 2Jcf)0iallim, king, who reigns 11 years, 

606. About this time NIHEVEH IS DESTROY- 
ED by the Medes and Babylonians under Cyax- 
ares and Nabopolassar. Pharaoh Necho defeated 
by Nebuchadnezzar at Carchemish. 

FIRST CAPTIVITY OF THE JEWS AT 
BABYLOH begins under Nebuchadnezzar, 
who this year had been associated with his father 



C 4 



24 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [604— 

B.C. 

in the kingdom of Babylon. (Probably just after 
the taking of Nineveh). 

604. Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, dies, and is suc- 
ceeded by his son Nebuchadnezzar, who reigns 
43 years. The Phoenicians sail round Africa 
by order of Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt. — 

603. JehoiaMm revolts from Nebuchadnezzar, DANIEL 
reveals and interprets Nebuchadnezzar'' s dreams, 
in consequence of which Daniel and his friends 

are greatly advanced. THALES, bom at Miletus in lonia, the 

FOUNDER OF THE IONIC SCHOOL, which lasted above 500 years. 
He was one of the " SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE ;" the others 
were: PERIANDER, tyrant of Corinth ; SOLON, born at Salamis, legis- 
lator of Athens ; PITTACUS, born at Mitylene, in Lesbos ; CHILON, a 
Spartan philosopher ; CLEOBULUS, born at Lindus in Rhodes, and BIAS, 
born at Priene, in lonia. 

600. 

600. Death of Pharaoh Nechojking of Egypt; he is suc- 
ceeded by his son Psammis, who reigns 6 years. 

599. Jehoiahim, king of Judah, is slain, and succeeded by 
his son %t%^\d^t%V^y Jeconias, Jeconiah, or 
Coniah, who reigns 3 months and 10 days, 

598. Jeconiah is carried captive to Babylon by Nebuchad- 
nezzar, who makes ^tbclkiaft king in his stead. 
This is EzekieVs date for the 70 weeks' captivity. 

594. SOLON, ARCHON AND LEGISLATOR 
OF ATHENS.— Psammis, king of Egypt, 
is succeeded by his son Apries, or Pharaoh 
Hophra, who reigns 25 years. — EZEKIEL is 
called to the prophetical office. — epimenides, an epic 

poet of Crete (quoted by St. Paul, Titus i. 12.) He is said to be the first who 
built temples in the Grecian communities. — ANACHARSIS, a Scythian 
philosopher. Some writers attribute to him the invention of anchors and the 
potter's wheel. 

591. The Pythian Games are established at Delphi in 

honour of Apollo (others, 586) ; they were celebrated at 
first every ninth year, and afterwards every second year of each Olympiad. 

588. NEBUCHADNEZZAR DESTROYS JE- 
RUSALEM, burns the temple, and carries 
Zedekiah and the principal inhabitants to Babylon. 
Thus terminated the kingdom of Judah, 468 
years from the accession of David, 388 years 



—570.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 25 

B.C. 

from the revolt of the ten tribes, and 134 years 
from the ruin of the kingdom of Israel, About 
this time Obadiah prophesied against the insulting 
Edomites, Gedaliah, whom Nebuchadnezzar had 
made governor of the remnant of the people, is 
treacherously slain ; and the Jews carry JERE- 
MIAH along with them into Egypt. — sacadas, a 

musician and poet of Argos. 

586. Nebuchadnezzar besieges Tyre for 13 years, Itho- 
bal being then king; during this time he ex- 
ecutes the Divine judgments on the Philistines, 
Idumeans, Ammonites, and Moabites. 

585. Battle between the Medes and Lydians put an 
end to by a solar eclipse : Astyages, the son 
of Cyaxares, is married to Ariene, the daughter 
of Alyattes. 

582. The Isthmian Games are restored, and continued 
every first and third year of the Olympiads. 

580. Nebuchadnezzar erects a golden image, which he re- 
quires every one to worship ; and Shadrach, Me- 
shach, and Abednegp, in consequence of refusing 
to obey, are cast into a fiery furnace, from which 
they are miraculously delivered, 

578. SERVIUS TULLIUB, 6th king of Eome.— 

^SOPUS, a Phrygian philosopher and fabulist; he chiefly resided at the 
court of Crojsus, king of Lydia,— SUSARION andDOLON, Greek poets, 
inventors of comedy. 

573. Tyre is taken by Nebuchadnezzar, who is promised 
Egypt for his wages. 

572. Nebuchadnezzar invades Egypt, and either slays 
or takes captive nearly all the miserable remnant 
of Jews who were there. 

571. Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum. — Astyages (or 
" Darius the Mede ") probably succeeds Cyaxares 

at this date. PHERECYDES, a philosopher of Scyros, disciple 

of Pittacus. The doctrine of the immortality of the soul was first supported by 
him, as also that of the metempsychosis. Pythagoras was one of his disciples. 
—ANAXIMANDER, a Milesian philosopher, the companionand disciple of 
Thales. He was the first who constructed spheres; he asserted that the 
earth was of a cylindrical form, that it moved, and that the moon received 
light from the sun. He made the first geographical maps and sun-dials — 
ANAXIMENES, disciple of Anaximander ; he succeeded his master in his 
school. 

570. Pharaoh Hophra is slain by -Amasis, who from this 



26 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [568— 

B.C. 

period reigns 44 years. — Nebuchadnezzar is 
warned hy a remarkable dream interpreted by 
Daniel^ which is fulfilled next year by the hinges 
insanity y that continues 7 years, 

568. The Nemean Grames are restored, 

562. JSTebucliadnezzar dies, and is succeeded by his son 
Evil-merodach, who reigns 2 years, — comedies are 

first exhibited at Athens by THESPIS, a poet of Attica, who is also sup- 
posed by some to be the inventor of tragedy. 

560. Croesus succeeds his father Alyattes in the kingdom 
of Lydia, and reigns 14 years. 
Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens (Newton, 550). 
Evil-merodach is slain by a conspiracy, and is suc- 
ceeded by Neriglissar, who reigns 4 years. 

65Q. Neriglissar is slain in battle, and is succeeded by 
his son, Laborosoarchod, who, after a reign of 9 
months, is slain in a conspiracy on account of 
his cruelty. 

555, Laborosoarchod is succeeded by Nabonadius or 
Belshazzar, who reigns 17 years. — Daniel has 
a vision of four animals as emblematical of the 
four monarchies, to be succeeded by the kingdom of 
the Messiah, 

548. The ancient temple of Delphi is burnt by the 
Pisistratidse. The Alcmoeonids contract to re- 
build it. PYTHAGORAS, a philosopher, born at Samos ; he founded 

a sect at Crotona, which received the name of " the Italian." Some say he 
was the first who supported the doctrine of metempsychosis, and taught that 
the sun is placed in the centre of the universe, and that all the planets move 
round it. — XENOPHANES, a Greek philosopher of Colophon, disciple of 
Archelaus ; he founded a sect in Sicily called the Eleatic ; he supposed that 
God and the world were the same, and asserted the eternity of the universe. 

546. CHCESUS IS DEFEATED AT THE 
HALTS BY CYRUS, AND SAUDIS 

TAKEN. 

X 538. BABYLON IS TAKEN BY CYRUS, AND 

^^ BELSHAZZAR SL AIN.^ End of the Baby- 

lonian empire. Cyrus constitutes Darius king 
of Babylon. 
537. Daniel is cast into the den of lions: about this time 
he had the vision of the 70 weeks. — ibycus, a lyric poet 

of Bhegium.— ANACREON, a famous lyric poet of Teos, in Ionia.— 
THEOGNIS, a Grpek poet of Megara— PHOCYLIDES, a Greek poet, and 
philosopher of Miletus. 



—509.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 27 

536. CYRUS THE GHEAT FOUNDS THE 

PERSIAN EMPIRE, having succeeded to 
the throne of Darius, king of Babylon, and 
Cambyses, king of Persia. — He puts an end to 
the Jewish captivity , which had lasted 70 years, 

534. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, 7th king of 
Rome. — The Jews lay the foundation of the 
second temple, hut are obstructed in their work 
by the Samaritans. 

530. Death of Cyrus the Great: his son Cambyses or 
Ahasuerus, succeeds him. — Pisistratus, tyrant 
of Athens, dies a year or two after. 

525. Psammetichus succeeds his father Amasis on the 
throne of Egypt ; but is defeated by Cambyses, 
who conquers the whole kingdom. 

522. Cambyses dies in Syria ; and Smerdis the Magian, 
called in Scripture Artaxerxes, usurps the throne 
of Persia ; the following year he is slain, and 
succeeded by Darius Hystaspes. — Polycrates, 
the tyrant of Samos, is murdered by Orestes. 

520. Zerubbabel and Jeshua, excited by the prophets 
Haggai and Zechariah, set forward the building 

of the temple. ZOROASTER, a Persian phUosopher.-CONFU- 

CIUS, a Chinese piiilosopher. 

516. Taking of Babylon by Darius. 

515. THE SECOND TEMPLE IS FINISHED, 
AND DEDICATED AT JERUSALEM. 

510. The Pisistratidge are expelled from Athens, and the 
democracy is restored. 
The city of Sybaris (founded in 721) is destroyed 
by the people of Crotona. 

509. THE TARQUINS ARE EXPELLED 
FROM ROME, and the regal government is 
supplied by two consuls yearly elected (507, Ar 
nold).— BRUTUS AND COLLATINUS 

CONSULS. DIP^NUS and SCYLLIS,of Crete, statuaries.— 

RHCECUS, of Samos, inventor of casting metals. — PARMENIDES, a 
Greek philosopher of Elis : he taught that the earth was placed in the centre 
of the universe. 



28 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [504— 

B.C. 

504. The Athenians having entered into a confederacy 

with the Ionian s against Darius, burn Sardis 

(others, 499), which gives rise afterwards to the 

invasion of Greece by the Persians. — mild, a cele- 
brated wrestler of Crotona, in Italy. 

500. 

499. Lartius the first dictator created at Rome. — 

HERACLITUS, a Greek philosopher of Ephesus, surnamed Scotinus, or 
the " Gloomy," on account of his constantly weeping at the follies and frailties 
of men. 

496. Reconquest of Ionia by the Persians completed by 
the taking of Miletus. 

492. Secession of the Koman people to Mons Sacer, 
and first institution of tribunes of the commons. 

490. BATTLE OF MARATHON, in which Mil- 
tiades defeats the Persians, commanded by Datis 
and Artaphernes, 

488. COmOLANUS BESIEGES ROME, at the 
head of a Volscian army, but at the entreaties 
of his mother Yeturia, and his wife Yolumnia, 
withdraws his forces. — Statues are erected at 
Athens to Harmodius and Aristogiton, the 
murderers of Hipparchus, brother of the tyrant 
Hippias. 

486. Darius, after making great preparations for the 
invasion of Greece and Egypt, dies, and is suc- 
ceeded on the Persian throne by his son Xerxes. 
— Miltiades dies in prison. 

484. An Agrarian law is proposed at Rome by the con- 
sul Spurius Cassius, and rejected by the senate. 

483. Cassius is put to death at Rome. — Aristides is 
banished from Athens by the ostracism. 

480. XERXES INVADES GREECE. THE 
SPARTANS UNDER LEONIDAS ARE 
CUT TO PIECES AT THERMOPYLiE. 
NAVAL VICTORY GAINED BY THE- 
MISTOCLES OVER THE PERSIANS 

AT SAL AMIS. CHARON, an historian of Lampsacus. 

479. Attica is laid waste, and Athens burnt by Mar- 



—457.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 29 

B.C. 

donius. Victories over the Persians at PLA- 
T.^A and MYCALE on the same day. 
Xerxes leaves Greece. 

475. THE 300 FABII ARE KILLED IN ONE 
DAY BY THE VEIENTES AT THE 

CREMERA. — ^SCHYLUS, a tragic poet, born at Athens : 
father of the drama. Of 90 tragedies which he wrote, only 7 are pre- 
served He was also an excellent soldier, and fought at Marathon, Sa- 
lamis and Platjea. — SIMON IDES, a poet of Ceos ; he added the four 
letters, »i, u, t, -J/, to the alphabet of the Greeks. — PINDAR, the prince of 
lyric poets, born at Thebes: the house in which he lived was spared both by 
the Spartans and afterwards by Alexander the Great, when they destroyed 
Thebes — BACCHYLIDES, a lyric poet of Ceos, nephew to Simonides. 

469. Publilius Volero, the Roman tribune, obtains a law 
(the Publilian) for the election of plebeian ma- 
gistrates in the comitia held by tribes {Comitia 
trihuta), 
Capua is founded by the Tuscans. 

466. CIMON, son of Miltiades, DEFEATS in one 
day THE PERSIAN FLEET AND 
ARMY AT THE MOUTH OF THE 
RIVER^ EURYMEDON, in Pamphylia. — 
Antium is taken by the Romans from the 
Volscians. 

465. Xerxes is* treacherously slain by Artabanus. [Or, 
475.] 

464. THIRD MESSENIAN WAR, occasioned by 
the revolt of the Helots ; it continues 10 years. 
— Mycenae is destroyed by the Argives (468, 
Clinton). 
Artaxerxes I. (Longimanus), the Ahasuerus of Es- 
ther, having been led by Artabanus to slay his 
eldest brother, ascends the Persian throne, and, 
to secure himself, slays Artabanus. [Or, in 474.] 

463. Artaxerxes conquers his brother Hystaspes. — The 
Egyptians under Inarus revolt from the Persians. 

461. Cimon is banished from Athens by the ostracism. 
The powers of the Areopagus are limited by 
Pericles through the agency of Ephialtes. 

460. The Terentilian law is proposed at Rome, for the ap- 
pointment of 10 commissioners for written laws. 

457. The Athenians are defeated by the Peloponnesians 
at Tanagra. — The Yolscians recover Antium. 



30 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [456— 



.c. 



456. The Athenians under Myronides defeat the Boeo- 
tians at CEnophyta. — Cimon is recalled. — Cin- 
cinnatus dictator at Rome, institution of the Ludi s^- 

culares. 
LEUCIPPUS, a philosopher of Abdera, disciple to Zeno. He was the first who 
invented the famous system of atoms, and of a vacuum. ^ DEMOCRITUS, 
a philosopher of Abdera, disciple to Leucippus. He laughed at the follies 
and vanities of mankind, which used to excite the tears of Heraclitus. 

455. End of the third Messenian war. The Messenians 
settle at Naupactus. — The Persians recover 
Egypt : Inarus is put to death. — The number 
of the tribunes of the people at Eome increased 
from 5 to 10. 

453. HAMAN plots the destruction of the Jews in 

Persia. [Or, in 472.] 
452. The Romans send to Athens for Solon's laws. 

449. THE DECEMYIBI are created at Rome : 
compilation of the Laws of the Twelve Tables. — 
Appius Claudius. — Sicinius Dentatus. 
Expedition of Cimon against Cyprus ; he dies while 
besieging Citium. Victories of his fleet and 
army. 

448. The FIRST SACRED WAR concerning the 
temple of Delphi. 

447. Death of Yirginia, and abolition of the decem- 
virate. — The Athenians are defeated by the 
Boeotians at Coronea. 

445. Invasion of Attica by the Spartans under Pleisto- 
anax. — The 30 years' truce begins between 
the Athenians and the other Grecian powers. — • 
Ahasuerus sends Nehemiah as governor to Judea, 
with extensive powers, to rebuild the walls of JerU" 
salem. [Or, in 455 : see 464.] 

444. AGE OP PERICLES. ASPASIA taught eloquence at 

Athens SOPHOCLES, tragic poet of Athens, and pupil of iESCHYLUS : 

of 120 tragedies which he wrote, only 7 are extant. He distinguished himself 
not only as a poet, but also as a statesman and a warrior. — EURIPIDES, 
tragic poet, born at Salamis the day on which the army of Xerxes was 
defeated by the Greeks. He wrote 75 tragedies, of which only 19 are ex- 
tant.— ARISTOPHANES, comic poet of Athens. He has been called the 
prince of the ancient comedy, as Menander of the new. — SOCRATES, 
the most celebrated philosopher of all antiquity, was a native of Athens. 



His teaching has been recorded by two of his pupils, Xenophon and Plato 
he maintained the immortality of the soul — HERODOTUS, of Halicar- 
nassus (a maritime city of Asia Minor), called the father of history, reads his 
history at Athens this year. — THUCYDIDES, the historian of the Peio- 
ponnesian war, born at Athens. — XENOPHON, an Athenian, the historian 



—421.] COMPENDIUM OF CHROKOLOGY. 31 

B.C. 

and general of the Anabasis (Retreat of the Ten Thousand, see 400).— 
HIPPOCRATES, of Cos, physician ; he delivered Athens from a dreadful 

pestilence in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war PHIDIAS, statuary, 

native of Athens — POLYCLETUS, sculptor of Sicyon.— POLYGNOTUS, 
painter of Thasos (a small island on the coast of Thrace). — ZEUXIS, 
painter, born at Heraclea, in Sicily ; and Parrhasius of Ephesus, his rival.— 
ICTINUS and CALLICRATES, architects, designers of the Parthenon— 
GORGIAS of Leontiura, PROTAGORAS of Abdera, and PRODICUS of 
Ceos, sophists. 

About this time it is supposed that Ezra prepared 
and set forth a correct edition of the Hebrew 
Scriptures, 

443. Thurii is colonised by the Athenians and Sybarites. 

442. The law of Canuleius for the intermarriage of the 

patricians and plebeians at Eome. Military 

tribunes are created. 

440. The censorship is instituted at Rome. 
434. Cornelius Cossus gains the second spolia opima by 
killing Lar Tolumnius, king of the Veientes. 

432, Meton begins his famous Lunar Cycle of 19 years; 
also called the Golden Number, from the num- 
bers being anciently written in golden letters. 

431. COMMENCEMENT OE THE PELOPON- 
NESIAN WAR; it continues 27 years. 
430. Great plague at Athens. — MALACHI, the last of 

the prophets of the Old Testament, the history of which ends 
about this time. 

429. Taking of Potidaea. Death of Pericles. The next 
year Plato is born. 

427. Plataea is taken by the Lacedaemonians^ in the 93rd 
year of its alliance with Athens. 

425. The island of Sphacteria is taken by the Athenians ; 
this was the first time Spartans were known to 

surrender. Eruption of Mount ^tna, the third known, 50 years 

after the second. 

424. Death of Artaxerxes ; he is succeeded by his son 

Xerxes, who is slain by Sogdianus, and he by 

Ochus or Darius (Nothus). 
422. Battle of Amphipolis. — Death of Cleon and Bra- 

sidas. 
421. The 50 years' peace made between the Athenians 

and the Lacedaemonians, which was kept but 

6 years and 10 months. 



32 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [420— 

B.C. 

420. Capua taken by tlie Samnites from the Tuscans. 

415. ILL-FATED EXPEDITION OF THE 

ATHENIANS AGAINST SYRACUSE, 
under Alcibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus. — 
Disturbances at Rome on account of the Agra- 
rian law. 

413. Surrender of the Athenians to the Sicilians.— 
Egypt revolts from the Persians^ and Amyrtaeus 
is appointed king. 

412. Alcibiades, having offered his services to Sparta, 
is sent into Asia Minor, where he concludes an 
alliance between the Lacedaemonians and Tissa- 
phernes, the Persian satrap. — A council of 400 
governs Athens. 

409. The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy 
Selinus and Himera, but are repulsed by Her- 
mocrates. 

406. VICTORY OF CONON, the Athenian general, 
AT ARGINUS^, over Callicratidas, the 
Lacedaemonian commander, who is killed in the 
action. — Dionysius the Elder obtains the sove- 
reignty of Syracuse on the same day as Euri- 
pides, the tragic poet, dies. — Sophocles dies the 
following year. — Plebeians first elected to the 
quaestorship at Rome. 

405. LYSANDER DEFEATS THE ATHE- 
NIANS AT .^GOS POT AMOS.— Arta- 

xerxes II. (Mnemon), king of Persia. 

404. LYSANDER TAKES ATHENS, and thus 
ends the Peloponnesian Avar ; he establishes 30 
tyrants over the conquered city. — Death of 
Alcibiades. — Thrasybulus occupies Phyle and 
the Pirseus. 

403. Archonship of Euclides. — Anxur taken from the 
Volscians. — Pay first granted to the Roman 
soldiers. 

402. The Romans make their first attempt to take the 
city of Veii. 



-395.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 33 



B.C. 



401. Cyrus (the Younger), son of Darius Nothus, is 
defeated and killed at Cunaxa by his brother 
Artaxerxes. — Expulsion of the 30 tyrants from 
Athens by Thrasybulus. — Psammetichus king 



of Egypt. 



400. 



400. XENOPHON ACCOMPLISHES HIS 
GLORIOUS RETREAT WITH THE 
10,000 GREEKS WHO HAD FOL- 
LOWED CYRUS. 

SOCRATES IS PUT TO DEATH.— plato. 

a celebrated philosopher of Athens — In his system of philosophy he fol- 
lowed the physics of Heraclitus, the metaphysical opinions of Pythagoras, 
and the ethics of Socrates. He is THE FOUNDER OF THE ACA- 
DEMIC SCHOOL.— AKCFIYTAS, a philosopher, born at Tarentum, who 
redeemed his master, Plato, from the hands of Dionysius. He is therepu'ed 
inventor of the screw and the pulley. — CEBES, a Theban philosopher, dis- 
ciple of Socrates — ISOCRATES, a celebrated orator, born at Athens, 
taught in the schools of Gorgias and Prodicus : about 31 of his orations 
are extant. — ANTIPHON, ANDOCIDES, and LYSIAS, orators.— 

CALLIMACHUS, an architect, inventor of the Corinthian order 

DAMON and PYTHIAS, Pythagorean philosophers CTESIAS. a Greek 

historian and physician of Cnidos. — ANTISTHENES, a Greek philo- 
sopher, FOUNDER OF THE CYNIC SCHOOL. The Cynics were 
» famous for their contempt of most of the received customs of mankind. 

ANTISTHENES taught, the unity of God: from his school the Stoics 
subsequently sprang — ARISTIPPUS the Elder, of Cyrene, in Lybia, 
disciple to Socrates, and founder of the Cyrenaic sect. He placed the 
chief good of man in pleasure, which, in his view, included every sensual 
gratification. — NICETAS, an astronomer, said to have taught the diurnal 
rotation of the earth instead of that of the heavens. 

399. The Lacedasmonians send an army into Asia Minor 
under Thimbron, who is succeeded by Dercyl- 

lldaS. A Lectisternium is celebrated at Rome for the first time, on 

account of a pestilence. 

397. Peace of Dercyllidas, securing the independence of 
the Grecian cities in Asia Minor. — The lake of 
Alba is drained by the Romans. Plebeians first 
appointed to be military tribunes at Rome. 

396. Expedition of Age&ilaus into Asia Minor. 

395. Agesilaus defeats Tissaphernes at the Pactolus. — 
Syracuse is unsuccessfully besieged by the Car- 
thaginians under Imilcon. 
Beginning of the Corinthian war by the alliances 
of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and 
Argives against the Lacedaemonians. — Death of 
Lysander. 



34 COMPENDIUM OF CHKOXOLOGY. [394- 

B.C. 

394. Conon and Pharnabaziis defeat the Lacedaemonian 
fleet near Cnidus. A few days after, the allies 
are defeated at Coronea by Agesilans. The fol- 
lowing year Conon rebuilds the w^alls of Athens. 

393. VEII IS TAKEN BY CAMILLUS after a 
siege of 10 years. 

389. Pvrgi, the port of Ctere, is pillaged by the fleet of 
Dionysins of Sicily. 

388. Camilhis is impeached by the tribunes, and retires 
from Rome. 

387. BATTLE OF ALLIA : ROME IS TAKEN 
AND BURNT BY THE GAULS UNDER 

BRENNUS. .Acoorc'., :. X--.hr .vU Ar. .Id, S^" ; other^ 
place it in 3Sc>, and some ia 3f.O.) — DishonOlirablc pCaCC of 

Antalcidas between the Spartans and Per- 
sians, by which the Greek cities of Asia Minor 
are rendered tributary to Persia. — philoxexvs, « 

dichryambic poet of Cjthera, who rayoyed the favour of Dionysias. 

3S2. Ph'cebidas, the Spartan, seizes the citadel of Thebes 
by treachery. 

379. The Spaiians are expelled from Thebes. — OlynthnS' 
is conquered by the Spartans after a war oft 
4 years, 

377. Chabrias defeats the Lacedemonian fleet at Xaxos. 

IS^US, an orator of Cbalcis, in Eubcea, who came to Athens, and became 
there the pupil of Lysias, and soon after the master of Demosthenes. 
PHILlSTUSof Syracuse, an historian. AKETA, a female philosopher of 
Cyrene— PHILO'LAVS, a Pychagorean philosopher of Crocona, who 
maintained that the earth turus" round its axis. 

374. Artaxerxes Mnemon sends an army imder Pharna- 
bazus, with 20,000 Greeks, commanded by. 
Iphicrates, agidnst Xectanebis, king of Egypt, 
who had shaken ofl' ihe Persian yoke. 

371. BATTLE OF LEUCTRA, in which the The- 
bans under Pelopidas and Epaminondas defeat' 
the Lacedtemonians, whose king, Cleombrotus, is 
killed in the action. 

369. The Messenians, assisted by the Thebans, return tct 

the Peloponnesus, $6 years afcer their expulsion.! 
The citY of Messene is built. 



—352.] COMPENDIUM OF CIIIiONOLOGY. 35 

H.<:. 

'M)1, Dionysiufi IL, tyrant of HyrmmM. — Omt of the 
(yjriHulr: at Rome in (dfiCUA from the plebeian 8. — 

r/i^ foll/mimj ymr Jofi/iwm, hi/jh [rrkat of tlve Jt-im, kiMts hu 
frroiMr Jonhv/i in litf:. l/irapk, fi/r wlmh tka witi/m vs rfuj^Ai t/j 
pay o, jlriA fry titjh Pt'/fHi/irui fw 7 ycMrn. 

?>()4:. Pelopidus defeats Alexander, tyrant of Pherse, in 
ThcHsaly, hut m killed in battle. — Taebos »uc- 
ceedr; Xectajjebj- I. 

3G:i the LACEDEMONIANS ARE DE- 
FEATED BY EPAMINONDAS AT 
THE BATTLE OF MANTINEA, IN 
WHICH HE IS KILLED, 

302. In order y> fulfil the i)i(}[Ai('/:y, Ciiniu>: devotes 
himself by leaping into a gulf in the Forum at 
Rome. 

3ol. Agecilaus goes intf> Egypt tx> assist Tachos against 
Artaxerxes, but being seduced by the splendid 
offers of Nectanebis II., he makes him king 
instead of Tachos. Agesikus dies on his return. 

.-ifJO. PHILIP IL ASCENDS THE THRONE 
OF MACEDON, AND DEFEATS THE 
ATHENIANS AT METHONE. He in- 
stituUic the Ma^:edonian phaianx. 

3o9. Artaxerxes IL is succeeded by Lis sr>n Ochus 
TArtaxerxes IILj. 

3o8. Revolt of the Athenian colonies. Philip takes 
Amphi polls and Pydna. 

3o7. THE SECOND SACRED WAR is occasioned 

by the Phocians alta/:king and plundering the 
temple of Delphi — Dionysius the Younger is 
expelled from Syrax^use by Dion, and next year 
withdraws to Italy. 

356. Alexander the Great, son of Philip, is born at 
Pelk in Maxiedonia. — The temple of Diana at 
Ephesus is burnt by Erostratus. — Philip con- 
f|uers the Thraxiians, Paeonians, and Illyrian«, 
and takes Potidsea. 
First plebeian dictat^jr at Rome, C. IMarcius Rutilu». 

352. Philip takes Methone. — The Phocians, under 



36 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [351--. 

B.C. 

Onomarchus, are defeated in Thessaly by Philip. 

— DEMOSTHENES delivers his first Philippic. — THEOPOMPUS, a 
Greek historian of Chios, disciple of Isocrates. — SCOPAS, a distinguished 
sculptor in marble, statuary in bronze, and architect, native of Paros. 

351. First plebeian censor at Rome, C. Marcius Rutilus. 

350. Ochus invades Egypt, expels Nectanebis, and re- 
duces the whole country, which has ever since 
been enslaved by strangers. 

347. Philip takes Olynthus. 

346. Philip puts an end to the Sacred war by taking 
possession of all the cities of the Phocians, and 
is admitted a member of the Amphictyonic 
Council. 
Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse after 
10 years' banishment. 

343. WAR BETWEEN THE ROMANS AND 
THE SAMNITES, which lasts 71 years, and 
leads to the conquest of all Italy. — Syracuse is 
taken by Timoleon, and Dionysius the Tyrant 
finally banished, 

340. P. Decius devotes himself to death for his country 
in the war with the Samnites. — Philip invades 

Scythia. About this time flourished DEMOSTHENES, the prince 

of orators, born at Athens, and pupil of Issus and Plato. — ^SCHINES, an 
Athenian orator, rival of Demosthenes.— ARISTOTLE, a famous philo- 
sopher, born at Stagyra. His disciples were called PERIPATETICS, be- 
cause they received the philosopher's lectures as they walked about. The 
Peripatetics placed their " summum bonum " in the due exercise of the 
moral and intellectual faculties. Aristotle was preceptor to Alexander the 
Great.— THEOPHRASTUS, a philosopher, native of Eressus in Lesbos : 
he studied under Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle, whom he succeeded 
in the Lyceum. He died aged 107- To his care we are indebted for the 
works of Aristotle, which the dying philosopher entrusted to him — 
DIOGENES, a celebrated Cynic philosopher of Sinope. — HERMO- 
GENES, an architect of Alabanda, in Caria, who built the temple of 
Diana at Magnesia, and the temple of Bacchus at Teos. — MYRON, 
ALCAMENES, and CTESILAUS, statuaries — DEMOCRATES, an 
architect of Alexandria. — LYSIPPUS, a famous statuary of Sicyon. He 
made no less than 1500 statues ; those of the 25 horsemen who were 
drowned in the Granicus, were so valued that, in the age of Augustus, they 
were bought for their weight in gold. Alexander the Great would allow- 
none but Lysippus to make his statues, and none but Apelles to take his 

portrait APELLES, a celebrated painter of Cos, others say of Ephesus. — 

PRAXITELES, one of the most distinguished artists of Greece, was both a 
statuary in bronze and a sculptor in marble. Praxiteles stands with Scopas, 
at the head of the " later Attic school," so called in contradistinction to the 
earlier Attic school of Phidias. — PAUSIAS, a painter of Sicyon, the first 
who understood how to apply colours to wood and ivory by means of fire. — 
PROTOGENES, a painter of Rhodes — ARISTOXENUS, a celebrated 
musician. The three books he wrote upon music are the most ancient on 
that subject extant.— GRANTOR, a philosopher of Soli, Plato's disciple, 

339. The Carthaginians are defeated by Timoleon near 
Agrigentum. — Phocion obliges Philip to raise: 



—327.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 37 

B.C. 

the sieges of Perinthus and Byzantium. — The 
laws made by the general assembly of the 
people, the Comitia tributa, no longer require 
the confirmation of the Koman senate. 

338. PHILIP DEFEATS THE ATHENIANS 
AND THEBANS AT CHiEIlONEA.— 

Ochus, king of Persia, is poisoned by Bagoas, 
who makes Arogus or Arses king. 

337. Philip is chosen generalissimo of the Greeks against 
the Persians. 

336. ALEXANDER THE GREAT, KING OF 
MACEDON ; his father Philip having been 
killed by Pausanias. — Bagoas poisons Arogus, 
and is put to death by Darius Codomanus, who 
ascends the throne of Persia. 

335. Alexander destroys Thebes,. 

334. Alexander begins the Persian invasion, and gains a 
victory over Darius at Granicus. — First plebeian 
pragtor at Rome. 

333. Alexander reduces all Asia Minor, and gains another 
great victory at Issus. 

332. Alexander destroys Tyre and Gaza; he visits Jeru- 
salem, the high priest meets him, and showing 
him the prophecy of his coming into the Holy 
Land in Daniel, Alexander spares and protects 
that city. He conquers Egypt, and there founds 
Alexandria. — The Samaritan temple on Mount 
Gerizim huilt hy Manas seh, son of Joiada, ac- 
cording to Josephus. 

331. BATTLE OP ARBELA. END OP THE 
PERSIAN, AND COMMENCEMENT 
OP THE GRECIAN OR MACEDO- 
NIAN EMPIRE.— Alexander takes posses- 
sion of Babylon and Susa, and sets fire to the 
palace of Persepolis. 

330. Darius is slain by the traitor Bessus. 

327. Alexander's expedition against Porus. — He builds 
on the banks of the Hydaspes the cities of 

D 3 



38 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [326— 

B.C. 

Nicsea, in honour of his victory, and Bucephala, 
in memory of his horse Bucephalus. 

326o Voyage of Nearchus from the Indus to the Eu- 
phrates. 

325. Papirius Cursor, dictator at Rome, triumphs over 
the Samnites. (See 309.) 

323. ALEXANDER THE GREAT DIES AT 
BABYLON at the age of 33 ; Philip Arid^us, 
his brother, succeeds nominally as king, while 
the commanders of his army divide the empire 
among themselves. 

321. THE SAMNITES MAKE THE ROMAN 
ARMY PASS UNDER THE YOKE IN 
THE CAUDINE PORKS OR PASS. 

320. Polysperchon publishes liberty to all the Grecian 
cities. — Ptolemy Soter seizes upon Phoenicia, 
Coelo- Syria, and Judea, takes Jerusalem, and 
carries 100,000 Jews captives into Egypt, where 
they form a colony at Alexandria. 

318. Athens and most of Greece conquered by Cas- 

sander. 
317. Demetrius Phalereus governs Athens for 10 years. 

— Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse. 

316. Cassander obtains the kingdom of Macedon. — 
Eumenes is delivered to Antigonus by his army. 

3 1 2. Seleucus Nicator takes Babylon.— COMMENCE- 
MENT OP THE ERA OF THE SELEU- 
CID^. 

311. Cassander, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy, conclude a 
peace with Antigonus. The following year 
Cassander murders Alexander ^gus, with 
Roxana his mother. 

309. Conquests of Agathocles in Africa. — Papirius 
Cursor in his second dictatorship gains a signal 
victory over the Samnites. 

307. Demetrius Poliorcetes captures Athens, and re- 
establishes democracy. (Poliorcetes signifies Be- 
sieger of Towns). 



—300.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 39 

B.C. 

306. Alexander's successors first assume the title of 
kings. — Pyrrhus, at the age of 12, is placed on 
the throne of Epirus by Glaucias. 

304. Demetrius besieges Rhodes. The Rhodians form 
an alliance with the Romans. The following 
year Demetrius wrests all southern Greece from 
Cassander. 

301. BATTLE OP IPSUS, IN WHICH AN- 
TIGONUS IS DEFEATED AND 
KILLED BY PTOLEMY, SELEUCUS, 
LYSIMACHUS, AND CASSANDER.— 

The dominions of Alexander are formed into 
four kingdoms : Egypt, with Judea, Phoenicia 
and Coelo-Syria, under Ptolemy Soter ; Macedon 
and Greece, under Cassander ; Thrace, Bithynia, 
&c., under Lysimachus ; and Syria, with all the 
East, under Seleucus. 



300. 

300. About this time Seleucus Nicator founded about 
40 cities in Asia Minor, among which were 
Antioch, Edessa, and Laodicea. — First Plebeian 
Pontifex Maximus (High Priest) at Rome. — 
About this time flourished menander, comic poet of 

Athens, educated under Theophrastus. He received the appellation of Prince 
of the New Comedy.— PYRRHO, a philosopher of Elis, disciple of Anax- 
archus. The manner he had of doubting of everything has been called Pyrrho- 
nism ; he is the FOUNDER OF THE SCEPTIC SCHOOL— BEROSUS, 
an historian of Babylon. — EUCLID, a famous mathematician of Alex- 
andria. He wrote 15 books on the elements of geometry. He established 
a school at Alexandria, which became so famous that from his age to the 
time of the Saracen conquest no mathematician was to be found who had 
not studied at Alexandria. — ARISTARCHUS, an astronomer of Samos, 
who first found means of determining the distance of the sun, as compared 
with that of the moon ; his treatise on the magnitude of the sun and its 
distance is still extant. — ZENO, a distinguished philosopher, native of 
Citium, in the island of Cyprus, FOUNDER OF THE SECT OF THE 
STOICS, so called because his followers received his instructions in the 
portico called " Stoa." He placed happiness in virtue, and recommended 
resignation, and the diligent study of one's self, and taught that God was 
the soul of the world. — EPICURUS, a celebrated philosopher, native 
of Gargetium, in Attica. He taught his followers that happiness con- 
sisted in pleasure, not such as arises from sensual gratification, or from 
vice, but from the enjoyments of the mind and the study of virtue. Accord- 
ing to Diogenes Laertius he wrote no less than 300 volumes — ARCE- 
SILAUS, a philosopher of Pitane, in .ffi^olia, disciple of Poleinon. He was 
the founder of the Middle Academy, as Plato was of the Ancient, and 
Carneades of the New. He professed to know nothing (Acatalepsy"), and 
accused others of the same ignorance — CHARES, a statuary, who was 12 
years employed in making the famous Colossus of Rhodes. It was a brass 
statue of Apollo, 70 cubits high, erected at the port of Rhodes in honour of 
the Sun, and esteemed one of the wonders of the world ; it was built in 290, 
D 4 



40 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [297— 

thrown down by an earthquake in 224. and finally destroyed by the Saracens 
ton their taking Rhodes in a.d. 672.— THEOCRITUS, a Greek pastoral 
poet, who flourished at Syracuse. Virgil, in his Eclogues, has imitated and 
often copied him. — BION, a philosopher and sophist, from the Borysthenes 
in Scythia.— MOSCHUS, a Greek bucolic poet. — ARATUS, a Greek poet 
of Cilicia. — MEGASTHENES, a Greek historian. — CRATES, a philo- 
sopher of Bceotia, disciple of Diogenes — POLEMON, a philosopher, disciple 
and successor to Xenocrates — ERASISTRATUS, a celebrated physician, 
grandson to the philosopher Aristotle. 

297. Death of Cassander, king of Macedon ; war among 

his two sons Antipater and Alexander. 
296. Athens is again taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes. 

295. Pyrrhus sole king of Epirus. — The second Decius 
devotes himself to death at the battle of Sen- 
tinum against the Gauls. 

294. Demetrius murders Alexander, and seizes the crown 
of Macedon. 

289. Death of Agathocles. — Anarchy at Syracuse. 

287. Demetrius is expelled from his kingdom by Pyrrhus, 
who, the year after, is driven out of it by Lysi- 
machus, king of Thrace ; he in his turn is 
defeated and slain by Seleucus (281), and Se- 
leucus is assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus (280), 
who is defeated and slain the same year by 
the Gauls, who laid waste the whole country. — 
Law of Hortensius, by which the decrees of the 
people were allowed the same force as those of 
the senate. 

285. The astronomical era of Dionysius of Alexandria. 

284. Ptolemy Philadelphus succeeds his father Ptolemy 
Soter on the throne of Egypt. Ceraunus, his 
elder brother, flies out of Egypt, first to Lysi- 
machus, and then to Seleucus. Phiiadeiphus signifies one 

who loves his brother; Soter, saviour; and Ceraunus, thunder. —Building 
of the Pharos at Alexandria (esteemed one of the wonders of the world) by 
Ptolemy Philadelphus. It was a tower built of white marble, and could be 
seen at the distance of 100 miles. On the top fires were continually kept to 
direct sailors. SOSTRATUS was the architect employed in its construc- 
tion Ptolemy founds the famous library of Alexandria. 

281. The Romans begin the Tarentine war, which lasts 10 
years. — Commencement of the Achaean league. 

280. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, goes to Italy to assist the 
Tarentines, and defeats the consul Laevinus. — 
Antiochus Soter succeeds Seleucus as king of 
Syria. 



—260.] COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 41 



B.C. 



279. The Gauls under Brennus are cut to pieces near 
the temple of Delphi. 

277. Antigonus Gonatas ascends the throne of Macedon. 

— About this time the Septiiagint {Greek) Version of the Old 
Testament is made by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Seventy- two 
translators were shut up in thirty-six cells to accomplish it. Ptolemy 
gave the Jews about a million sterling for a copy of the Old Tes- 
tament, and to the seventy-two translators half a inillion more for 
the translation. 

276. Manasseh succeeds Onias in the high priesthood. — TIMiEUS, an his- 
torian of Sicily. 

275. PYRRHUS IS DEFEATED BY THE 
ROMANS UNDER CURIUS DENTA- 
TUS, NEAR BENEVENTUM, AND 
EVACUATES ITALY. 

273. Pyrrhus conquers Macedonia. 

272. Tarentum is taken, and the Samnites are finally 
subdued by the Romans under L. Pap. Cursor 
the Younger. — Death of Pyrrhus. 

270. Hiero II. king of Syracuse. 

269. Fabius Pictor coins silver money: tlie Romans had hitherto used only brass 
money ; gold was coined in 206. 

268. Athens is taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who occu- 
pies it 12 years. 

265. The citizens of Rome are numbered at 292,224, 

264. THE FIRST PUNIC WAR begins, and con- 
tinues 23 years. — The chronology of the Arun- 
delian Marbles, or Chronicle of Pares, is now 
composed. (See 1582.) — The first combat of 
gladiators, consisting of two pairs only, exhibited 
at Kome by the Bruti at the funeral of their 
father. 

263. The first sun-dial is erected at Rome ; it was brought 
from Catana by Messala. 

262. Antiochus Soter is defeated at Sardis by Eumenes 
of Pergamus. — Agrigentum is taken by the 
Romans. 

261. Antiochus Soter is killed in a battle with the 

Gauls, and is succeeded by Antiochus Theos. 
260. First naval victory (at Mylae) obtained by the 



42 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [255— 

B.C. 

Romans under the consul Duilius over the Car- 
thaginians. — Provincial quaestors are instituted 
at Rome. 

255. REGULUS is defeated by Xanthippus in Africa. 

254. Cn. C. Scipio and A. Atilius Calatinus take 
Panormus. The following year the Romans, 
from repeated shipwrecks, renounce the sove- 
reignty of the seas. 

251. Aratus re-establishes the Ach^an league, and per- 
suades the people of Sicyon to join it. 

250. Great victory of Metellus over Hasdrubal near 
Panormus: 130 elephants are captured and sent 
to Rome. — Arsaces I. founds the kingdom of 
Parthia after having shaken off the Seleucidan 
yoke. Theodotus follows his example, and founds 
the kingdom of Bactria. — The Romans besiege 
Lilybseum, and are defeated by Hamilcar. — 

About this time flourished CLEANTHES, a Stoic philosopher, successor of 
Zeno. He was so poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw out water 
for a gardener in the night, and study in the day time. Cicero calls him the 
Father of the Stoics.— MANETHO, an Egyptian historian.— ZOILUS, a 
sophist and grammarian of Amphipolis, distinguished for his severe criticisms 
on Homer. —CONON, a Greek astronomer of Samos — LYCOPHRON, a 
Greek poet and grammarian, born at Chalcis in Eubcea — CALLIMACHUS, 
an historian and poet of Gyrene. —ERATOSTHENES, a geometer of 
Gyrene. According to some he first observed the obliquity of the ecliptic, 
and first found out how to measure accurately the extent and circumference 

of the globe APOLLONIUS, a geometrician of Perga in Pamphylia, 

discoverer of the conic sections ARCHIMEDES, a famous geometrician 

and mechanist of Syracuse, founder of the science of hydrostatics, inventor 
of the screw called the Archimedean screw, now used as a means of pro- 
pelling ships.— STRATON, a philosopher of Lampsacus, disciple and 
successor in the school to Theophrastus, and preceptor to Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus ZENODOTUS, a grammarian — PHILO, an architect of Byzan- 
tium, celebrated for his mechanical inventions.— CTESIBIUS, an historian. 
— SOSIBIUS, a grammarian of Laconia, who advised Ptolemy Philopator 
to murder his wife Arsinoe and his brother — HOMER junior, one of the 
Greek poets called Pleiades, native of Hierapolis. 

249. Sea fight of Drepanum, where Claudius Pulcher is 
defeated by Adherbal. 

247. Death of Ptolemy Philadelphus : his son Ptolemy 
Euero-etes succeeds him. 

246. Seleucus Calllnicus succeeds Antiochus Theos, and 
puts to death his step-mother Berenice. Her 
brother Ptolemy Euergetes invades and over- 
runs the w^hole Syrian empire from the Helles- 
pont to the Tigris. 

244. The citadel of Corinth is taken by Aratus. — Le- 



-220.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY, 43 

B.C. 

onidas is restored to the throne of Sparta, Cleom- 
brotus banished, and Agis put to death. 

241. The Carthaginians are defeated by Lutatius Ca- 
tulus at the Agates. End of the first Punic 
war. — Attains, king of Pergamus, succeeds Eu- 
menes, his first cousin. 

240. Comedies are first acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronicus. 

237. Hamilcar Barcas passes into Spain with his son 
Hannibal, then 9 years old. 

235. The temple of Janus is shut for the first time since 
the reign of Numa. 

231. The Romans conquer Sardinia and Corsica.- — The 

first divorce known at Rome takes place, that of Sp. Carvilius. 

228. The Roman ambassadors first appear at Athens and 
Corinth. — Hamilcar is killed in Spain. Has- 
drubal, his father-in-law, succeeds him in the 
command. The following year he builds New 
Carthage in Spain (now Carthagena). — Cleo- 
menes III., king of Sparta, gains a great victory 
over the Achgeans under Aratus. Two years 
after Cleomenes restores the ancient constitution 
of Lycurgus, which Agis had in vain attempted 

to do. — - C. N^VIUS, a Latin poet, who was banished from Rome by 
Metellus. 

224. The Romans cross the Po for the first time in 
pursuit of the Gauls, who invaded Italy 226 : 
the Boii are conquered. — The Colossus of Rhodes 
is thrown down by an earthquake. 

223. Death of Seleucus Ceraunus, king of Syria ; An- 
tiochus the Great, his brother, succeeds him. 

222. Battle of Sellasia, followed by the taking of Sparta 
by Antigonus II. (Doson.) — Marcellus gains the 
third spolia opima by killing Yiridomarus, king 
of the Gauls. — Ptolemy Philopator, king of 
Egypt. 

221. Hasdrubal is assassinated, and Hannibal succeeds 
to the command of the Carthaginians in Spain. 

220. Social war between the ^tolians and the Achseans 



44 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY, [219— 

B.C. 

assisted by Philip 11., tlie last Macedonian king 
of that name. 
219. HANNIBAL TAKES SAGUNTUM, and 
subdues all Spain as far as the Iberus (Ebro). 

218. THE SECOND PUNIC WAR begins, and con- 
tinues 17 years. Hannibal crosses the Pyrenees 
and the Alps, gains the battle of Ticinus over 
P. Scipio, and that of Trebia over Sempronius, 

217. Hannibal passes the marshes of Clusium, where 
he loses an eye, and at the lake of Thrasymenus 
defeats and kills Flaminius, who had given 
battle contrary to the advice of his council of 
war. Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cunctator 
("Delayer") is made dictator. — Ptolemy gains 
a great victory over Antiochus at Raphia ; and 
coming to Jerusalem he attempts to enter the 
Holy of Holies, but is hindered by the high 
priest, Onias II. 

216. BATTLE OP CANN.E, in which the Romans 
under Varro are totally defeated by Hannibal. 
Paulus ^milius, the other consul, is killed in 
the action. 

214. The Romans begin the war in Epirus against Philip i 
of Macedon. 

212. SYRACUSE IS TAKEN BY MARCEL-- 

LUS after a siege of 3 years, and Archimedes i 
is killed, 

THE TWO SCIPIOS, CORNELIUS AND" 

CNEIUS, ARE KILLED IN SPAIN.. 
Philip defeats the ^tolians. 

211. Capua surrenders to the Romans. — Antiochus the" 
Great conquers Judea. 

210. Publius Scipio (having been sent into Spain, 211); 
takes Carthagena. 

207. HASDRUBAL IS DEFEATED AND I 
KILLED BY LIVIUS AND CLAUDIUS! 
NERO AT THE METAURUS, a riverr 
in Umbria. 



-194.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 45 

B.C. 

Battle of Mantinea, where Philopoemen, general of 
the Achseans, defeats Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta, 
who is killed in the action. Nabis succeeds him. 

204. Ptolemy Y. Epiphanes, only 5 years old, king of 

xLgypt. Worship of Cybele introduced at Rome from Pessinus in 

Phrygia. 

203. The Carthaginians recal Hannibal to Africa. Sopho- 
nisba (Syphax's wife, Hasdrubal's daughter) is 
poisoned by Massinissa, king of Numidia. — 
Antiochus combines with Philip of Macedon to 
divide the dominions of the young Ptolemy 
between them, and seizes upon Palestine and 
Coele- Syria. 

202 BATTLE OP ZAMA in Africa, where HAN- 
NIBAL IS DEFEATED BY CORNE- 
LIUS SCIPI9 AFMCANUS I. End of 
the second Punic war. — Philip is defeated by 
the Rhodians near the isle of Chios. 

201. The Komans send M. Emilius Lepidus into Egypt to 
assist the people in defending their infant king. 
Syphax is led in triumph to Rome by P. Scipio. 



200. 

200. FIRST MACEDONIAN WAR. P. Sul- 
pitius gains a victory over Philip near Octo- 

lophuS. About this time flourished FABIUS PICTOR, the first 

Roman historian. — C. ALIMENTUS, an historian. — APOLLONIUS 
RHODIUS, a Greek poet— PLAUTUS, a comic poet, native of Sarsina in 
Umbria. — CARNEADES, founder of the Third or New Academy.— 
ENNIUS, an epic poet, native of Rudia» in Calabria. — CCECILIUS STA- 
TIUS, a comic poet, native of Gaul.— Wealth and luxury begin to appear at 
Rome. 

197. PHILIP IS DEFEATED BY FLAMI- 

NIUS AT GYNOSCEPHAL^, which puts 
an end to the first Macedonian war. — Death of 

Attains I., king of PergamUS. six prators now appointed 

at Rome. 

196. Greece is declared free at the Isthmian Games. ■ 

Hannibal joins Antiochus. 

194. Three days' triumph of Flaminius. The orchestra is appro. 

priated to the senators by Scipio. 



46 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [l92- 



B.C. 



192. Nabis is defeated by Philopoemen, and slain soon 
after. — Lacedaemon is added to the Achaean 
league. 

191. War with Antiochus ; second battle of Thermo- 
pylae, where Antiochus is defeated by Glabrio. 
190. The Romans under Lucius Scipio enter Asia Minor. 
ANTIOCHUS IS DEFEATED AT MAG- 
NESIA. 
188. Philopoemen takes Sparta, and abrogates the laws 

of LyCUrgUS. Eumenes II. founds a library at Pergamus. 

187. Antiochus is slain while attempting to rob the 
temple of Elymais, and is succeeded by his son 
Seleucus Philopator. 

186. Triumph of Manlius over the Galatians. —The Baccha- 
nalia forbidden, and contests of athletes first exhibited at Rome. 

184. Cato the Elder censor at Rome. — Death of piauius. 

183. DEATH OP HANNIBAL. Forsaken by his 
countrymen, he had taken refuge at the court of 
Prusias, king of Bithynia ; when he saw his 
house besieged on all sides, he took poison, which 
he carried in his ring. —DEATH OP PHI- 
LOPCEMEN5 justly called the last of the 
Greeks; he was poisoned by order of Dinocrates, 
the Messenian general — DEATH OP P. 
COR. SCIPIO APRICANUS Major. 

181. Ptolemy Epiphanes having been poisoned, is suc- 
ceeded by his son Philometor, then only 6 years 
old. 

179. Perseus succeeds Philip as king of Macedon. 

176. Heliodorus, by order of Seleucus, attempts to rob the Temple of 
Jerusalem, but is said to have been prevented by an angel. — 

Seleucus is poisoned by Heliodorus, who attempts 
to seize the crown. 
175. Antiochus Epiphanes, the brother of Seleucus, ob- 
tains the kingdom of Syria " by flatteries," and 

reigns 11 years. Jason buys the high priesthood of him, 
and supplants his brother Onias. 

171. SECOND MACEDONIAN WAR with Per- 
seus, 26 years from the peace of Plaminius. — 



-150.J COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 47 

B.C. 

Antiochus gains a great victory over Ptolemy, 
near Pelusium. 

17 ANTIOCHUS TAKES JERUSALEM, slays 
40,000 persons, sells as many more for slaves, 
and plunders and profanes the temple. The 
Alexandrians make Physcon, brother of Ptolemy 
Philometor, king of Egypt. 

168. PERSEUS IS DEFEATED BY PAULUS 
^MILIUS AT PYDNA; Macedonia is 
reduced to a Roman province. Illyria is also 
made a Eoman province, being conquered by 
Anicius. The history of Polybius ends here. 
— Antiochus prepares to besiege Alexandria, 
but is prevented by the Romans. 

167. Violent persecution of the Jews. The seven Jewish 
brothers and their mother suffer martyrdom. — - 

Polybius, the historian, one of the 1000 Acheeans now sent to Rome as 
hostages for 16 years. 

166. Era of the Maccabees, under Judas Maccabasus. 

1 64. Death of Antiochus Epiphanes ; his son Antiochus 
Eupator succeeds him. 

162. Demetrius Soter, son of Seleucus Philopator, 
escapes from Rome, kills Antiochus Eupator, 
and succeeds to the throne of Syria. 

161. Nicanor, sent by Demetrius against the ^ Jews, is 
slain by Judas with all his army ; but Bacchides, 
sent to avenge this blow, slays Judas, who is 
succeeded by Jonathan. — Decree at Rome against 
the Latin rhetoricians and philosophers. 

159. Crates ambassador at Rome from King Attains. — Death of Terence, the celebrated 

comic poet Time is measured at Rome by a water machine (Clepsydra) 

invented by Scipio Nasica, 104 years after the introduction of sun-dials. 

155. The Athenians being fined 1000 talents for plundering Oropus, send Diogenes 
the Stoic, Carneades the Platonic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic, on an 
embassy to Rome. 

153. War of the Carthaginians against Massinissa, and 
of the Romans against the Lusitanians. 

150. Demetrius Soter is slain by Alexander Balas, who 
succeeds him, and reigns 5 years. — About this time 

flourished HIPPARCHUS, an astronomer of Nicaea, who first made a 
catalogue of the stars to the number of 1022. He first used latitude and 



48 COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. [l49 — 

B.C. 

longitude, and discovered the precession of the equinoxes — Q. ME- 
TELLUS MACERrONlNUS, architect of Jupiter Stator's temple at 
Rome.— L. ACCIUS andPACUVIUS. Roman tragic poets.— POLYBIUS, 

the celebrated historian, native of Megalopolis in Peloponnesus >fl- 

CANDER, a Greek poet, grammarian, and physician MELEAGER, 

collector of Greek anthology. 

149. THE THIRD PUNIC WAR begins. — Pru- 
sias, king of Bitliynia, is put to death by his son 
Nicomedes. — Cato the Censor, and Massinissa, 

king of Numidia, died. PIso's law of bribery at elections. 

148. Andriscus of Macedon is defeated by Metellus. — 
Birth of Lucilius. 

146. Metelhis defeats the Achasans. 

DESTRUCTION OP CARTHAGE (737 

years from its foundation) by Scipio Africanus 
Minor, July 2. 

CAPTURE OP CORINTH, September, by 
Mummius : Greece is reduced to a Roman pro- 
vince under the name of Achaia. 

Demetrius Nicator recovers Syria from Balas. 

145. Viriathus, the general of the Lusitanians, defeats 
the praetors Vitellius and Plautus. 

1 44. Jonathan is put to death, and is succeeded in the high-priesthood hy 
Simon. 

143. The Salassians conquered by Claudius, and the 2nd 
Pseudo -Philip by Tremellius the quasstor. 
The embassy of Scipio, and Panaetius into Egypt, 
Syria, and Greece. 

141. The JSTumantine war begins and continues 8 years. 
Pompeius is defeated. — The sovereignty of 
Judea is confirmed to Simon and to his pos-- 
terity by a general assembly of the Jews at 
Jerusalem: he frees them from all tribute to 
any foreign prince. 

140. Viriathus, general of the Lusitanians, after having 
been engaged for 8 years in war with the 
Romans, is assassinated at the instigation of the 
consul Caspio. 

138. Demetrius Nicator is taken prisoner by the Par- 
thians : his brother, Antiochus Sidetes, ascends 
the throne in 137, and reigns 10 years. 



-118.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 49 

B.C. 

137. The Romans under Mancinus are shamefully de- 
feated by the Numantines. 

135. Simon and two of his sons are basely murdered 
by Ptolemy his son-in-law ; he is succeeded by 
his son John Hyrcanus. The history of the 
Apocrypha ends, 

134. Troubles excited in Rome by the tribune TI- 
BERIUS GRACCHUS, who RENEWS 
THE AGRARIAN LAW : Scipio Nasica, 
his kinsman, is of the opposite faction. 

133. JSTumantia is taken and destroyed by the Romans 
20 years from the beginning of the war with the 
Lusitanians. — Tiberius Gracchus is killed. — 
Death of Attains III., king of Pergamus : he 
bequeaths his kingdom to the Romans. 

132. End of the war of the Romans against the revolted 
slaves in Sicily under Eunus ; it had lasted 
2 years. 

130. The consul Crassus is defeated by Aristonicus, and 
killed. 

129. Aristonicus, son of Eumenes II., king of Pergamus, 
. is defeated after 2 years' war against the Romans. 
Scipio Africanus Minor is found dead in his bed. 
— Death of Carneades. 

128. Antiochus Sidetes is slain in war with the Par- 
thians : Demetrius Nicator returns, and recovers 
his kingdom. 

'25. The Romans, under M. Fulvius Flaccus, first make 
war on the Transalpine Gauls. 

123. C. Gracchus, tribune of the commons, passes the 
Sempronian law. Metellus conquers the Balea- 
rians. — Carthage is rebuilt by the Romans. 

121. C. Gracchus is killed. — The Allobroges are con- 
quered by Domitius -^nobarbus and Fabius 
Maximus. 

118. Narbonensis Gallia (the south of Gaul) becomes a 
Roman province ; they plant a colony in Narbo 



50 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [ll7— ■ 

;b.c. 

Martins (Narbonne). — Micipsa, son of Massi-- 
nissa, dies. 

117. Death of Ptolemy Physcon, king of Egypt; he is 5 
succeeded by Ptolemy Lathyrus, in conjunction i 
with his mother Cleopatra. The Roman am- 
bassadors restore Adherbal to his kingdom ini 
Numidia. 

115. Plays are banished from Rome by the censors Metellus and Domitius ^no- 
barbus : the Latin flute-players alone are tolerated. 

113. First great migration of the German nations.— 
Carbo treacherously attacks the Cimbri, and is^ 
defeated by them. They retire to Helvetia, and! 
from thence to Transalpine Gaul. 

112. Jugurtha assassinates Adherbal, king of Numidia.. 

111. THE JUGURTHINE WAR begins, and con- 
tinues 5 years, during which Metellus, Marius, 
and Sylla distinguish themselves. — Mithridates^ 
VI. (surnamed the Great, and Eupator), kingi 
of Pontus, conquers Scythia, Colchis, and otheri 
countries. 

109. Aristobulus and Antigonus, sons of Hyrcanus, takei 
and utterly destroy Samaria. Aulus is defeated! 
by Jugurtha, and Metellus succeeds to the com- 
mand of the Roman army. — Silanus is defeated 
by the Cimbri. 

107. Hyrcanus dies, and is succeeded by his son Aristo- 
bulus, who first assumes the insignia and title of 
kingv — Marius is appointed to the command 
against Jugurtha. — Cassius is defeated by the( 
Helvetii. 

106. End of the JugUrthine war, Servillus C^piO shares the judida 

between the senate and theequites Aristobulus dies, and is succeeded' 

by his brother Alexander Jannceus, who reigns with great success 

27 years. Birth of Cicero, the statesman, orator/ 
and philosopher, at Arpinum, a town of the< 
Yolsci. Birth of Pompey. 

105. The Cimbri defeat 80,000 Eomans under Manliua 
and Caepio on the banks of the Rhone. 



83.] COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. 51 

L02. MARIUS DEFEATS THE TEUTONES 

near Aquas Sextias (Aix) in Provence^ and the 
Cimbri the next year at Yercellae. 

100. 

LOO. BIRTH OP JULIUS C^SAR. Metellus is 

banished and Saturninus killed. 
99. Dolabella conquers Lusitania. The second Servile 

war in Sicily is put an end to by Aquillius, in 

the 4th year. 

97, Immolation of human victims forbidden at Rome. 
96. Cyrene (a country in the north of Africa) is left by 
Ptolemy Apion to the Romans. 

92. First embassy from the Parthians to the Romans, 

received by Sylla. 
91. Drusus is killed. 

90, THE SOCIAL WAR is begun by the Piceni 
at Asculum, and continues 2 years, till terminated 
by Sylla. — Freedom of Rome granted to all 
Latium and to the peaceable states. 

88. THE MITHRIDATIC WA^ ^^g^^'^ ^.^^ 
continues 26 years. The civil wars of Marius 
and Sylla begin, and continue 6 years. Sylla 
takes possession of Rome. 

87. Freedom of Rome granted to all Italy, and 10 new 
tribes added. Rome is attacked by four armies : 
those of Marius, Cinna, Carbo, and Sertorius, 
who enter the city in triumph. 

86. Sylla defeats Mithridates, conquers Athens, and 
sends its valuable libraries to Rome. — Death of 
Marius at Arpinum. 

85. Fimbria gains a victory over Mithridates. — Birth 
of Brutus. 

84. Peace between Mithridates and Sylla; Asia, 
Bithynia, and Cappadocia are surrendered by 
Mithridates. 

83. Sylla defeats Norbanus. — The capitol is burned. — > 

E 2 



52 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [62— 

B.C. 

Tigranes, king of Armenia, is chosen king by 
the Syrians. 

82. SYLLA defeats the younger Marius at Praeneste, , 
and Telesinus, the general of the Samnites ; he is • 
made perpetual dictator, and enforces his horrible 5 
proscriptions. 

81. Triumph of Sylla. Triumph of Pompey for his^ 
victories in Africa, while still an eques, and ini 
his 25th year. 

80. Julius Caesar serves his first campaign ; he is pre- 
sent at the siege of Mitylene, the last city ini 
arms for Mithridates. — Ptolemy Lathyrus, kingj 
of Egypt, dies, and is succeeded by Alexander. 

79. Sylla abdicates. Jannceus dies, and is succeeded by his wife\ 
Alexandra, who makes her eldest son Hyrcanus high priest. — 
Cicero goes to Athens for three years. 

78. Death of Sylla. The war of Sertorius begins, and 
lasts 8 years. 

75. Servilius Isauricus in the 3rd year of the war sub- 
dues the pirates. 

74. Bithynia is left by Nicomedes to the Romans. — 
The Mithridatic war is renewed, 10 years after 
the peace. 

73. THE SERVILE WAR begins under Spartacuss 
The following year he defeats the consuls Lenn^ 
tulus and Gellius, and is himself defeated ancc 
killed by Pompey and Crassus in 71. 

72. LucuUus defeats Mithridates, who has recourse tc 
Tigranes, king of Armenia, to. help him. — 
Sertorius is assassinated in Spain. 

70. Pompey and Crassus are chosen consuls at Romee 
and restore the power of the tribunes of th« 

commons. Cotta restores the judicia to the equites, 10 years afte< 
Sylla had deprived them of it— Cicero's oration against Verres.— Birtl 

of Virgil. Alexandra dies, and is succeeded by Hyrcanui 

who is dispossessed by his brother Aristobulus. 

69. Tigrauocerta is taken by Lucullus, — Law of Roscius Otho, giving the knighi 
seats in 14 rows, next to the senators. 



—52.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 53 

B.C. 

67. LucuUus is superseded by Glabrio. War with the 
pirates of Cilicia. Crete is subdued by Metellus 
(Creticus). Cilicia and Crete are made pro-^ 
vinces of the Roman empire. — Terentius Varro 
conquers the pirates of Adria^ and obtains the 
first " naval crown." 

66. The command against Mithridates is given to 
Pompey by the Manilian law. He conquers 
Mithridates in a night battle. 

65, Pompey conquers Syria, which puts an end to the 
reign of the Seleucidae. Piso's conspiracy at 
Home. Birth of Horace. 

63. VICTORIES OP POMPEY: he conquered 

15 kingdoms, and took 400 towns. He takes Jeru- 
salem and restores Hyrcanus to the government of Judea. — 

Mithridates kills himself in the 26th year of the 
war: it is said that he conquered 24 nations, 
whose languages he spoke with the same ease as 
his own. — Pharnaces his son, king ofBosphorus. 
— Catiline's conspiracy is detected by Cicero. 
— Birth of Augustus. 

61. Pompey enters Rome in triumph. 

59. Caesar, having Bibulus for his colleague in the con- 
sulship, proposes a new agrarian law. 

58. The command in Gaul is given to Caesar by the 
Clodian law. Cicero is banished, and recalled 
next year. 

56, FIRST TRIUMVIRATE, consisting of 
C^SAR, POMPEY, and CRASSUS. 

55, JULIUS C^SAR INVADES BRITAIN. 
He was the first Roman who crossed the Rhine, 
which he did earlier in the same year. — The 
second consulship of Pompey and Crassus. 

53. Crassus is killed, and his army routed in Meso- 
potamia by Monasses, the surena or general of 
Orodes, king of Parthia. 

52. The third consulship of Pompey, without a col- 
league. Milo is defended by Cicero when on his trial for killing Clodius. 
E 3 



54 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [51— 

B.C. 

51. Ptolemy Auletes, king of Egypt^ dies, and is suc- 
ceeded by his daughter Cleopatra, and his eldest 
son Ptolemy XII. — Cicero, proconsul in Cilicia, 
takes Pindenissum. 

50. Civil war between Cfesar and Pompey. — About this 

time flourished L. AFRANIUS, a Latin comic poet L. C. SISENNiE, 

an historian.— TERENTI US VARRO, a Latin writer, celebrated for his 
great learning. — HORTENSIUS, an orator. — T. POMPONIUS 
ATTICUS, a celebrated Roman knight, to whom Cicero wrote a great 

number of letters which contain the general history of the age J D. 

LABERIUS, a Roman knight, famous for his poetical talents in writing 
pantomimes. — LUCRETIUS, a poet and epicurean philosopher. — Death 
of POSIDONTUS a stoic philosopher of Apamea ; Cicero was one of his 
pupils.— TROGUS POMPEIUS, a Latin historian.— SOSIGENES, an 
Egyptian mathematician.— AULUS HIRTIUS, a Latin historian.— DIO- 
DORUS, an historian surnamed SICULUS, because he was born at 

Argyra in Sicily CORNELIUS NEPOS, a celebrated historian, born at 

Hostilia on the Po, an intimate friend of Cicero and Atticus SALLUST, 

a Latin historian, native of Amiternum, in the country of the Sabines — 
CATULLUS, a poet of Verona ; he was the first Roman who imitated with 
success the Greek poets, and introduced their metres among the Latins. 

49. Ciesar defeats Afranius and Petreius at Ilerda; 
passes the Rubicon, marches to Rome, and 

enters on his first dictatorship. commencement of the 

era of Antioch, October, a.c. 49 ; it placed the creation 6492 years B.C. 

48. BATTLE OP PHARSALIA, in which 
CffiSAR DEFEATS POMPEY, who seeks 
a refuge in Egypt, but is assassinated by 

Ptolemy's order. The Alexandrian library of 400,000 volumes is , 

burned. 

47. Alexandria is taken by Ctesar. 

46. War against Pharnaces. — War in Africa against 
Metellus, Scipio, Cato, and Juba, king of Mau- 
ritania. Battle of Thapsus. — Cato kills himself 
at Utica. — Julius Ciesar causes the calendar to 

be corrected by Sosigenes, a mathematician of Alexandria: this 
year is made to consist of 15 months or 445 days. In consequence, this year 
"is called "the year of confusion." The solar year of 365^ days is intro- ■ 
duced instead of the lunar, and the first Julian year began January 1st, 45, , 

B.C. 

45. New war in Spain: battle of Mvmda, in which 
Cfesar defeats the two sons of Pompey the Great : 
(Cneius and Sextus). Cassar is appointed per- 
petual dictator and Pontifex IVIaximus. 

44. JULIUS C^SAR IS KILLED in the senate 
house by Brutus and Cassius, leaders of the con- ■ 
spiracy against him. — Octavius, grand nephew < 
and heir of Julius Ciesar, comes to Rome, and 
is opposed at first by Antony. 



—30.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 55 



B.C. 



43. Battle of Mutina, where Antony is defeated by 
Hirtius and Pansa, the last of the consuls of the 
Republic. SECOND TRIUMVIRATE, 
OF OCTAVIUS, MARK ANTONY, and 
LEPIDUS. Proscriptions and murders in 
Rome. Cicero is put to death. 

42. BATTLE OP PHILIPPI, in which Brutus 
and Cassius are defeated by Octavius and An- 
tony. 

41. Distribution of lands to the soldiers of Octavius. Virgil loses his farm. 

40. Herod the Great, king of the Jevjs, marries Mariamne, 
daughter of Hyrcanus. He obtained from the Romans the 

government of Judea. — L. Antonius surrenders at 
Perusia. The Parthians invade Syria. 

39. Pollio triumphs over the Parthini, a people of Dal- 

matia. 
38. Yentidius defeats Pacorus^ general of the Parthians, 

1 5 years after the death of Crassus, and on the 

same day. — Sosius and Herod take Jerusalem 

from Antigonus. 

36. Pompey the Younger TSextus) is defeated in Sicily 
by Octavius and Lepidus. Lepidus is banished 
to Circeii by Octavius. 

35. Phraates, king of Parthia, is deposed, and succeeded 
by Tiridates. 

34. Antony divides Armenia among Cleopatra's chil- 
dren. 

33. Mauritania is reduced to a Roman province. 

32. Octavius and Antony prepare for war. 

31. BATTLE OP ACTIUM, AND END OF 
THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH. 

Octavius emperor of Rome, uniting in himself 
the dignities of consul, tribune, imperator, and 
Pontifex Maximus. 

30. Death of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Egypt is 
reduced to a Roman province. — Expedition of 
Crassus (the younger j against the Dacians. — 
Phraates is restored to the throne of Parthia. 

E 4 



56 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [29— 



B.C. 



29. Triple triumph of Octavius. Temple of Janus is 
shut. (See B.C. 235.) 

27. OCTAVIUS RECEIVES THE TITLE OP 

AUGUSTUS. He goes on an expedition 
against the Cantabrians in Spain, the augustan 

AGE. VIRGIL, the poet, born at Andes, a village near Mantua 

HORACE, a poet, native of Venusia, and follower of Epicurus. — TI- 
BULLUS, PROPERTIUS, and OVID, Latin poets, friends of Virgil and 
Horace, and, like them, also patronised by Augustus. — M^CENAS, a 
celebrated Roman knight, who has rendered himself immortal by his liberal 
patronage of learned men and of letters. Virgil dedicated to him his Geor- 
gics, and Horace his Odes.— PHiEDRUS and FALISCUS, poets.— 
T. LIVIUS, a native of Padua, who has immortalised his name by his 
history of the Roman empire. He died at Padua, on the same day with 
Ovid. — DIONYSIUS of Halicarnassus, so called from his native town, a 

famous historian VITRUVIUS, a celebrated architect, native of Formse, 

a maritime town of Campania.— HYGINUS, a mathematician — STRABO, 
a geographer, native of Amasia, on the borders of Cappadocia. 

24. Expedition of .^lius Gallus into Arabia Felix. 
Augustus returns : the temple of Janus is closed 
the second time by him. 

23. Death of Marcellus. — Agrippa in Spain. — Embassy 
of Phraates to Rome. 

20. Tiberius recovers the Koman standards from the 
Parthians. — Porus, king of India, sends an em- 
bassy to Rome. — The Cantabrians are defeated 
by Agrippa. 

17. Herod the Great begins to repair the temple. — Augustus revives the 
Secular Games ; this was the fifth celebration. 

16. Defeat of Lollius by the Germans. 

15. The Rhgeti and Vindelici are defeated by Tiberius 
and Drusus, and the Sicambri by Augustus. 

12. The Pannonians are defeated by Tiberius. 

10. Augustus shuts the temple of Janus for the third 
time. 

9. Drusus is killed in an expedition against the Catti 
and Cherusci. 

8. Augustus corrects an error of the Roman calendar. The month Sextilis is now 
called Augustus or August, in honour of the emperor. Death of Maecenas 
and of Horace. 

6. Tiberius retires to Rhodes for 7 years. — The angel 
Gahriel announces the hirth of John the Baptist, 

5. Augustus ordains a census of all the people in the 
Roman empire. — The angel Gabriel announces to 
Mary the hirth of the Messiah, 



—2.] . COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 57 



.c. 



4. BIRTH OP JESUS CHRIST, 4 years before 
the commencement of tlie vulgar era^ in the year 
4709 of the Julian period, 749 A.u.c, and in the 
4th year of the 193rd Olympiad. — P. Quin- 
tilius Varus, prefect of Syria. — Herod, hoping to 
murder the infant Saviour, orders the massacre 
of all the male infants at Bethlehem. Herod dies 
soon after, and is succeeded by his eldest son Ar- 
chelaus in Judea and Samaria, and hy Antipas 
in Galilee and Percsa. — About this time flourished vellius 

PATERCULUS and VALERIUS MAXIMUS, Latin historians. — CEL- 
SUS, a physician. — POMPON lUS MELA, a Spanish geographer.— 
MACER, a Latin poet of Verona. — ASINIUS POLLIO, an orator, poet, 
andhistorian.-PYLADES, a mimist, excelled in tragic, and BATHYL- 

LUS in comic personiiications VARIUS, a distinguished tragic poet. — 

PLOTIUS TUCCA, a poet.— VERRIUS FLACCUS, a grammarian, tutor 
to the two grandsons of Augustus. 

2. Joseph and Mary return with Jesus from Egypt, and 
settle at Nazareth in Galilee* 



58 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. . [l— 



A.C. 



1. 



1. COMMENCEMENT OP THE CHRIS- 
TIAN ERA, 4 years after tlie real time of 
Christ's birth. 

6. Archelaus is deposed, and Judea reduced to a 

Roman province under P. Sulpicius Quirinius 
(Cyrenius) of Syria. Coponius is appointed pro- 
curator. — About this time arose Judas of Galilee. 

7. Cyrenius completes the census of Judea. 

8. Jesus, now 12 j/ears of age, disputes with the doctors in the temple. 

9. The Roman legions under Yarns are cut to pieces 

in Germany by Arminius. — Ovid is banishec 
to Tomos. 

12. Tiberius is admitted to a share of the governmeni 
with Augustus. 

14. TIBERIUS, 2nd emperor of Rome. — GER 
MANICUS, grandson of Augustus, a distin- 
guished general. — SEJANUS, a profligate am 
cruel man, minister of Tiberius. 

17. Vonones, king of Parthia, is deposed and succeeded 
by Artabanus, king of Media. — Piso, prefect of 

Syria.— Twelve cities in Asia Minor are destroyed by an earthquake. — 

Caiaphas appointed High Priest by Gratus in 
the room of Simon. 
19. Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch. — 

His wife Agrippina accuses the murderer, who kills himself Tiberius 

banishes the Jews from Rome. Saul of Tarsus comes to Jerusalem, to 
Gamaliel - 

26. Tiberius retires to the island of Capreae. — Pontius 

Pilate is appointed governor (^procurator) of Judea 
instead of Gratus. — John the Baptist begins his 
ministry, and next year baptizes our Lord. 

27. JESUS CHRIST enters upon His public ministry, 

being about 30 years of age. [Or, in 29.] 



44.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 59 

A.C. 

28. John the Baptist is beheaded by Herod Antipas 
at Macharus. 

30. OUR LORD IS CRUCIFIED UNDER 

PONTIUS PILATE, April 5. Descent of 
the Holy Ghost, May 25. Peter and John are 
imprisoned. [Or, in 33. ] 

31. Ananias and Sapphira are struck dead. 

Sejanus is disgraced, and put to death by Tiberius. 

34. Lucius Vitellius, prefect of Syria. — Death of Herod 
Philip. Vitellius removes Pilate in 36. 

37. Vitellius removes Caiaphas from the High Priesthood at the Passover. 
Stephen is stoned, and the Church persecuted. This 

occurs when Vitellius had withdrawn from Jerusalem, after the news of the 
death of Tiberius. 

Philip preaches to the Samaritans, and baptizes the 
Ethiopian eunuch. 

The conversion of Saul, afterwards Paul. 

CALIGULA, third emperor of Eome, SON OF 
GERMANICUS. Macro, a favourite of Ti- 
berius, is accessory to that emperor's death. 

38. Caligula gives Herod Agrippa Batanaea and Tra- 

chonitis, the tetrachy of Herod Philip. 

39. Petronius Turpilianus prefect of Syria : he is or- 

dered to erect the statue of Caligula in the temple. 

St. Matthew writes his Gospel : according to others about 61. 

40. Herod Agrippa obtains the dominions of Herod 

Antipas, who was banished in 39. 
Second slaughter of the Jews in Babylon, and 
flight to Seleucia. The first was in 34. 

41. CLAUDIUS, 4th emperor of Rome. — Saul escapes 

from Damascus, and goes to Jerusalem and thence to Tarsus. 
Peter at Lydda and Joppa. 

42. Claudius makes Herod Agrippa king of Judea, 

Sanaaria, and Abilene. 

Cornelius the centurion, the first Gentile convert to Christianity^ 
taught by Peter. 

43. Expedition of Claudius into Britain. — Barnabas brings 

Saul from Tarsus to Antioch. — The name of Christians 
is first given to the disciples of Christ at Antioch. 

44. Herod puts James, the brother of John, to death, and 



60 COMPENDIUM OP CHKONOLOaT. [45— 

imprisons Peter. Soon after he is himself eaten 

up of worms. St. Mark writes his Gospel {according to 

some, 64). The provinces of Macedonia and Achaia are restored 
to the senate. 

45. Vespasian in Britain. — A dreadful famine in Judea, 

foretold by Ayabus in 43. Saul {with Barnabas) 
makes his first circuit from Antioch to Derbe by Cyprus, return- 
ing in 46. 

47. Council of the apostles and elders at Jerusalem respecting the neces- 

sity of circumcision. 

48. Messalina is put to death by Claudius, who marries 

Agrippina, the mother of Nero. — -a census being taken 

by Claudius, the citizens of Rome are found to amount to 6,900,000.— 
Second circuit of St. Paul from Antioch through Cilicia to Derbe 
and Troas. 

49. St. Paul preaches in the Areopayus at Athens. 

About this time flourished L. A. SENECA, an Eclectic philosopher and 
poet, preceptor of Nero. — COLUMELLA, native of Gades, now Cadiz, a 
naturalist. — APION, a grammarian, wrote a book against the Jews, which 
Josephus refuted.— ISIDORUS, a geographer. — PHILO JUD^US, a 
Jewish wrifer of Alexandria ; he has been surnamed the Jewish Plato. — 
CORNUTUS, a Stoic philosopher.— APOLLONIUS TYANEUS, a Pytha- 
gorean philosopher, well skilled in the secret art of magic — Q. CURTIUS, 
an historian—LUCAN, PERSIUS, PETRONIUS, and SYLVIUS ITA- 
Lie US, Latin poets. 

50. Claudius banishes the Jews from 'Rom.Q.— Paul writes 

Epistles to Thessalonians from Corinth. 

51. Caractacus, the British king, is carried prisoner to 

Rome. Gallio proconsul of Achaia. Paul visits 

Ephesus, Jerusalem {Uh time), and Antioch, and Peter comes to 
Antioch, 

53. Felix is appointed yovernor of Judea, Paul at Ephesus. 

54. Claudius is poisoned by Agrippina. NEKO, 5th 

emperor of Rome. 

66. Britannicus is poisoned by Nero. Gospd of Luke pub- 
lished. Paul writes 2 Epistles to Corinthians, and 1 to Gala- 
tians ; and next year to Romans, from Corinth. Uproar at 
Ephesus excited by Demetrius. 

6Q, Paul is seized at Jerusalem and sent before Felix, and in 58 before 
Festu^. 

59. Nero puts to death his mother Agrippina. Paul 

arrives at Rome. Peter writes his 1st Epistle from Babylon. 

60. Suetonius Paulinus defeats the Britons. St Paul 

writes Epistles to Ephesians, Colossians, and Philemon, all sent 
at once by Onesimus. 

61. THE BRITONS UNDER QUEEN BOA- 



—70.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOaY. 61 

DICEA DEFEAT THE ROMANS, st 

Paul is liberated and writes the Epistles to the Hebrews. — 
Timothy is imprisoned at Rome. 

62 PauVs fourth circuit from Antioch through Galatia and Phrygia to 
Ephesus, 

63. Paul visits Crete, writes 1 Epistle to Timothy and the Epistle to 

Titus from Corinth, and goes to Nicopolis in Epirus. St. Peter 
probably first arrives in Pome at this time. 

64. Eome is set on fire by Nero. FIRST PER- 

SECUTION OF THE CHRISTIANS. 

65. Conspiracy of Piso. — Seneca and Lucan are put to 

death by Nero. Cestius Gallus prefect of 
Syria. 
St. Peter is put to death at Pome, and St. Paul arrested at Ephesus. 

66. St. Paul is put to death at Pome. 

The Jewish war begins. Cestius Gallus is defeated 
and Vespasian appointed to the command. Barcas 
Soranus and Thrasea Pastus are put to death by 

Nero. — LINUS, Pope or Bishop of Pome, a martyr. Linus 
is placed first by Irenceus, Eusebius, Augustine, and Optatus^ 
But Tertullian, Pufinus Epiphanius, ^c, place Clemens Ro- 
manus first (^See 91.) The title of Pope was anciently given to 
all bishops. According to some it was first adopted by Hyginus, 
A.D. 138. According to Baronius it was applied to all bishops 
until the year 850, and was first appropriated formally to the 
bishop of Rome by a decree of GREGORY VIL in 1073. Bar. 
Mar. Rom. X. Jan. 

67. Massacre of the Jews by Floras at Caesarea, 

Ptolemais, and Alexandria. — Josephus (the 
Jewish historian, born in 38), governor of Gali- 
lee, is captured at Jotapata. 

68. Nero kills himself. GALEA 6th emperor. Ves- 

pasian takes Gadara and Jericho. 

69. Galba is murdered, January 15, and succeeded by 

OTHO, 7th emperor of Rome. Otho is defeated, 
kills himself, April 16, and is succeeded by 
VITELLIUS, 8th emperor. Vitellius is de- 
feated, killed December 22, and succeeded by 
VESPASIAN, 9th emperor of Eome, pro- 
claimed at Alexandria July 1. 

70. JERUSALEM IS TAKEN AND DE- 

STROYED BY TITUS, son of Vespasian ; 



62 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [78— 

A.C. 

about 1,100,000 persons perished in the siege. — 
Vespasian builds an amphitheatre at Rome. 

78. Era of Salivahana, the years of which are called Saca, much used in the south 

and west of India — Great pestilence at Rome, 10,000 dying in one day.— 
ANACLETUS, bishop of Rome, a martyr. 

79. TITUS, 10th emperor of Eome. — Herculaneum, 

Pompeii, and Strabise, are destroyed by an erup- 
tion of Vesuvius, in which Pliny the Elder, 
the celebrated naturalist, lost his life. 

80. Conquests of Agricola in Britain ; he first discovered 

it to be an island. 

81. DOMITIAN, 11th emperor of Rome. — Age of 

TACITUS, a celebrated Latin historian, intimate friend of Pliny. — JU- 
VENAL, native of Aquinum, in Italy, who maybe called the last of the 

Roman poets EPICTETUS, a Stoic philosopher of Hierapolis, in Phrygia. 

Like the Stoics, he supported the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, 
but declared himself strongly against suicide. — QUINTILIAN, a celebrated 
rhetorician, native of Spain. His " Institutiones Oratoriae," the most perfect 
system of oratory extant, were discovered in 1415 in an old tower of a monas- 
tery at St. Gall, by Poggio Bracciolini, a native of Florence PLINY the 

Younger, nephew of Pliny the Elder, distinguished himself at the bar by his 
eloquence at the age of 19. He refused fees from the richest as well as the 
poorest of his clients. 

91. CLEMENT, bishop of Rome. {See 66.) 

95. Second persecution of the Christians. St. John is banished to 

Patmos. 

96. Domitian, the last of the twelve Csesars, is killed by 

Stephanus. MERVA, 12th emperor. — St. John 

is liberated from exile, and writes his Revelation and Gospel. 

98. TRAJAN, 13th emperor of Rome. He forbids the 

Christian assemblies. 

100. St. John dies about this time.— Age of FLORUS, SUETONIUS, PLU- 
TARCH, historians.— DION CHRYSOSTOM,an eminent rhetorician and 
sophist. — PHILO BYBLIUS and AULUS GELLIUS, grammarians — 
MARTIALIS, a poet. 
EVARISTUS, bishop of Rome, martyr. 



101. 

102. Pliny, proconsul of Bithynia, writes his famous 

letter to Trajan, giving an account of the 
Christians. 

103. Trajan reduces Dacia to a Roman province. 

107. Trajan's victories in Asia. — Third persecution of the 

Christians. 

108. Ignatius is devoured by wild beasts at Rome. 



-145.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 63 

A.C. 

109. ALEXANDER /., bishop of Rome, martyr. 

1 14. Trajan's column is erected at Rome. 

115. The Jews in Cyrene murder 200,000 Greeks and Romans. 

117. Trajan is repulsed in his assault of Atra, the 

capital of the Hagarenes^ and dies in Cilicia. — 
ADRIAN, 14th emperor of Kome. 

118. Fourth persecution of the Christians. 

119. SIXTUS L, bishop of Rome, martyr. 

121. Adrian builds his wall in Britain to prevent the 
incursions of the Picts and Scots. 

128. TELESPHORUS, bishop of Rome, martyr. 

130. Adrian rebuilds Jerusalem by the name of ^lia 

Capitolina, and erects a temple there to Jupiter. 

131. The Jews rebel, having at their head the impostor 

Barchochebas, who pretended to be the Christ ; 
they are defeated by Julius Severus. 

lo2. Adrian, after his return from Eg}'pt and Syria, publishes his perpetual edict or 

code of laws. 

135. The Romans destroy 580,000 Jews in Judea, and banish the rest. 

138. ANTONINUS PIUS, 15th emperor of Rome. 

— Rise of the Gnostic sects in Syria and Egypt ; they held two first 
principles, a good and an evil one. SIMON, who had been rebuked 
by Peter in Samaria, was the reputed originator of the Gnostics, 
one part of whom (the Syrians) were called ^^ Docetce" or " Ap- 
paritionists." These held that the Son of God has no proper 
humanity, and that he died only in appearance on the cross. The 
Ebionites denied the Divinity of Christ. MAECION was one of 
the Docetce. He rejected the Old Testament, and mutilated the 
New. — ADRIANUS, a rhetorician. — A RRI AN US, an historian, and 
philosopher of Nicomedia, disciple of Epictetus. — JUSTIN MARTYR, a 
native of Palestine, formerly a Platonic philosopher. He wrote two 
apologies for the Christians. PTOLEMY, a celebrated geographer, native 
of Alexandria, or according to some of Telusium. In his system of the 
world he places the earth in the centre of the universe, a doctrine universally 
received till the 16th century, when it was confuted and rejected by Coper- 
nicus. 

139. Lollius Urbicus, Roman governor of Britain, pushes 

his conquests to the Murray Frith. The wall of 
Antoninus is built between the Forth and Clyde. — 
HYGINUS, bishop of Rome. 

142. PIUS I., bishop of Rome, martyr. 

145. Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and 
Dacians. 



64 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [146— 

A.C. 

146. The worship of Serapis is brought to Rome. 

157. ANICETUS, bishop of Rome.— ^^S^ of APPIAN, an historian, native 
of Alexandria.— ATTICUS, a Platonic philosopher.— PA US AN IAS, the 
topographer of Greece.— LUCIAN, a celebrated writer of satires. 

161. MARCUS AURELIUS, 16th emperor of 

Rome ; lie associates with him on the throne 
L. VERUS. 

162. War with the Parthians under Yologesus; it con- 

tinues 5 years, and is brought to an end by 
Cassius, the lieutenant of Verus, in 167. 

167. Poly carp, disciple of St. John, a bishop of Smyrna, is burned alive in 
that city SO TEE, bishop of Rome, martyr (or 168). 

169. War against theMarcomanni; it continues 5 years. 

171. Death of Yerus. Marcus Aurelius remains sole 
emperor. 

176. ELEUTHEEIUS, bishop of Rome; he opposed with great zeal the 

doctrine of the- Valentinians. 

177. Persecution of the Christians at Lyons, 

180. COMMODUS, 17th emperor of Rome. About 

this time flourished MAXIMUS TYRIUS, a Platonic philosopher. 
MONT ANUS, a heretic of Pepuza in Phrygia, who pretended 
to prophesy, and said he was himself the promised Paraclete or 
Comforter. The austerity of the Montanists was extreme. — > 
TERTULLIAN, a celebrated Christian ivriter of Carthage, who 
became deceived by the imposture ofMontanus. — Irenceus preaches 
the Gospel at Lyons and obtains great reputation by his work 
" Against Heresies." Foundation of a Christian school at Alex- 
andria. 

189. The Saracens (now first mentioned in history) de- 
feat the Romans. 

192. Commodus is killed by Martia and Lsetus, and s^ic- 

ceeded by PERTINAX, 18th emperor of 

Rome. VICTOR, bishop of Rome; he excommunicated the 

Asiatic Christians, and was opposed by Polycrates and Irenceus. 

193. Pertinax is killed by the Praetorian guards, wLo 

sell the empire to DIDIUS JULIANUB, 
19 th emperor of Rome. Didius Julianus is 
killed by the Praetorian guards, and succeeded 
by SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, 20th emperor 
of Rome. 

194. Severus defeats and kills his rival Niger at Issus. 



-222.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 65 

A.C. 

195. Byzantium is besieged, and surrenders to Severus 

next year. 

196. Albinus is proclaimed emperor in Britain. 

197. Severus defeats his rival Albinus at Lyons, who 

kills himself. 

198. Severus crosses the Euphrates to repel the Par- 

thians. 

200. Severus conquers the Parthians, and is repulsed by 

the HagareneS at Atra.= About this time flourished OPPIAN, 

a Greek poet of Cilicia. Caracalla was so pleased with his poetry, that he 
gave him a piece of gold for every verse of his " Cynegeticon " (a poem on 
hunting). — PHILOSTRATUS, a famous sophist, native of Lesbos, or, 

according to others, of Athens MINUCIUS FELIX, a Roman lawyer, 

".ho wrote in defence of the Christian religion. — PAPINIANUS, Cara- 
i \lla's preceptor, killed afterwards by his royal pupil. From his school the 
Romans have had many able lawyers, who were called " Papinianists." — 
DIOGENES LAERTiUS, an historian and Epicurean philosopher, ncUive 
of Cilicia. — CLEMENT of Alexandria, master of the catechetical school 
there. 



201. 

201. Zephyrinus, bishop of Kome (or 202). Severus 

visits Palestine and Egypt. 

202. Fifth persecution of the Christians, principally in Egypt. 

203. The Scots are converted to Christianity by the preaching 

of Marcus and Dionysius. 

208. Severus visits Britain with his sons Caracalla and 
Geta ; the following year he builds a wall there 
from the Tyne to the Solway Frith. 

211. Severus dies at York. CARACALLA, 21st em- 

peror of Eome, and GETA. 

212. Caracalla murders Geta. 

2\o. Caracalla confers the right of citizenship upon all Roman subjects. 

217. Caracalla is murdered by MACRINUS, who 
becomes the 22nd emperor of Rome. 

D. Macrinus is killed by the Prgetorian guards^ and 
succeeded by HELIOGABALUS, 23rd em- 
peror of Rome. 

9. CALIXTUS I., bishop of Rome, martyr. 

2. Heliogabalus is killed by the Praetorian guards, and 
succeeded by ALEXANDER SEVERUS 



66 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [223— 

A.C. 

24tli emperor of Rome. A tribute is paid by 

the Romans to the Goths. — About this time flourished 
DION CASSIUS, iELIANUS, and HERODIAN, historians. — ULPI- 
ANUS, a lawyer ; he was secretary and prime minister to Alexander Seve- 
rus. He raised a persecution against the Christians, and was at last 
murdered by the Praetorian band. — AMMONIUS SACCAS, a 
Christian philosopher, who opened a school of Platonic philosophy 
at Alexandria ; he reduced the opinions of the Eclectics to a 
system, and fancied that all religions meant the same thing, though 
expressed in different forms : Origen and Plotinus were among 
his pupils. — ORIGEN, a learned defender of Christianity and 
Biblical critic, surnamed Adamantius for his assiduity ; he suf- 
fered martyrdom in his 69th year, 254. 

223. URBAN!., bishop ofBome. 

226. The Parthians are conquered by Artaxerxes^ king 
of Media, and their empire destroyed. He: 
founds the dynasty of the Sassanidse. 

230. PONTIANUS, bishop of Borne, afterwards banished by Maximin. 

232. Alexander Severus defeats the Persians under Ar- ■ 
taxerxes. 

235. MAXIMIN assassinates Alexander Severus, and I 
is proclaimed (25th) emperor of Rome. — The sixth, 

persecution of the Christians. — ANTER US, bishop of Borne, 
martyr, succeeded next year by FABIANUS. 

238. The GORDIANS I. and IL are elected 26thi 
and 27 th emperors of Rome. They are suc- 
ceeded by PUPIENUS and BALBINUS,,, 

28th and 29th emperors of Rome. — Maximin is 
killed by his own soldiers. — Pupienus and Bal- 
binus are killed by the soldiers, and succeeded! 
by GORDIAN III., 30th emperor of Rome. 

242. Gordian defeats the Persians under Sapor. 

244. Gordian is killed and succeeded by PHILIP thee 
Arabian, 31st emperor of Rome, who makes? 
peace with Sapor. 

248. The Secular Games are celebrated at Rome. — Pompey's theatre is burnt. 
CYPRIAN is elected bishop at Carthage; he died a martyr in 258. 

249. Philip is killed by the soldiers, and succeeded byy 

DEOIUS, 32nd emperor of Rome. 

250. TTie seventh persecution of the Christians Age of PLOTINUS, ai 

Platonic philosopher of Lycopolis, in Egypt ; he was a favourite with all thei 
Romans, who considered him a superior being. — PORPHYRY, a Pla4 
tonic philosopher of Tyre, was a man of universal informatiom 
and a formidable enemy to Christianity. He collected the writings 



-269. J COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 67 

A.C. 

of his master Plotinus. — MANES, a Persian, founder of the 
sect of the Manichees, whose principles were nearly those of the 
Syrian Gnostics {see 138), while he also resembled Montanus 
(see 180) in pretending to be himself the Paraclete. — S ABEL- 
LI US, who, like Praxeas and Noetus, affirmed that the Father, 
Son, and Holy Ghost are but One Person. — PAUL of Thebais, 
said to have been the first hermit. — ARNOBIUS of Sicca, in 
Numidia, a rhetorician and philosopher, who became a convert to 
Christianity, and an apologist for it. 

251. Decius is killed in battle against the Goths, and 

succeeded by GALLUS, 33rd emperor of 
Kome. — CORNELIUS, bishop of Rome: NOV ATI- 
ANUS, rival bishop. 

252. LUCIUS /., bishop of Rome, martyred the following year. 

253. The Goths, Burgundians, &c,, make an irruption 

into Moesia and Pannonia. ^ — STEPHEN I., bishop 

of Rome. 

254. GaUus is killed, and succeeded by ^MILIANUS, 

34th emperor of Rome ; he is soon killed by his 
soldiers, and succeeded by VALERIANUS, 
35th emperor of Rome. 

257. The eighth persecution of the Christians. SIXTUS 11. , bishop of 
Rome, martyred three days before his faithful disciple Laurence. 

259. The Persians ravage Syria. Valerian is taken in 

Edessa by Sapor, king of Persia (or in 260), by 
whom he is kept prisoner, and at length flayed 

alive. — DIONYSIUS, bishop of Rome : he opposed the 
heresy of Sabellius. 

260. GALLIENUS, 36th emperor of Rome. The 

Thirty Pretenders to the empire, called the 
Thirty Tyrants. — The temple of Diana at Ephe- 
sus is burned. 

261. Sapor takes Antioch, Tarsus, and Caesarea in Cap- 

padocia. 

264. Successes of Odenatus of Palmyra against the Per- 
sians; he is killed in 266. 

267. The Heruli invade and ravage Greece. 

268. Gallienus is killed by his soldiers, and succeeded by 

CLAUDIUS II., 37th emperor of Rome. 

269. The Goths and Heruli, to the number of 320,000, 

F 2 



68 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [270— 

A.C, 

are defeated by Claudius. — FELIX L, bishop of 

Home, martyr. 

270. AUIIELIAN, 38tli emperor of Eome. 

271. The Alemanni and Marcomanni ravage the empire. 

272. The ninth persecution of the Christians. 

273. ZENOBIA, queen of Palmyra, widow of Ode- 

natus, IS DEFEATED BY AURELIAN 
at Emesa, and afterwards captured at the Eu- 
phrates, and carried to Rome, where she adorned 
the triumph of her conqueror. 
LONGINUS, her minister, and the greatest phi- 
losopher of his age, is put to death by the 
emperor. — Death of Sapor I. 

275. TACITUS, 39th emperor of 'B.omQ.—EUTYCHI. 

ANUS, bishop of Rome, martyr. 

276. PROBUS, 40th emperor of Eome, successful 

against the Goths and Persians. 

282. CAHUS, 41st emperor of Rome, defeats the Quadi 

and Sarmatians. — Carinus and Numerianus, 
Caesars. 

283. Death of Fingal, king of Morven, and father of 

Ossian. — CAIUS, bishov of Rome, a relative of the Emperor 
Diocletian. 

Carus defeats the Persians. 

284. Carus is killed by lightning, and succeeded by 

Diocletian, 42nd emperor of Rome. EUA OF 
DIOCLETIAN. 
286. Diocletian takes MAXIMIAN, 43rd emperor of 
Rome, as his partner in the empire. The em- 
pire is attacked by the northern nations. — 
Carausius usurps the government of Britain, and 
reigns 7 years ; he is assassinated by Alectus, who 
succeeds him. 

290. The Gregorian and Hermogenian Codes are published. 

292. Partition of the empire by Diocletian between two 
emperors and two Caesars as co-rulers. — Galerius 
and Constantius, Caesars. 

295. Alexandria in Egypt is taken by Diocletian. 



-314.] COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 69 

A.C. 

296. MARCELLINUS, bishop of Rome, distinguished by his courage 

under severe persecution. 

297. Galerius is defeated, but next year is successful in 

the war against Narses, king of Persia. 

3 00. The Gospel is preached in Switzerland. — Age of ^ELIUS SPARTIANUS, 
JULIUS CAriTOLlNUS, FL. VOPISCUS, historians. 



301. 

303. The tenth persecution of the Christians, which continues 10 years. 

304. Diocletian and Maximian abdicate the throne, and 

are succeeded by GALERIUS and CON- 
STANTIUS CHLORUS, 44th and 45th 
emperors of Rome. Constantius obtains the 
West, and Galerius Italy, Africa, and the East. 

305. Galerius appoints two Caesars, Severus and Max- 

imm. — Antony founds the monastic order in Egypt — Council 
of Eliberis in Spain. 

306. Constantius dies at York, and is succeeded by 

CONSTANTINE THE GHEAT, 46th 
emperor of Kome. 

308. MARCELLUS bishop of Rome. 

310. Birth of Sapor II., king of Persia. — EUSEBIUS, 

bishop of Rome. 

311. Death of Galerius : there remain Constantino, Lici- 

nius, Maximin, and Maxentius. — MELCHIADES, 

bishp of Rome. Rise of the Donatist controversy. 

312. Division of the empire between Constantino and 

Licinius. Constantino defeats Maxentius, who 
is drowned in the Tiber. After that victory 
Constantino becomes a Christian. 

313. Battle of Adrianople. Licinius defeats Maximin, 

who kills himself. Edict of Milan, published by Con- 

stantine, giving toleration to the Christians throughout the empire. 

314. Pope SYLVESTER. Council of the Western bishops at Aries 

in France, to suppress the Donatists. This sect was so called 
from DONATUS, bishop of CascB Nigrce, or another Donatus, 
bishop of Carthage. Their characteristic was a pretension to ex- 
clusive sanctity of church communion ; they re-baptized their pro- 
selytes from other Christian communities. 
F 3 



70 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [323- 



A.C. 



323. Licinius is defeated by Constantine at Chrysopolis, 
now Scutari, in Bitliynia, and afterwards is put 

to death. The following year Constantine restores to the 
persecuted Christians their liberty and property, and rebuilds their 
churches, 

325. THE FIRST OP THE COUNCILS, COM- 

MONLY CALLED CECUMENICAL OR 
GENERAL, HELD AT NICE in Bithynia, 

at which the doctrines of Arius are condemned, and the Christian 
faith declared in the first part of the NICENE CREED. 
— - ATHANASIXJS, bishop of Alexandria, introduces 
monachism into the Roman empire ; he is famous for the opposition 
he rnaititained against ARIXJS, who denied the Divinity of 
Christ, making Him only the highest of created beings. 

326. Constantine puts to death his son Crispus, his wife 

Fausta, and the son of the emperor Licinius. 

328. CONSTANTINE REMOVES THE SEAT 
OP THE EMPIRE PROM ROME TO 
CONSTANTINOPLE (formerly Byzan- 
tium). 

330. Solemn dedication of Constantinople. 

331. Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed. LAC- 

TANTIUS and EUSEBIUS, Christian writers : the former is 
called the Christian Cicero. — J AMBLICUS, a philosopher. — 
TACHOMIUS institutes in Egypt the order of the Coenobites. — 
HILARY, bishop of Poitiers. 

336. Pope MARCUS. 

337. Death of Constantine the Great, and succession of 

his three sons, CONSTANTINE IL, CON- 
STANS, and CONSTANTIUS, 47th, 48th, 
and 49th emperors of Rome. — Pope JULIUS I., 

of great piety and learning ; he maintained the cause of the 
Athanasians. 

340. Constantine II. is defeated and killed by Constans 
at Aquileia ; this latter remains sole emperor of 

the West. 

348. Constantius is defeated by the Persians at Singara. 

350. Constans is killed in Spain by Magnentius, who 
assumes the purple. Constantius remains sole 
master of the empire ; he twice defeats Mag- 
nentius, who kills himself at Lyons. — Famous 



—379.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 71 

A.C. 

defence of Nisibis by Lucilianus against Sapor, 
who raises the siege. 

352. Pope LIBERIUS. 

356. FELIX. II., pope during the exile of Liherius, who was banished by 

Constantius. 

357. The Germans are defeated by Julian at Strasburgh. 

358. Liberius is restored to the papal chair after having subscribed to the 

Arian creed. 

359. Council of Ariminum (^Rimini) sanctions the Arian doctrine. 

361. JULIAN, 50th emperor of Rome, called THE 

APOSTATE, for abjuring Christianity after 
having been educated for the Christian ministry. 
He is elected Pontifex Maximus. He fruitlessly 
attempts to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. 

362. Expedition of Julian against the Persians : he is 

killed in battle the next year. 

363. JOVIAN, 51st emperor of Eome, chosen by the 

army in the East. He makes peace with the 
Persians. 

364. VALENTINIAN I., emperor over the West; 

MAKES MILAN HIS PLACE OP 
RESIDENCE, and appoints his brother VA- 
LENS emperor over the East. 

366. Pope DAMASUS succeeds to the office in opposition to his rival 

Ursicinus : he ojyposed the Arians ; Jerome was his secretary. 

367. Gratian is taken as partner in the Western empire 

by his father Yalentinian I. 

375. VALENTINIAN II., emperor of the West.— 

BASIL THE GEE AT and GREGORY NAZIANZEN, 

Christian writers. — AUSONIUS, a poet and statesman ; he was Gratian's 
preceptor. 

376. The Huns, of Tartar origin, cross the Volga and 

the Don, and drive out the Goths, who obtain 
from Valens permission to settle in Thrace. 

378. Valens, emperor of the East, is defeated and killed 

near Adrianople in a battle against the Goths. 
They advance to the gates of Constantinople. 

379. Gratian places on the throne of the East THEO- 

F 4 



72 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [381— 

DOSIUS THE GREAT, who expels the 
Goths from Thrace. 

381. SECOND GENERAL COUNCIL, mj a^ Con- 

stantinople, in which the doctrine of 'MAC'EDO'NIVS, who denied 
the Divinity/ of the Holy Ghost, is condemned, and the Nicene Creed 
enlarged in order to express the Divinity of the Holy Ghost. 

383. Gratian is defeated and killed by Andragathius. — 

The Huns overrun Mesopotamia, and are de- 
feated by the Goths. 

384. Symmachus pleads the cause of paganism in the 

senate at Jilome. He wrote against the Christians, and 
was refuted hy Ambrose, bishop of Milan, and by Prudentius, the 
Christian poet. Jerome, at the desire of Hamasus, begins the 
compilation of the Latin translation of the Scriptures, called the 
Vulgate. Pope SYRICIUS. 

388. The tyrant Maximus is defeated and put to death 
by Theodosius. Valentinian II. reigns over all 

the West. 

390. Massacre of the inhabitants of Thessalonica by 
Theodosius the Great— JOHN CHRYSOS- 

TOiyE, " t^^^ golden-mouthed," appoirited bishop of Constanti- 
nople in 398, an eloquent Christian writer. — Paulinus, bishop of 
Nola in Campania, inventor of bells, " Campance." — THEON of 
Alexandria, and TAPPUS, mathematicians. 

392. Valentinian II. is strangled at Vienna in Dauphiny, 
by Arbogastes, who places on the throne of the 
West Eugenius : 2 years after, that emperor 
is defeated and killed at Aquileia by Theo- 
dosius the Great. 

394. Theodosius the Great sole emperor. 

395. Final division of the Roman empire between the 

sons of Theodosius the Great: ARCADIUS 
EMPEROR OF THE EAST, AND HO- 
NORIUS EMPEROR OF THE WEST. 

— The Huns invade the Eastern provinces. 

397. Gildo revolts against Honorius in Africa ; the fol- 

lowing year he is defeated by his own brother, 
and kills himself. 

398. Pope ANASTASIUS: he caused the works of Origen to be pro- 

scribed. 



—417.] COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. 73 



A.C. 



400. COMMENCEMENT OP THE GREAT 
IRRUPTIONS OP THE BARBA- 
RIANS INTO THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 

— The Yisigoths (Goths of the West), iinder Ala- 

ric, invade Italy. CLAUDIUS, a poet and favourite of StUicho — 

HYPATIA, a celebrated woman, teaches geometry at Alexandria MA- 

CROBIUS, a Latin critic and antiquarian. — JEROME AND AUGUS- 
TINE, two of the most illustrious and learned Christian writers. 
DIOPHANTUS, the only Greek writer on Algebra, supposed to be the inventor 
of it. The Saracens brought it into Spain in 900. Leonardo of Pisa into Italy 
in 1202. 



401. 

402. Pope INNOCENT I. 

403. Stilicho, general of Honorius, defeats Alaric near 

Pollentia. THE SEAT OP THE EM- 
PIRE IS REMOVED by Honorius PROM 
MILAN TO RAVENNA. 

404. Fergus I., king of Scotland, is supposed to have 

begun his reign. Death of the Empress Eudoxia, 
wife of Arcadius. 

405. Stilicho defeats 200,000 of the Goths under Rada- 

gaisus at Fsesulae. 

406. The Vandals, Suevi, and Alans, settle in Gaul. 
408. Theodosius II., emperor of the East. 

410. ROME IS SACKED AND BURNED BY 

ALARIC. — PELAGIUS, a native of Britain, founded the 
sect of the Pelagians. He denied " Original Sin" and main- 
tained that man does not require the assistance of Divine grace to 
perform good works. He was strenuously opposed by Augustine^ 
bishop of Hippo in Africa, and Jerome. — OROSIUS, an his- 
torian.— SOCRATES, SOZOMEN, and SULPITIUS SEVE- 
RUS, ecclesiastical historians. 

412. The Vandals settle in Spain; their name is pre- 

served in " Andal "-usia. 

413. The kingdom of the Burgundians is begun in 

Alsace. 

414. The kingdom of the Visigoths is established, with 

Toulouse for its capital. 

417. The Alans are defeated and extirpated by the 
Goths. — Pope ZOSIMUS. 



74 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY, [419— 



A.C. 



419. Pope BONIFACE I. : he is maintained in his office by the Emperor 

Honorius against his rival EULALIUS. 

420. Pharamond, first king of the Franks on the Lower 

Rhine. 

421. Theodosius II. marries Athenais, daughter of an 

Athenian philosopher; she takes the name of 
Eudocia. 

422. Pope CELESTINE I. 

425. Yalentinian III., grandson of Theodosius the Great, 

emperor of the West, 2 years after the death of 
Honorius. 
Theodosius establishes public schools at Constanti- 
nople, and attempts the restoration of learning. 

426. The Romans imthdr aw finally from Britain {accord- 

ing to some, 448). 

428. The Franks and Goths are defeated by -/Etius. 

429. Genseric, king of the Vandals, crosses from Spain 

to Africa with 80,000 men at the invitation of 
Count Boniface. 

430. Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II., receives the 

title of Augusta, and reigns 40 years over the 

East. 

431. THE THIRD GENERAL COUNCIL, held at 

Ephesus, in which Nestorius is condemned by the hifluence of Cyril, 
bishop of Alexandria. The adherents of Nestorius, being banished 
from the Roman empire, obtained an establishment from the king of 
Persia, and have continued to exist as a distinct sect to the present 
day. 

432. Pope SIXTUS III. : he opposed the doctrines of Nestorius and 

Pelagius in the West. Count Bonifacc slain in a battle 
with JEtius. 

435. The Theodosian Code is published. 

439. Genseric invades and plunders Italy ; he takes 

Carthage, and begins the kingdom of the Van- 
dals in Africa. — The Empress Eudocia retires to 
Jerusalem. 

440. Pope LEO I., surnamed the Great, was most zealous in his en- 

deavours to extend his authority, and permitted the public con- 
fessions, hitherto j)ractised in the church, to be changed into 



—456.] COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. 75 

A.C. 

private ones to the /jriesfo.— Computation by Olympiads 
ceases. 

442. Theodosius is compelled to make a disgraceful 
peace with ATTILA, king of the Huns, sur- 
named the " Scourge of God." 

445. Attila overruns Illyricum, Thrace, Dacia, Moesia, 
and Scythia. — The Britons in vain solicit the 
Romans to assist them against the Picts and the 
Scots. 

448. Death of Clodion, king of France ; Merovee suc- 

ceeds him, and gives his name to the first line 
of French kings, called " Merovingian." 

449. The Britons invite the Saxons and Angles to their 

assistance. 

450. Death of Theodosius II. His sister Pulcheria 

marries Marcian, emperor of the East. That 
reign is called the Golden Age. 

451. Attila is entirely defeated near Chalons-sur-Marne 

by ^tius, Merovee, and Theodoric, king of the 
Visigoths, who is killed in the battle. — The 
Saxons arrive in Britain under Hengist andHorsa. 
Hengist founds the kingdom of Kent, the 1st of 
the Ileptarchg ; the 7th kingdom, Mercia, is not 
founded till 586. — The Fourth General Council, 

held at Chalcedon against Dioscorus and Eutyches. They taught 
that there was but one nature in Jesus Christ, compounded of the 
Divine and human natures. Their adherents, called Monophysites 
(i.e. Maintainers of the ^^ One Nature^^^ or Jacobites, were nume- 
rous in Egypt and Syria, and their sect has survived in those 
countries until the present day. 

452. Foundation of Venice. — Attila again invades Italy. 

453. Death of Attila. 

455. Valentinian III. is assassinated, and succeeded by 

Maximus, who seeks to marry Eudoxia, widow 
of the murdered prince. She calls to her 
assistance Genseric, who, coming from Africa 
with his Vandals, takes and plunders Rome. 
Avitus, successor of Maximus, is dethroned by 
Count Ricimer. 

456. Childeric, king of the Franks. 



76 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [457— 

A.C. 

457. Leo I., the Greats emperor of the East. — Majori- 
anus, emperor of the West. 

461. Majorianus is put to death by Ricimer, who places 
Severus on the throne of the West : 4 years 
after he is poisoned by Ricimer. — Pope HILARIUS. 

467. Anthemius, emperor of the West. — Pope SIM- 

PLICIUS. 

468. Euric, king of the Visigoths, drives the Romans 

out of Spain. 

470. j^lla the Saxon takes possession of the kingdom of 
Sussex, and the year after he defeats all the 
British princes. 

472. Anthemius is killed, on the taking of Rome, by 

Ricimer, his son-in-law ; he is succeeded by 

OlyblUS. Great eruption of Mount Vesuvius, seen from Constanti- 
nople. —aS'^. Pa^r^cA /oMMC?5 the archbishopric of Armagh. — SIDO- 
NIUS APOLLINARIS, bishop of Clermont, a poet and Chris- 
tian writer. — GENNADIUS of Marseilles, an ecclesiastical 
writer. — PROCLUS, a Grecian philosopher. — PRISCIANUS, a gram- 
marian. 

473. Griycerius, emperor of the West. 

474. Julius Nepos dethrones and succeeds Glycerins. — - 

Leo II., Junior, son of Ariadne, though an in- 
fant, succeeds his grandfather Leo I. in the 
Eastern empire, and some months after he is 
succeeded by his father Zeno. 

475. Augustulus Romulus, emperor of the West, is raised 

to the throne by his father Orestes, general to 
Nepos, and abdicates the following year. 

476. Orestes is put to death by ODOACEIl, king of 

the Heruli, who TAKES ROME, and assumes 
the title of king of Italy. — EXTINCTION 
OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE, 507 years 
from the battle of Actium, and 1229 years from 
the building of Rome. 



—498.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 77 



THE MIDDLE AGES. 

A.C. 

481. CLOVIS L, real founder of the French monarchy. 

ZENO makes Theodoric the Ostrogoth his ge- 
neral, and creates him consul. (Ostrogoths, or Goths of 
the East.) 

482. The Henoticon, or Formula of Concord, promul- 

gated by the Emperor Zeno. 

483. Pope FELIX. III. : he had a violent dispute with the Emperor Zeno 

respecting the Western Church. — Litanies and bells were first 
used in churches. 

486. BATTLE OP SOISSONB, gained by Clovis, 
then 19 years old, over Syagrius, the Roman 
general, who died of a broken heart in con- 
sequence of his defeat. End of the Koman 
dominion in Gaul. 

488. Theodoric entirely defeats Odoacer, and is acknow- 
ledged king of Italy by the Emperor Zeno. 

490. The Burgundians under Gondebald ravage Italy. — 

Ireland is now famous for its schools of learning 
and religion, whence it was called the " Insula 
Sanctorum^'' or Island of Saijits. 

491. Anastasius I., emperor of the East. He marries 

Ariadne, Zeno's widow. Bloody quarrels in 
the circus at Constantinople between the factions 
of the Blues and Greens. 

492. Pope GELASIUS L 

493. Odoacer is put to death by Theodoric, who puts an 

end to the kingdom of the Ileruli in Italy, and 
founds instead the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. 
496. Clovis defeats the Alemanni at Tolbiac, near 
Cologne, and embraces Christianity. He was 
converted by Clotilda his wife, daughter of 
Chilperic. — Pope ANASTASIUS 11. He endeavoured 
to bring about a unity between the Eastern and Western Churches. 

498. Pope SYMMACHUS. —LAURENTIUS, antipope. 



78 COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. [500— 

A.C. 

500. Clovis defeats Gondebald, king of Burgundy, and 

renders him tributary. He establishes the Salic 
law, by which females are excluded from the 

crown of France. silkworms, and paper made of cotton, are in- 
troduced into France BOETHIUS, a philosopher, is put to death in 526 

by Theodoric, on suspicion of a conspiracy.— CASSIODORUS, an historian. 

501. 

501. The Burgundian laws are published by Gondebald. 

502. Cabades, king of Persia, ravages part of the Eastern 

empire. 

507. Clovis defeats Alaric, king of the Visigoths, at 

Vouille, near Poitiers, and compels him to re- 
treat to Spain. He adds Aquitaine to the 
kingdom of France. The French king receives 
a congratulatory embassy, with a diadem, from 
Anastasius. 

508. Arthur is chosen Pendragon, or sovereign of the 

Cambrian British kingdom. 
Theodoric the Great defeats Clovis in the battle of 
Aries, and then makes peace with him. 

510. Clovis makes Paris the capital of the kingdom of 

the Franks. 

511. Death of Clovis : his dominions are divided among 

his 4 sons. Childebert I. has Neustria, or 
the western part of France — capital, Paris ; 
Thierry, the elder son, has Austrasia, or the 
eastern part of France — capital, Metz ; Clo- 
taire I. becomes king of Soissons, and Clodomir 
of Orleans. 

512. The Heruli are allowed by Anastasius to settle in 

Thrace. 

514. Pope HORMISDAS. — LA URENTIUS, antipope. 

515. Arthur, king of the Britons, is supposed hy some to 

have begun his reign, 

516. The computation of time by the Christian Era is 

introduced by Dionysius Exiguus the monk (or 
perhaps about 530).— Death of Gondebald, king 
of Burgundy ; Sigisnuuid his son succeeds him. 



-537.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 79 



A.C. 



517. The Getae ravage Illyrium, Macedonia, and Epirus. 

518. Justin I., a peasant of Dalmatia, becomes emperor 

of the East. 
Abolition of the Henoticon. 

519. Justin restores the orthodox bishops, and condemns the Eutychians. — 

Reunion of the Eastern and Western Churches. — Cabades, 

king of Persia, proposes that Justin should adopt 
his ^on Chosroes, and on his refusal declares 
war. 

523. Pope JOHN I. : he was thrown into prison, where he died in 526. 

525. The Arian bishops are deposed by Justin. Antioch 

and many other cities, almost destroyed by an 
earthquake, are rebuilt by Justin. He adopts 
his nephew Justinian. 

526. Theodoric puts to death Boethius and Symmachus. 

— Pope FELIX IV. 

527. Justinian I., emperor of the West. 

529. Belisarius, general of Justinian, is defeated by the 

Persians. The Code of the Civil Law is pub- 
lished by Justinian. 

Benedict founds a monastery on Mount Casino, in the south of Italy. 
Origin of the Order of Benedictines. 

530. Pope BONIFACE IL — Congal founds the monastery of Bangor in 

Antrim. 

532. Justinian congratulates Chosroes on his succeeding 

to the Persian throne, and concludes a perpetual 
peace with him. Great insurrection at Con- 
stantinople quelled with prodigious slaughter by 
Belisarius. 

Pope JOHN II. — The Count MARCELLINUS, PROCOPIUS, and 
AGATHIUS, historians. 

533. Death of Athalaric, king of the Ostrogoths ; he is 

succeeded by his mother Amalasonta. — The 
Pandects of Justinian are published. 

534. Theodobert, king of Metz. — Belisarius defeats 

Gelimer and the Vandals in Africa. 

535. Pope AGAPE TUS. 

536. Pope *S'/ZFEi?7f7AS'.— JORN ANDES, a Gothic historian.-SIMPLICIUS, 

a philosopher. 

537. Belisarius subdues the Ostrogoths in Italy, and 



80 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [538— 

takes Rome. — Justinian dedicates the church 
of St. Sophia. 
538. Pope VIGILIUSL 

540. Belisarius refuses to accept the crown of Italy. 

541. The Roman consulship is suppressed by Justinian. 

542. Arthur, king of the Cambrian Britons, is killed in the 

battle of Camlan. — Chosroes I. takes Antioch. 

543. Totila the Goth recovers Italy from the Romans. 

547. Ida the Saxon lands at Flamborough, subdues the 

country from the Humber to the Forth, and founds 
the Northumbrian kingdom. 
Totila takes and plunders Rome. 

548. Theodebald, king of Metz. 

549. Rome is retaken by Belisarius. 

550. Commencement of the kingdom of Poland under 

Lechus. 
Rome is recovered by Totila. 

551. The manufacture of silk is introduced into Europe. 

552. Totila is defeated by Narses, and killed. 

553. Teias, successor of Totila, is defeated by Narses in 

Campania. — End of the kingdom of the Ostro- 
goths. Italy is added to the dominions of the 
emperors of the East, and governed by Narses. 
The Fifth Greneral Council, called by Justinian, 

held at Constantinople. — It condemned the "Three 
Chapters" in opposition to the council of Chalcedon, which was 
supposed to have been too favourable to the Nestorians. — Silkworms 
are introduced from China, according to some. (See 500.) 

K>65. Pope PELAGIUS L : he is said to have ordered heretics to be put 
to death. 

558. The Huns, breaking into Thrace, are defeated by 

Belisarius. — CLOT AIRE, sole king of France. 

559. Belisarius is degraded and ungratefully used by 

Justinian (according to some). 

560. Pope JOHN III., a great ornamentor of churches. —"BelisSirmS 

is restored to his honours and command. 
562. Death of Clotaire I., son of Clovis. France is 
divided among his 4 sons : Caribert is king 



593.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 81 

A.C. 

of Paris, Gontran of Burgundy and Orleans, 
Sigebert of Austrasia, and Chilperic of Soissons. 

565. The Picts are converted to Christianity by Columba, 
the Irishman, who founds the celebrated monastery 
of lona in 563. 
Justin II., emperor of the East. 

568. Alboin, king of the Lombards, conquers part of 
Italy. He establishes feudal policy in his do- 
minions. 

571. Birth of Mahomet, the false prophet. — Bloody 
quarrels of the two rival queens Brunechilda, 
wife of Sigebert, and Fredegonda, wife to Chil- 
peric. 

574. Pope BENEDICT I., surnamed Bonosus. 

578. Tiberius II., emperor of the East. — Pope PELA- 

GIUS II. — Gregory of Tours, a bishop and historian. — Fortu- 
natus, bishop of Poitiers, a poet. 

579. Death of Chosroes the Great; his son, Hormisdas lY., 

succeeds him. 

580. The Latin tongue ceases to be spoken in Italy 

about this time. 

582. Maurice, emperor of the East, son-in-law to Ti- 
berius II. 

584. Chilperic I., king of Soissons, is assassinated by 
his wife Fredegonda. CLOT AIRE IL, his 
son, succeeds him. 

)85. Leovigild, king of the Visigoths in Spain, being an 
Arian, puts to death his son Hermenegild, be- 
cause he had embraced the Catholic faith. He 
had joined the kingdom of the Suevi to his own. 
Next year, Recard, his son and successor, ab- 
jures Arianism. [Or, in 589.] 

8189. Columbanus, Gallus(or St. Gall), and 11 other Irish monks, travel to 
France, and erect the monastery of Luxeul in Burgundy. 

(90. Pope GREGORY THE Gi2^^ r.—Antioch is again destroyed, with 
30,000 inhabitants, by an earthquake. 

93. Gontran, king of Burgundy and Orleans, dies 
without issue, and leaves his dominions to Cliil- 
debert II., his nephew, king of Austrasia. 

G 



82 COMPENDIUM OF CHROlSrOLOGY. [596— 

A.C. 

596. Death of Childebert II. His two sons, Theodebert , 
and Thierry, succeed him under the regency of 

Brunehaut (orBrunechilda), their grandmother 

Theodebert as king of Austrasia, and Thierry of 

Burgundy and Orleans. — Augustine, the mo7ik, is sent' 
by Gregory to convert the Saxons to Christianity. 



601. 

602. Phocas, emperor of the East, murders his prede- 
cessor Maurice, with his six sons and three 

daughters. — Chanting in churches is introduced by Gregory) 
the Great, who establishes schools of chanters. 

604. Pope SABINIANUS. 

606, Pope BONIFACE III. (or according to others, 607). Phocas is 
said to have divested the bishop of Constantinople of the title oj , 
" Universal Bishop" and to have given it to Boniface. He gavei 
at least priority of rank to the Roman see, in opposition to that 
previously claimed by the bishops of Constantinople. 

608. Pope BONIFACE IV, The Pantheon at Pome, originally dedi-i 

cated to all the pagan gods, is given to Boniface by Phocas, and' 
dedicated to the Virgin and all the Saints in 610. 

609. The Jews of Antioch massacre the Christians, 

610. Heraclius, emperor of the East. — Chosroes II. com- 

mences his conquests in the East, and defeats 
the Eomans at Antioch. 

612. Theodebert, king of Austrasia, is defeated and put 

to death by his brother Thierry, king of Bur-- 
gundy. 

613. The French Maires du Palais are first introduced 

by Clotaire as regents. This office became 
hereditary. 

614. Clotaire II., sole king of France. He causes Brunei 

haut to be put to death. — St. Gall founds the monastery 
at St. Gall in Switzerland, and Columbanus that of Bobio neat 
Pavia, a year before his death. 

Jerusalem is taken by the Persians under Chos- 
roes II., who carries off the so-called " true 
cross." 



-642.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 83 

6i5. Pope DEUS DEBIT. 

619. Pope BONIFACE V. : he made churches be considered asylums for 
criminals. 

621. Glorious campaigns of Heraclius against the Per- 

sians for 6 successive years. 

622. ERA OP THE HEGYRA, OR PLIGHT OF 

MAHOMET from Mecca to Medina, July 16. 
625. The Persians under Chosroes II., with the Huns, 
Abari, and Sclavonians, besiege Constantinople. 
[Or, in 626.] — Pope HONORIUS I. 

628. Dagobert and Charibert, kings of France. — Siroes, 
king of Persia, makes peace with Heraclius, 
and restores the " true cross." 

632. Death of Mahomet at Medina, June 8. Abubeker 
succeeds him as caliph of the Saracens. (Caliph 
signifies Vicar or Successor.) He gathers together 
into one book the scattered chapters of the 
Koran. — Era of Yezdejird, or Persian era. 

634. Abubeker dies, and is succeeded by Omar in the 

caliphate. Dagobert I. founds the abbey of St. Denis. 

636. Jerusalem is taken by Omar and the Saracens, who 
keep possession of it 463 years. — The -Koran is 
published. 
King Rotharis gives a code to the Lombards (ac- 
cording to some, 643). 

638. Sigebert II. and Clovis II., kings of France. 

640. Battle of Nahavund, in which the Persians under 
Nooman are completely defeated. Persia passes 
under the dominion of the Arabian caliphs. — 

The library of Alexandria, founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus, is burnt by 
the Saracens. [Or, 641.] 

The Slavi found the kingdom of Servia and Croatia. 

— Pope SEVERINUS dies soon after his election, and is suc- 
ceeded by John IV. 

1. Death of Heraclius, emperor of the East: short 
reigns of Constantine III., Heracleonas, and 
Tiberius III. 

2. Constans II., son of Constantine, emperor of the 
East — Pope THEOBORUS I. 

G 2 



84 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [644— 



I.e. 



644. Omar is assassinated : Othman succeeds him. 

648. Cyprus is taken by the Saracens under Moawiyah. 

649. Pope MARTIN I. : he is deposed by the emperor in 653, and dies 

in 655. 

651. Yezdejird III., the last of the Sassanides, is assas- 
sinated. — The Saracens conquer Persia. 

653. The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus. 

[Or, %55,^ 

Pope EU GENIUS. 

654. Childeric IL, king of Austrasia, 

^55. Othman is assassinated : Ali succeeds him. — Moa- 
wiyah, governor of Syria. 

657. Pope VIT ALI ANUS : he sent missionaries into England. 

658. The Saracens obtain peace of the Emperor Constans, 

and agree to pay a yearly tribute. — Organs are 

first used in the Western churches hy Vitalianus. 

661. Ali, son-in-law of Mahomet, is assassinated, Janu- 
ary 24. Abdication of his son Hassan, 
DYNASTY OP THE OMMYADES : Moa- 
wiyah, a descendant of Ommia, takes possession 
of the whole caliphate. 

668. Constantine IV. (Pogonatus), emperor of the East. 

— Constantinople is besieged by the Arabs. 

669. Sicily is ravaged by the Saracens. 

672. The Saracens ineffectually besiege Constantinople : 
their fleet is destroyed by the Greek fire in- 
vented by the mathematician CaUinicus. 
Pope ADEODATUS. 

675. The Saracens attempt to land in Spain, but are 3 

repulsed by Wamba, king of the Visigoths. 

676. Pope BONUS: succeeded in 678 by AGATHO. 

679. Dagobert II. is assassinated. THIERRY III., limgi 

of all France : he is the first of the seven kings? 

called Sluo^o-ards. 
Yezid I. succeeds his father Moawiyah in thei 

caliphate. 
681. THIRD COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE (^or Sixth Ge^ 

neral), at which the Monothelite heresy is condemned ; it was at 



—706.] CfOMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 85 

A.C. 

branch of the Eutychian heresy, its followers were so called from 
allowing of one will only in our Lord. 

682. Pope LEO IL : succeeded in 684 by BENEDICT II. 

683. Moawlyah II., son of Yezid, is proclaimed caliph 

at Damascus : on his abdication, Merwan is pro- 
claimed caliph in Syria, and Abdallah in Arabia. 
Abdalmelek succeeds his father Merwan in the 
government of Syria and Egypt. 

685. The Britons are totally subdued hy the Saxons, and 

retreat into Wales and Cornwall, Egfrid, the 
Saxon, penetrates northward to Angus, hut is slain 
by Bredei, the Pictish king. 

Justinian II. , emperor of the East. 

Pope JOHN V. 

686. Ceadwalla, king of Wessex, subdues Sussex and Kent, 
Pope CONON: THEODORE and PASCAL, antipopes. 

687. Thierry III. is defeated near Testry by Pepin 

d'Heristal, who takes the title of Duke and 
Prince of the Franks. 
Pope SERGIUS L 

692. CLO VIS III,, king of France. 

695. Justinian II. is dethroned, mutilated, and banished 
by Leontius, who succeeds him. 
CHILDEBERT IIL, king of France. 

698. Leontius is dethroned and mutilated by Tiberius 

Absimarus, who succeeds him. — Carthage is 
destroyed by the Saracens. 

699. The Saracens are defeated by John the Patrician. 

700. The Saracens are defeated with great slaughter by 

Heraclius, brother of Tiberius. 



701. 

701. Pope JOHN VL 

705. Justinian II. escapes from prison, defeats and puts 

to death Tiberius and Leontius, and is restored 
to the throne. 
Pope JOHN VIL 

706. Walid succeeds Abdalmelek in the caliphate. 

G 3 



86 COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. [707-^ 



A.C. 



707. Justinian II. is defeated by the Bulgarians. 

708. Pope SISINNIUS : he dies 20 days after his election, and is suc- 

ceeded by CONSTANTINE.—At this time the custom of 
kissing the Pope's toe is introduced. 

709. Africa is finally conquered by the Saracens. 

Silver plates and vessels are first used in England by "Wilfred, a Northum- • 
berland bishop. 

711. Philippicus Bardanes, emperor of the East. — The i 
Saracens of Mauritania, under the name of 
Moors, make their first descent upon Spain. 
DAGO BERT III, king of France. 

713. Anastasius II., emperor of the East. 

BATTLE OP XERES de la Frontera, gained I 
by the Moors under Tarik over Roderic, the last t 
king of the Visigoths, who is drowned in the flight: : 
the conquest of all Spain by Musa, general of t| 
the caliph Walid, followed this victory. Gibraltar r 

(Gibel-al- Tarik, or, the Hill of Tarik) is so called in commemoration of the c 
Arabian general ; the ancients called it Calpe. 

715. CHILDURIC II.,kmg of France. Charles Martel, , 

maire du palais, governs all France for 26 years. 
Pope GEEGOBY 11. 

716. Theodosius III., emperor of the East. — Constanti- 

nople is a second time besieged by the Arabs. 

717. Pelagius, the last descendant of the Visigoth kings, 

retires into the mountains of Asturias, and there 
founds a little Christian kingdom. 

718. Leo the Isaurian, emperor of the East. — The smaii poxi 

ravages Europe. — BEDE, an English monk, the most celebrated historiaai 
and learned writer of his time ; he died in 735, aged 63. — JOHN DAMASni 
CENUS, a theologian FREDIGAIRE, a chronicler. 

719. The Arabs besiege Constantinople for the third 

time, and are destroyed by Greek fire. 

720. THIERRY IV,, king of France. 

726. Leo forbids the worship of images, which leads tG( 
the loss of nearly all the Greek possessions im 
Italy. 

728. Leo orders Pope Gregory to be seized and sent td)' 
Constantinople ; but the order is frustrated, and 
Leo confiscates the episcopal domains in Sicily 
Calabria, and Apulia. 



-752.] COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. 87 

A.C. 

Capture of Ravenna by Luitprand, king of the 
Lombards. 

729. The Saracens ravage Gallia Narbonensis. 

732. CHARLES MARTEL DEFEATS THE 

MOORS between Poitiers and Tours ; Abdal- 

rahman the Moorish general, and 300,000 of his 

men, are killed. 

Fope GREGORY IIL, the first who sent nuncios to foreign powers. 

736. The Frisons are defeated by Charles Martel. 

Leo persecutes the monks. — Boniface or Winfrid, a native 
of England, made archbishop of Mayence in 746, preaches 
Christianity in Germany. 

737. Death of Pelagius, who preserved the Christian 

monarchy in Asturias. 
Charles Martel again defeats the Moors at Nar- 
bonne. — Death of Thierry IV. Interregnum of 
5 years, during which Charles Martel strengthens 
his authority. 

740. The duchy of Spoleto is seized by the Normans, 

and recovered by the pope. 
The race of Odin in Sweden is dethroned by 
Sigurd. 

741. Constantine V. (Copronymus), emperor of the East. 

Pope ZACHARIAS. 

742. CHILDERIC III., king of France. 

743. Constantine defeats and puts to death Artacazdus, 

who had seized Constantinople. 

745. Constantine destroys the Saracen fleet. 

749. The dynasty of the Ommyades is subverted, and 

that of the Abassides acknowledged. [Or, 752.] 

750. Alphonso I., the Catholic, founds the kingdom of 

Leon in Spain. 

751. PEPIN LE BEEF (the Short), king of France, 

founder of the second or CARL O VINGIANvsice, 

752. Astulphus, king of the Lombards, seizes on Ra- 

venna. Eutychius, the exarch, takes shelter in 
Naples. 
Pope STEPHEN JI. 

G 4 



88 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [753— 

A.C. 

753. Astulphus declares war on Stephen, and threatens 

Rome. 

754. Stephen requests the assistance of Pepin against 

the Lombards. The French king invades Italy, 
and obliges Astulphus to promise to restore his 
conquests there. 

Almanzor, caliph of the Saracens, a great encourager 
of learning. 

COUNCIL AT CONSTANTINOPLE of 338 bishops, assembled 
by Constantine, which condemns image-worship. The modern 
Greeks reckon this the 7 th and last General Council. 

^55. Offa, king of Mercia, pays to tlie pope a tribute com- 
monly called " Peter'' s pence,^'' 
Astulphus violates his promise and besieges Rome. 

756. Desiderius, or Didier, is proclaimed king of the 

Lombards. 
Abderrahman L, the only descendant of the Om- 
myades that is not put to death, takes the title 
of king of Cordova, and founds the dynasty of 
the Ommyades in Spain, which country becomes 
lost to the caliphate. 

Pepin le Bref founds the temporal power of the popes by bestowing on 
the see of Rome a considerable territory in Italy, rescued from 
the Lombards. 

757. Pope PAUL L: he renews the alliance with Desiderius. 

762. Almanzor builds Bagdad on the Tigris, and makes 
it the seat of the empire of the caliphs. 

767. The Turks ravage Asia Minor. 

768. Death of Pepin le Bref: his two sons Charles (the 

Great) and Carloman succeed him. 
Pope STEPHEN in. 
770. Constantine dissolves the monasteries in the East. 

772. CHARLEMAGNE, sole monarch of France : he 
sustained a long war of 33 years against the 
Saxons commanded by Witikind. 
Pope ADRIAN! 

774. Charlemagne, at the invitation of Adrian, defeats i 

Desiderius, and puts an end to the kingdom of : 
the Lombards, which had subsisted 206 years. 

775. Leo lY., emperor of the East; Irene his wife. 



-800.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 89 

778. CHARLEMAGNE DEFEATS THE 

MOORS, and carries his victorious arms to the 
banks of the Ebro ; on his return his rear-guard 
is defeated at Roncesvalles, where his gallant 
nephew Koland is killed. 

779. Charlemagne first institutes tithes for the maintenance of the church, 

of schools, and of the poor. 

780. Death of Leo IV., a zealous Iconoclast (image- 

breaker). His son Constantine VI. (Porphyro- 
genitus), in his minority, succeeds him under the 
regency of Irene his mother, who keeps him in 

entire subjection. — Pope Adrian I. causes money to be 
coined with his name. 

781. Pepin, son of Charlemagne, is anointed king of Italy, 

and Louis his brother king of Aquitaine. 

785. The Saxons are subdued by Charlemagne. 
Haroun-al-Raschid (Aaron the Sage, the celebrated 

hero of the Arabian Nights), caliph of the Sara- 
cens, invades part of the empire. — syncellus, a 

chronicler. Flourishing state of the arts and sciences among the Arabs. 

786. Constantine assumes the government of the empire, 

and imprisons his mother. 

787. The Danes first land in England. 

THE SECOND (OR DEUTERO-) NICENE COUNCIL, as- 
sembled atNiccea by Irene, condemns the council of Constantinople, 
and commands the worship of images ; this is called by Romanists 
the Seventh General Council. Charlemagne was so much in- 
censed at this, that he published the " Caroline Books " against 
this abuse. 

788. Irene puts to death her son Constantine, and is 

proclaimed sole empress. — paul warefridus dia- 

CONUS, an historian.— EGINHARD, an historian, secretary to Charle- 
magne — ALCUIN, a learned Englishman, the companion and favourite of 
Charlemagne, is supposed to have assisted in the compilation of the 
Caroline Books, which were sent to Pope Adrian in 790. 

794. Charlemagne utterly extirpates the Huns. 

THE COUNCIL OF FRANKFORT, assembled under Charle- 
magne, foi'bids the worship of images. 

795. Pope LEO III. 

'797. The Saracens ravage Cappadocia, Cyprus, Rhodes, 

&c. 

800. NEW EMPIRE OP THE WEST.— 

CHARLEMAGNE is crowned emperor at 

Rome. Capitularies, a code of laws given by Charlemagne. 



90 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [801— 

A.C. 

The Danes, known hy the name of Ostmen or Easter- 
lings, invade Ireland, and huild the cities of 
Dublin, Limerick, and Waterford, 
Dynasty of the Aglabites founded at Kairwan and 
Tunis. 

801. 

801. Irene proposes to marry Charlemagne, but the plan 

being disapproved of by her subjects, she is 
dethroned, and confined to a monastery. 

802. Mcephorus, emperor of the East. Here begins the i 

Lower or Greek empire. 

803. Peace of Saltz (on the Saal) between Charlemagne • 

and the Saxons: they are completely subdued I 

and compelled to embrace Christianity. 

807. Haroun-al-Easchid courts the alliance of Charle 

magne. 

808. Dynasty of the Edrisites founded at Fez. 

810. Death of Pepin, king of Italy; his son Bernard I 

succeeds him. 

811. Nicephorus, after having associated his son Stau-- 

racius in the empire, is slain by the Bulgarians. . 
Michael I. (Curopalates), emperor of the East. 

813. Leo V. the Armenian, a zealous Iconoclast, 

emperor of the East. 
Almamun (son of Haroun-al-Easchid), caliph ofl 
the Saracens, a great encourager of learning. 

814. LOUIS LE DEBOHHAIRE succeeds his father 

Charlemagne. His empire comprehended France, 
Germany, and the Netherlands ; part of Hun- 
gary ; Italy as far as the duchy of Benevento;; 
and the north of Spain. 
A council at Constantinople under Leo condemns image-worship. 

816. The Eastern empire is devastated by earthquakes,! 

famine, and conflagrations. 
Pope STEPHEN IV. 

817. Louis le Debonnaire divides the empire among hkj 

sons. 

Pope PASCAL I. 






-842.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 91 



A.O. 



818. Louis suppresses a rebellion in Italy, headed by 
his nephew Bertrand, whom he punishes with 
the loss of his eyes. 

820. Dynasty of the Taherites founded in Khorassau. 

821. Michael II. (Balbus or the Stammerer), emperor of 

the East. 
Abderrahman II. succeeds Alhakem as king of 
Cordova. 

824. Pope EUGENIUS II. — A council at Paris condemns image' 
worship. 

826. Harald, king of Jutland, visits the Emperor Louis at Ingelheim, and 

receives baptism. 

827. ^[BQhCtt unites the kingdoms of the Saxon Heptarchy, 

and is the first monarch of all England, 
The Saracens make themselves masters of Sicily, 

Apulia, and Calabria. 
The feudal system is established in Sweden. 
Pope VALENTINUS. 

828. Boniface, marquis of Tuscany. 
Pope GREGORY IV. 

829. Theophilus, emperor of the East. 

Anschaire or Angarius, preaches Christianity/ in Denmark and Sweden* 

832. The Danes invade England and are expelled by 

Egbert, 

833. The Caliph Almamun dies, and is succeeded by his 

son Motassem. 

837. ^tjelfeolf, son of Egbert, king of England, During 
the reign of this weak prince, the Danes return and 
ravage the kingdom for a long time unmolested, 

840. LOTHARIUS, emperor of Germany. 

CHARLES THE BALD, king of France. 

^41. Lotharius is defeated by his two brothers Charles 
and Lewis in the battle of Fontenay, and de- 
posed. 
The Caliph Motassem forms a body guard from 
among the Turks. 
842. LEWIS (of Bavaria), emperor of Germany. 

Michael III., emperor of the East. — ■ The Empress 

Theodora {widow of Leo') re-establishes image-worship. 



92 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGT. [843— 



A.C. 



843. Kenneth M^Alpin, king of the Scots, subdues the 

Pictish Mngdom, and unites it to the Scottish, 
Treaty of Yerdim between tlie tliree sons- of Louis 

le Debonnaire. 
The Xormans plunder tlie city of Eouen. — rabanus 

MAURUS, RADBERT, and RATRAMNE, theologians. 

844. Pope SEBGIUSII. ; according to some he icas the Jirst person who 

changed his name on his election. {See 956.) 

845. The Normans plunder Hamburgh, and penetrate 

into Germany. 

847. Al-Motawakel, caKph, a persecutor of the Jews 

and Christians. 
Pope LEO IV. : between this pojitiff and Benedict III. the see was 
occupied hy Pope Joan, according to the mediceval story. 

848. The Venetian fleet is destroyed by the Saracens, 

who besiege E-ome. 

851. Basilius is associated as emperor of the East. 

855. LEWIS II., emperor of Germany. 

Pope BENEDICT in. : ANASTASIUS, antipape. 

858. OBtStlbaltr M., king of England. 

Garcias Ximenes assumes the title of king of 

Navarre. 
Pope NICHOLAS L 

861. (Bi^^tVotXi, king of England, 

The Turkish guards kill the Caliph Motawakel, and 
place his son Mostanser on the throne. 

Bogoris, king of the Bidgarians, is converted to Christianity. 

862. Rurik, the first sovereign of Russia; he was of 

Norman origin. 

866. ^tjclrctl, king of England. — Photius, patriarch of Constan- ^ 

tinopJe, excommunicates Pope NICHOLAS. 

867. The Danes ravage England. 

Basilius, sole emperor of the East. — Pope ADRIAN II. 

869. THE FOUETH COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE icaUed 
by the Latins the Eighth General) : Photius is deposed, and 
Ignatius recalled, 

872. ^Ifrttr t!)£ CSreat, king of England. 

The Taherites are overthrown, and the Saffarian 



^887.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 93 

A.C. 

dynasty is founded in Persia by Yakub Ebn 
Seis. 

Pope JOHN VIII. — JOHN ERIGENA SCOTUS, the Irishman, a learned 
theologian — ADO, NICETAS, ASSER, historians. 

875. CHARLES THE BALD, emperor of Germany. — 
Harold Harfager unites the provinces of Norway, 
conquers Orkney, Shetland, and the Hebrides, 
and appoints earls to govern them. 

877. LEWIS THE STAMMERER, emperor of Germany 
and king of France. 

879. LOUIS III. and CARLO MAN, kings of France. 

— Boson, duke of Provence, makes himself in- 
dependent of the kings of France, and founds 
the kingdom of Aries, which comprehended 
Provence, Dauphiny, and part of Savoy. 
THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE {called by the 
Greeks the Eighth General) held under Photius, who was restored 
the year before, re-establishes the decrees of the Second Nicene 
Council respecting image-worship. 

880. The Danes under Guthrum are finally defeated hy 

Alfred the Great, who allows them to settle in 

Northumberland on their consenting to embrace Christianity 

CHARLES LE GROS, emperor of Germany. 
Oleg, regent of Russia : Kiow is the capital of his 

empire. " Basllics," or collection of laws made by the Emperor 

Basil. 

882. The Normans ravage and burn the towns of Treves, 
Aix-la-Chapelle, Liege, and Cologne. — Pope MA- 

RINUS, or Martin 11. 

884. CHARLES LE GROS is made king- of France. 

Pope ADRIAN III. 

885. Pope STEPHEN V. 

886. Leo VI., the philosopher, emperor of the East : 

Zoe, his second wife. Photius is again deposed. 

The university of OXFORD is founded by Alfred. 

'887. ARNULPH or ARNOLD, emperor of Germany. 

The Normans besiege Paris, which is gallantly 
defended by Bishop Goselin and Count Eudes. 

The Hungarians or Magyars, inhabitants of the 
country situated between the Volga, the Kama, 
and the Ural, make themselves masters of the 



94 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [888— 

A.C. 

country now called by tlieir name, Hungary ; 
from thence they extend tlieir ravages over Ger- 
many. 

888. EUDES or ODO, count of Paris, is made kmg 
of France on the death of Charles le Gros, to 
the prejudice of Charles the Simple, son of Louis 
the Stammerer. — Rodolph founds the second 
kingdom of Burgundy. 
Death of Mahommed I., king of Cordova. 

890. Alfred the Great composes his Code of Laws, and 
divides England into counties, hundreds, and 



Guy, duke of Spoleto, after having defeated Be- 
renger, duke of Frioul, is crowned emperor. 

891. Pope FOEMOSUS, the first who was translated to Borne from 
another see. He died detested; his corpse was dug up and 
thrown into the Tiber. — DeathofPHOTlUS, bishop of Constantinople, 
author of " Myriobiblon " or Bibliotheca, containing an abstract of 280 
ancient authors. 

893. Arnulph, emperor of Germany, defeats Guy, duke 

of Spoleto, and is crowned king of Italy at 
Pavia. 

894. Borziwoy, king of Bohemia, embraces Christianity. 

896. Pope BONIFACE VI.: he obtained the see by open force, and 

died soon after, succeeded by STEPHEN VI. 

897. ROMANUS, antipope. Stephen VI. is strangled in prison. 

898. CHARLES III., the Simple, is acknowledged king 

of France. 

Pope THEODORUS II. holds the see for 20 days, and is suc- 
ceeded by JOHN IX. 

900. LEWIS IV., emperor of Germany. 
Pope BENEDICT I V. 

901. 

901. ^bfoatti $., the Elder, king of England on the death 

of his father Alfred the Great. 
Leo YI., emperor of the East, takes for his 4th 
wife Zoe, surnamed Carbonopsine. 

902. The Danes are entirely expelled from Ireland accord- 

ing to the ancient annalists. 



-923.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 95 

A.C. 

903. Pope LEO V. is driven from his seat a few months after his election, 

and dies in prison. CHRISTOPHER intrudes himself into 
the see by open violence; he is expelled by SERGIUS III., who 
was noted for his vices. 

904. Lewis, king of Aries, is taken prisoner by Berenger, 

who causes his eyes to be put out. 

905. Charles the Simple allows the Normans to establish 

themselves in France. 

907. Oleg of Russia, guardian of Igor, attacks Con- 

stantinople. 

908. Mahomet Al-Mahdi, descended from Hosein, the 

son of Ali and Fatima (whence his dynasty is 
called the Fatimite), claims the caliphate in 
"Western Africa, and subverts the Aglabite and 

Edrisite dynasties. RHASIS, an Arabian physician. 

910. Establishment of the monastery of Clugni or Cluny, in Burgundy. 

Berno is its first abbot. 

911. RoUo, the leader of the Normans, is made duke of 

Normandy, and converted to Christianity. 
Pope ANASTASIUS III. 

912. COISTRAD I., emperor of Germany ; his reign is 

one continual scene of trouble. The empire 
passes from the French to the Germans. 

Constantino VII. (Porphyrogenitus), emperor of 
the East. 

Abderrahman III., an illustrious caliph of Cordova. 

913. Pope LANDANIUS or LAND O. 

914. Pope JOHN X., the first pope who appeared at the head of an army- 

915. Constantino and Romanus, emperors of the East. 

The university of CAMBRIDGE is founded by Edward the Elder. 

920. HENHY I. (the Fowler), emperor of Germany. 

922. Charles the Simple, king of France, is dethroned. 

R OBER T, brother of King Eudes, usurps the 
throne, and is killed in battle. 

923. RA OULoxR OD OLPH, king of France. About 

this time the great fiefs are multiplied : the dukes 
or governors of provinces, and the counts or 
^ governors of towns, appropriate to themselves 

what they formerly held from the crown. 



96 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [924— 

A.C. 

924. Berengarlus I., king of Italy and emperor of the 

West, is assassinated at Verona. 

925. ^tSdStart, king of England. 

Henry I. (the Fowler) joins the kingdom of Lorraine 

to Germany. 
Formation of the county of Holland in favour of 

Dirk I., or Thierry. 

926. Constitution of York. Freemasons' Lodges are first 

established in England, and spread over Europe. 
Hugh of Provence, son of Theobald and Bertha, is 
crowned king of Italy. 

927. Bamiro IL, king of Leon and the Asturias. — Odo, 

abbot of Cluny, reforms the Benedictines. 

928. Guy, duke of Tuscany, in compliance with the entreaties of his wife 

Morozia, causes Pope John X. to be put to death. 

Pope LEO VI. 

Lambert, duke of Tuscany, Guy's brother. 

Victory of Leopold the Illustrious over the Hun- 
garians. 

929. Charles the Simple dies in prison. His son Louis 

IV. (d'Outremer) was then in England. 
Foundation of the margravate of Misnia by Henry I. 
Pope STEPHEN VII. 

931. Rise of the republic of Pisa. 
Geneva is overrun by the Saracens. 

Pope JOHN XI. : he is imprisoned in the castle of St. Angela, 
where he dies. 

932. Battle of Mersburg in Saxony, where the Hun- 

garians are defeated by Henry the Fowler. 

934. Gum, king of Denmark, is compelled by Henry to 

desist from pursuing the Christians, and to give 
up the province of Schleswig. 

935. Increasing power of the Emirs-al-Omra, or Com- 

manders of Commanders, created by the Caliph 
Al-Rahdi at the court of Bagdad : the caliphate 
begins to decline. 

936. OTHO THE GBEAT, emperor of Germany. — 

LOUIS IV. {D'OUTREMER), king of 
France, succeeds Baoul, the usurper. 
Pope LEO VII 



-955.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 97 

A.C. 

938. Athelstan defeats the Scots, Welsh, and Danes, at 

Brunshury in Northumberland. 
Ramiro II., king of Leon and Oviedo, defeats the 
Saracens at Simancas; about 80,000 of them 
perished. 

939. Louis IV. (D'Outremer) is defeated by Otho the 

Great, and compelled to yield Lorraine to the 
conqueror. 
Pope STEPHEN VIII. 

940. (IBtrmuntr 1., king of England. — Howel-Dha, king of 

Wales, an eminent lawgiver. — Otho assembles a 
diet at Arensberg, which appoints a judicial 
combat to decide the right of inheritance. 

941. Igor of Russia invades the Greek empire and is 

defeated. 

Harald Blaatand, king of Denmark, favours the spread of Chris- 
tianity. 

942. Pope MARTIN III. (or Marinus III.). 

945. Edmund conquers Cumberland from the ancient 

Britons, and gives it to Malcolm, king of Scotland, 
on his doing homage for it. 
Haco, king of Norway, embraces Christianity, and recommends it to 
his people in a public diet 

The Buyides, becoming Emirs-al-Omra, seize the 
sovereignty of Bagdad and reduce the caliph to 
the rank of Grand Imaun, 

946. Pope AGAPE TUS II 

947. ClBtfrClJ, king of England.— LVlTPUA-i^D, bishop of Cremona, an 

historian, 

948. The Danes of Dublin embrace Christianity. 

949. Harald, king of Denmark, is defeated by Otho, 

and, with his wife, receives baptism in presence of the emperor, 
(According to others, in 972.) 

951. Victories of Otho in Italy, and over the Huns. 
954. L O THAIRE, king of France. 

^K>6, (iBbltig, king of England. Dunstan, a learned and 
ambitious prelate. 
Hugh the Great, count of Paris, receives from 
i Lothaire the duchies of Burgundy and Aquitainej 

and the title of duke of France, 
B 



98 COMrENDIUM OF CIIKONOLOGY. [956— 

A.C. 

The Hungarians ravage Bavaria and are defeated 
by Otho on the banks of the Leek. 

Olga or Helena, the first Russian princess who embi-aced Christianity, 
is baptized at Constantinople. 

956. Pope JOHN XII. ; some say that he is the first pope that changed 
his name on his appointment {see 844) ; he ivas formerly called 
Octavian. 

Death of Hugh the Great ; his son Hugh Capet 
succeeds him as duke of Burgundy. 

959. Q^ti^^Xy king of England, famous for his attempt to > 
extirpate the wolves. 
Romanus II., emperor of the East. 

962. Otho, at the request of Pope John, marches into) 

Italy, and deposes King Berengarius II. He iss 

crowned emperor at Borne, and confirms to that see thet 
donations of Pepin and Charlemagne, '•^saving in all things hiss 
own authority and that of his successors." 

963. Nicephorus Phocas, emperor of the East. 

Otho assembles a council and deposes Pope John XII. , who had con-i 
spired against him. LEO VIII. succeeds. The Romans had> 
previously sworn never to elect a pope without the consent of thin 
emperor. 

964. Pope BENEDICT V. is elected by the Romans, and deposed bih 

Otho. 

965. Pope JOHNXIIL is elected by the authority of Otho against tU 

popular will, and is driven out soon after, but restored- 

966. Mieczislaus, duke of Poland, embraces Christianity at the solicitation) 

of his wife Dambrowka, sister of Boleslaus II. 

967 . Boleslaus II. {the Pious), duke of Bohemia, spreads Christianiik 

throughout his dominions. 

Antioch is recovered from the Saracens by Mcec 
phorus. 

968. Discovery of the silver mines of the Hartz. 

969. John Zimisces, emperor of the East. 
Moez, the Fatimite ruler of Western Africa, gain 

possession of Egypt, builds Cairo, and makes 
the seat of a new caliphate. 

972. Pope BENEDICT VI. 

973. OTHO II. (the Sanguinary), emperor of Germami 

974. The Bomans attempt to re-establish a republi 

under the Consul Crescentius. 



I 






-993.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 99 



A.C. 



Pope Benedict VI. is thrown into prison hy Crescentius and strangled 
thei'e. BONIFACE VII. succeeds, but is driven out after a 
month by BONUS II. (or Bomnus), who died next year. 

975. ^bfoatlJ tfie iWartgr, km^ of England. — Kenneth 
HI. annexes the Britons of Strathcluyd to the 
Scottish kingdom, 

Basilius II. and Constantine IX., emperors of the 
East. 

Pope BENEBICT VIL 

978. Edward is murdered at the instigation of his step- 
mother Elfrida. (iBtficlulJ U., king of England, 

980. The Danes of Dublin are defeated with great 
slaughter at Tara hy Malachy IL, king of Ire- 
land. 

982. The Danes discover Greenland. 

983. OTHO III. at the age of 12 succeeds his father 

Otho IL, who died at Rome. — Leopold L, of 
Babenberg, margrave of Austria. 

984. Pope JOHN XIV. ; his original name had been Peter, which he 

changed out of respect for Peter the Apostle on ascending the papal 
see. Pope JOHN X V. is said by some to have been pope for 
4 months only, and his successor is called John X VI. 
A school of medicine, tiie earliest on record, is spoken of as now existing at 

Palermo Arabic numerals are introduced into Europe. (Some say 

they were first introduced in 900, others in 991.) 

985. Sweyn, king of Denmark. 

986. LOUIS V, (the Sluggard), king of France. 

987. THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY, the third race 

of the French kings, now begins. HUGH 
CAPE T, duke of France and Burgundy, count 
of Paris and Orleans, is elected to the throne ; 
Louis y., the last of the Carlo vingian line, 
having died at Compiegne. 

!988. Wladimir the Great, grand duke of Russia, con- 
quers Livonia and the Crimea : he embraces Chris- 

I tianity (according to some, in 980), and marries Anne Romanowna, 

I sister of the emperor of Constantinople. 

993. The first canonization of a person as a saint to be invoked by all 
churches, is now made by a bull of John XV., being that of St. 
ULRICH (Udalricus), bishop of Augsburg, 20 years after his 
death. 

H 2 



100 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [996— 



A.C. 



996. ROBERT THE WISE, son of Hugh Capet, 
succeeds him. 

Mahomet Almanzor, general and prime minister of 
Hissem, king of Cordova, takes the city of Leon 
by assault, and sacks Compostella. He is said 
to have vanquished the Christian princes in fifty 
engagements. 

Otho III. defeats Crescentius, who had again raised 
a revolution in Rome. 

GREGORY V. is appointed by Otho to the papal chair, but as soon 
as Otho leaves Rome, Crescentius again revolts, and expelling 
Gregory, places Philagathus in his stead as John X. VI. 

998. Otho again attacks Rome, and takes it, orders Cres- 

centius to be beheaded, and restores Pope 
Gregory V. 
Robert, king of France, is excommunicated by 
Gregory for persisting in keeping Bertha his 
queen, and his kingdom put under interdict. 

999. Boleslaus, first king of Poland. 

Pope SYLVESTER 11. {Gerbert) : he is the first Frenchman who 
attained to that dignity. 

1000. Sancho the Great, king of Navarre, 



1001. 

lOOL Brian Boroimhe, or Boru, becomes king of all Ireland. 
— King Ethelred marries Emma, sister of Richard 
II., duke of Normandy. 
Mahmoud of Ghazna, son of Sabektekin, the first 
who extended the Turkish sway beyond the 
limits of Khorassan, and took the title of sultan. 

1002. MASSACRE OP THE DANES throughout 

England hy Ethelred, on the day of St. Brice, 

Nov, 13th. — Sioeyn, king of Denmark, attacks 

England the following year. 
HENRY II., emperor of Germany. 
Ardoin, marquis of Ivry, is crowned king of Italy 

at Ivry. 
The Transylvanians are conquered by the king of 

Hungary, and embrace Christianity. 

1003. Vope JOHN XVL: he dies the same year, and is succeeded by 



—1022.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 101 

A.C. 

JOHN XVI L {These two popes are called by some John 
X VIL and X VIIL, and so on.) 

1004. Pope JOHN XVIII. 

1005. Churches are first built in the Gothic style. 

1008. Death of Bernard of Menton, who founded the hospital for monks 

on the Great St. Bernard. 

1009. Pope SERGIUS IV. 

1012. Pope BENEDICT VIIL : he was driven out by Gregory, his 

competitor, and restored by Henry II. — The church of Notre 
Dame is built at Paris. The cathedral of Strasburg is begun, 

1013. ^tOCgn of Denmark usurps the throne of England : 

Ethelred seeks refuge in the court of his hrother- 
in-law, Richard, duke of Normandy, hut returns 
soon after on the death of Sweyn. 

1014. THE DANES ARE DEFEATED AT 

CLONTARP hy Brian Boru, who is killed in 
the battle. 
Canute, son of Sweyn, king of Mercia. 

1015. Death of Wladimir the Great: his dominions are 

divided among his 12 sons. 

The Manichean doctrines are prevalent in France and Italy. 

1016. ^Umuntl IE. {Ironside), king of England. Six battles 

are fought with the Danes under Canute in Eng-^ 
land : at last the kingdom is divided between both 
kings. 

1017. €^anut0 \{yz CStCat, in consequence of the murder of 

Edmund Ironside, becomes sole king of England. — 

FULBERT, bishop of Chartres, a theologian. 

1018. The Normans invade Italy, 

The Russians enter Poland, and are expelled from 
it. The Poles take Kiow. 

1019. Basil II. subdues Bulgaria. 

Jaroslaus or Yaroslav, son of Wladimir, grand 

duke of Russia. He framed a code of laws for the Russians, and 
established a public school at Novgorod. 

1020. Ferdinand I., count of Castile, takes the title of 

king. 

FERDUSI, the Persian Homer. 

1022. Robert orders 13 of the chief men among the Manichees of France to 
be burnt. 

H 3 



102 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l023 



A.C. 



1023. Foundation of the Camaldulensian Order by Romuald. 

1024. CONRAD II., emperor of Germany ; Eobert of 

France having refused the imperial dignity after 
the death of the Emperor Henry II., with whom 
the Saxon dynasty becomes extinct : it is suc- 
ceeded by that of Franconia, also called the 
Salic, in the person of Conrad, conrad was sumamed 

the Salic because he was born on the banks of the river Sala. — Ernest, duke 
of Suabia, who had rebelled against him, is slain: he was the first person 
put under the BAN (or outlawry) of theempire.— A VICENNA, an Arabian 
physician — GUIDO ARETINO, a monk, Inventor of the musical scale. 

Pope JOHNXVIIL or XIX. 

1025. Death of Basil II. : his brother Constantine IX. 

reigns alone. 
Mieczislaus II., son of Boleslaus, king of Poland. 
Mahmoud of Ghazna conquers the north-western 

portion of India. 

1027. Insurrection at Cordova against the Caliph Has- 

chem : he is dethroned, and the dynasty of the 
Ommyades in Spain ended. (According to some, 
1038.) 
Humbert White Hands, son of Berold, receives 
Maurienne from Conrad II. : origin of the house 
of Savoy. 

1028. Canute the Great conquers Norway. 

Romanus III. (Argyrus), emperor of the East. — 
Sancho the Great unites the kingdom of Castile 
to that of Navarre. [Or, in 1031.] 

1031. HENRY L, son of Robert, king of France, succeeds 

him. 

1032. Henry I., after having defeated his brother Robert 

the Old, gives him the duchy of Burgundy : 
Robert is head of the first royal house of Bur- 
gundy. 

1033. Pope BENEDICT IX. {Theophylact) becomes pope, by purchase, 

at\2 years of age : he is expelled twice by the Romans for his 
crimes, in 1038 and 1044. 

1034. Romanus III. is killed by his wife Zoe : Michael IV. 

(the Paphlagonian) succeeds him. 
The Emperor Conrad II. succeeds to the possession 
of Transjurane Burgundy. 



—1044. J COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 103 

AC. 

1035. Death of Sancho the Great, king of Spain; his 

dominions are divided among his 4 sons: Gar- 
cias is king of Navarre ; Ramirez I. founds the 
kingdom of Arragon ; Ferdinand the Great is 
king of Castile and Leon; and Gonzalvo of 
Sobrarva and Kibargorza. 

1036. J^aroltr 1. {Harefoot), king of England on the death 

of Canute the Great, who gives Norway to his 
eldest son Sweyn, and Denmark to Hardicanute. 

1037. Leon and Asturias are united to Castile. 

1038. THE EMPIRE OP THE SELJUKIAN 

TURKS IS POUNDED BY TOGRUL 
BEGr, grandson of Seljuk : this becomes the 
western division of the Turkish empire. 

1039. Canute M. (or Hardicanute), king of England, 
MACBETH murders Duncan, and usurps the throne 

of Scotland, 
HENRY III. (the Black), emperor of Germany. 

1040. Christ Church in Dublin, is founded by the Danes. Sitric, king of 

Dublin, gave the ground, ^c, to Donatus, the first Danish bishop. 

1041. (iBbtuartr Ml. (the Confessor), king of England, re- 

stores the Saxon line on the death of Hardicanute, 

the last of the Danish dynasty, 
Michael V. (Calaphales), emperor of the East. 
Casimir L, son of Mieczislaus 11., reascends the 

throne of Poland. 
The Normans conquer Apulia. 

1042. Constantine X. (Monomachus), emperor of the 

East. 

1043. William Iron- Arm, a Norman chieftain, son of 

Tancred Hauteville, is created by his country- 
men duke of Apulia. 

The Hungarians yield to Henry III. part of Pan- 
nonia. 

The Seljukian Turks under Togrul Beg subdue 
Persia, and embrace Mahometanism. 

CAMPANESof Novaro, an astronomer FRANCO and HERMAN CON- 
TRACTUS, mathematicians.— MICHAEL PSELLUS, a philosopher. 

1044. The Romans expel Benedict IX., and elect in his place John, bishop 

of Sabina, under the 7iame of SYLVESTER III. Benedict 

H 4 



104 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l046— 

A.C. 

recovers his place by force, but soon sells it to John Gratian, who 
takes the title of GEE GORY VI. 

1046. William establishes his possession of the duchy of 
Normandy by the battle of Val de Dunes. 

Henry III., in the council of Sutri, causes the 3 rival popes, Bene- 
dict, Sylvester, and Gregory, to be declared unworthy of the 
pontificate; and appoints to that office Suidger, bishop of Bam- 
berg, with the title of CLEMENT II. 

1048. Litervieio between William^ duke of Normandy, and 

Edward, king of England, — Gerard of Alsace, 
first hereditary duke of Upper Lorraine, and 
founder of the house of Lorraine. — DAM ASUS 

II. (Poppo) becomes pope after a short usurpation by BENE- 
DICT IX. 

1049. Dirk IV., count of Holland, defeats the Emperor 

Henry III. and the lords of Lorraine. 
Death of Zoe, empress of the East. 

Pope LEO IX. (Bruno'), the first who maintained a regular army, 
and the first who marked in his bulls the year of our Lord instead 
of the indictions, as formerly. 

1050. The Turks devastate the frontier of the Greek 

empire in Asia. 

BEEENGARIUS, who maintained the doctrine of John Scotus on 
the Eucharist, and denied the bodily presence, is condemned as a 
heretic at Rome under Leo IX., and again at Vercelli. This 
was the first formal decree respecting the doctrine of the bodily 
presence. {See 1079 and 1215.) 

1053. The Normans, commanded by Eobert Guiscard and 

Humphrey, gain a victory at Civitella over the 
Germans and Leo IX., who is taken prisoner. 

Leo IX. excommunicates the Greeks on account of the letter of 
Michael Cerularius, patriarch of Constantinople, who had ac- 
cused the Latins of errors. 

1054. Earl Godiuin, father of Harold IL, returning from 

exile, obliges Edward to banish all foreigners from 
England. — Theodora, Zoe's sister, empress of the 

East at the age of 72. — The legates of Leo IX. ana- 
thematise Cerularius in the church of St. Sophia : Cerularius, in 
a council, excommunicates the legates and all their supporters : 
from this time the Great Schism between the Eastern and 
Western Churches becomes irremediable. 

1055. Henry III. causes his son to be declared king of 

the Romans, a title thenceforth applied to the 
heir of the emperor. 



—1061.] COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 105 

A.C. 

Death of Jaroslaus, the Legislator, grand duke of 

Russia. 
Pope VICTOR II. iGelehard). 

1056. HENRY IV., emperor of Germany, is placed under 

the tuition of Hanno, archbishop of Cologne, and 
Adelbert, archbishop of Bremen. 
Death of Togrul Beg : his nephew Alp Arslan 
succeeds him as sultan of the Seljukian Turks, 
and crosses the Euphrates to attack Cassarea. 

1057. MALCOLM IIL ( Canmore), king of Scotland, after 

the defeat of the usurper Macbeth by Siward, 

duke of Northumberland. 
Isaac I. (Comnenus), emperor of the East. 
Pope STEPHEN IX. 

1058. Boleslaus II. (the Hardy), king of Poland. 

Pope Benedict X. is deposed, and succeeded by NICOLAUS II, 

1059. Constantino XL (Ducas), emperor of the East. 
Robert Guiscard the Norman, and his brother 

Roger, acknowledge themselves vassals of the 
papal see. Pope Nicolaus creates Robert duke 
of Apulia and Calabria, and of Sicily in antici- 
pation of its conquest by him (see 1090) : hence 
the pope's claims of superiority over the kingdom 
of Naples and Sicily. — Robert attacks the Sa- 
racens in Sicily. — Nicolaus, in a council held at Rome, trans- 
fers the election of popes from the clergy and people in general to 
the cardinals, i. e., the 1 cardinal bishops and 28 cardinal priests ; 
the rest of the clergy and people are left only the right of approving. 
The cathedral of Westminster Abbey is founded about this time by 
Edward the Confessor. 

1060. PHILIPPE /., king of France, under the regency 

of Baldwin, earl of Flanders. 
Origin of the republics of Genoa, Lucca, Pisa, 

Milan, and Pavia. 
Rodrigo Diaz, a Castilian hero, surnamed the Cid, 

is knighted at the age of 20 by Ferdinand I. 

1061. Aboubeker founds the empire of the Almoravides 

in the north of Africa; a few years after, his 
successor Yoursoulf builds the town of Morocco. 

Pope ALEXANDER II. (^Anselm Badage) is elected by the in- 
fluence of the Archdeacon Hildebrand, without consulting the 
Emperor Henry IV. : he carries the papal power to a height it 



106 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l065— 

A.C. 

had not reached before. Cadolaus is appointed in opposition to 
Alexander by the council of Basle, with the title of HONO- 
mUS II. — BERENGARIUS, archdeacon of Angers (see 1050), the 
originator of the scholastic theology ; his example is followed by his adver- 
sary LANFRANC, prior of Bee in Normandy, and afterwards archbishop 
of Canterbury, and by ANSELM, Lanfranc's successor. 

1065. Deatli of Ferdinand I. the Great : his three sons suc- 

ceed him ; Sancho II., king of Castile ; Alphonso 
VI., king of Leon ; and Garcias, king of Gallicia. 

1066. I^atoltf, son of Godwin, succeeds Ediaard the Con- 

fessor : he obtains a complete victory near York 
over his brother Tosti, and Harold Haifager, 
king of Norway, who are both killed in the battle. 
Three days after, William, duke of Normandy, 
invades England, 

BATTLE OF HASTINGS, Oct. 14, in which 
King Harold is slain. End of the Saxon monarchy 
in England, which had continued for more than 
600 years. 

OTilliam tje ©Onperor, king of England, the first 

of the Norman line, Beginning of tournaments. 

1068. Edgar Atheling seeks refuge in Scotland: his sister 
Margaret is married to Malcolm, king of Scot- 
land, 
Death of Constantine XI. (Ducas), emperor of the 
East. His three sons Michael, Andronicus, and 
Constantine, are deprived of the throne by their 
mother Eudocia, who marries Romanus lY. 
(Diogenes), and causes hmi to be crowned. 

1070. The feudal law is introduced into England by Wil- 

liam, after the suppression of the English insur- 
rections, 

1071. Welf or Guelf, head of the house of Brunswick, is 

made duke of Bavaria by Henry IV. 
Romanus Diogenes, the Greek emperor, is defeated 
and taken prisoner by the Sultan Alp Arslan, 
successor of Togrul ^Qg, who makes himself 
master of many provinces in Asia Minor. 
Michael VII., Andronicus I., and Constantine 
XII., joint emperors of the East. 

1072. Alphonso VI. becomes king of Castile. 



—1080.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 107 

A.C. 

Melek Shah, son of Alp Arslan, succeeds him. [Or 
in 1074]. 

1073. GREGORY VII. (HILDEBRAND) > elected 

pope hy the Bomans themselves, hut Henry IV. approves his 
election. He was the first .Roman pontiff that appropriated the 
title of POPE (Papa), to the exclusion of the other bishops or 
prelates. 

1074. Gregory VII. forbids the sale of ecclesiastical benefices, and the ex- 

ercise of the secular right of investiture, and enforces clerical celi- 
bacy. He endeavoured to make the pope supreme head of all king- 
doms by freeing the clergy from all civil jurisdiction, and making all 
temporal princes hold their power hy grant from the pope, and 
submit their differences to his decision. 
Patrick, the second Danish bishop of Dublin, is sent to be consecrated 
by Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury. 

1075. The Seljuk Turks take Syria and Palestine from 

the Fatimite (Egyptian) caliphs. The Sultan 
Melek Shah gives to Soliman the provinces in 
Asia Minor. 

Gregory VII. decrees excommunication against such as should give 
or receive lay investiture to bishoprics or abbacies. 

1076. Rebellion of Robert {son of William the Conqueror) 

in Normandy. 
Melek Shah conquers Turkestan and Tartary to the 
borders of China. 

The council ofWorms, assembled by Henry IV., deposes Gregory VII., 
who in return excommunicates the emperor, and absolves his sub- 
jects from their oath of allegiance to him, 

1077. Henry TV. stands for three days barefooted and 

bareheaded at the castle of Canossa, waiting for 
the pope's pardon (Jan. 25—27). — Matilda, 
countess of Tuscany, bequeaths all her estates to 
the Roman see. 
RUDOLPH, duke of Suabia, is crowned emperor 
of Germany at Mentz. 

1078. Nicephorus Boton usurps the throne of the East. 

1079. The Doomsday-book* is begun by William the Con- 

queror. 
Final trial of Berengarius before Gregory VII. He is obliged to 
subscribe a confession, that the body of Christ is not merely 
sacramentally, but really and substantially in the Eucharist. 

1080. Henry IV. is defeated at Fladenheim by Rudolph, 

who receives a crown from Gregory VII. having this inscription, 
" Petra dedit Petro, Petrus diadema Bodulpho."— The council of 



108 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [IO8I— 

A C. 

Meritz, and a little after that of Brixen, depose Gregory VII. 
and put in his place Guihert, archbishop of Ravenna, who sub' 
sequently took the name of CLEMENT III. 

1081. Death of Rudolph at the battle of Mersburg, in 

which his troops are defeated by Henry IV. 

Henry besieges Rome, but without success. 
Alexius I. (Comnenus), emperor of the East. The 

Normans invade the Eastern empire, and 

Alexius is defeated at Durazzo by Robert Guis- 

card, duke of Apulia. 
Wladislaus, king of Poland. 
Hermann of Luxemburg, king of the Romans. 

1082. Turlogh, grandson of Brian Boru, becomes supreme 

monarch of Ireland, 

1084. HENRY IV. TAKES ROME, having besieged 

it for the third time, and is crowned emperor 
there by Clement III., who occupies the city of 
Rome till the year 1099. Gregory VII., being 
besieged in his castle of St. Angelo, calls to his 
assistance Robert Guiscard, who rescues him and 
carries him to Salerno. 
Asia Minor is finally conquered by the Turks under 
SolimaD. 

Bruno institutes the order of the Chartreux (CARTHUSIANS). 

ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury, a scholastic theologian (born in Piedmont 
about 1033, died in 1109).— ROSCELLINUS, canon of Compiegne, a scho- 
lastic doctor, founder of the " Nominalists." — LAMBERT, SIGEBERT, 
and INGULPHUS, historians— WILLIAM of Apulia, BERENGER of 
Provence, and GUALFREDO of Sienna, poets. 

1085. Death of Gregory VII. at Salerno. — Death of 

Robert Guiscard. 
Alphonso VI., king of Castile, takes Toledo and 
Madrid from the Moors. 

1086. Philip I., king of France, divorces his wife Bertha. 

VICTOR III- (Desiderius or Didier) is elected pope in opposition 
to Clement III. St. Paul's Cathedral is destroyed by a great 
conflagration and rebuilt by Mauritius, bishop of London. 

1087. OTilltnm IK. {Rufus), receives the kingdom of Eng- 

land on the death of William /., who leaves 
Normandy and Maine to Robert, his eldest son, 
and to Henry, surnamed Beauclerc, the pos- 
sessions of his mother Matilda. 

1088. Pope URBAN II. {Odo, bishop of Ostia) succeeds Victor. He 



—1097.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 109 

A.C. 

excommunicated Philip of France for marrying Bertrade, the 
count of Anjou's wife. 

1089. Matilda of Tuscany marries Guelph, son of Guelph, 

duke of Bavaria. 

1090. Roger, brother of Eobert, completes tlie conquest 

of Sicily, and restores the Christian religion there. 

1092. Death of the Sultan Melek Shah: under his son 

Barkiarok the Seljukian empire is divided into 
the states of Iran, Kerman, and Roum ; the latter 
at first under the sultans of Nice, then of 
Iconium. — Soliman, sultan of Mce. 

1093. DONALD BANE, kin^ of Scotland. 

Conrad, son of Henry IV., at the instigation of 
Urban, rebels against his father, and assumes 
the title of king of Italy. 

1094. Henry of Burgundy expels the Moors from Por- 

tugal, and receives the title of count of Por- 
tugal. 
Death of Sancho II., king of Arragon and Navarre ; 
his son Peter I. succeeds him. 

Order of Fontevraud founded by Robert of Arbrissel. 

1095. jy^l^CAl^ 11., king of Scotland. 

THE FIRST CHUSADE is preached by Peter 

the Hermit at the council of Clermont in Auvergne, convoked 
by Urban II. : here also Urban prohibits bishops and priests 
from taking oaths of allegiance to temporal sovereigns. — Insti- 
tution of the order of the Knights of Jerusalem. 

1096. The first Crusaders, under Walter the Pennyless, 

are destroyed at Nice by Soliman. Departure 
of the second army of Crusaders ; they are 
headed by Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother 
Baldwin, Hugh of Vermandois, brother to the 
king of France, Robert of Normandy, Stephen 
of Blois, Robert, count of Flanders, Ray- 
mond IV., count of Toulouse, and Tancred, 
nephew of Robert Guiscard. 

Malchus, the first bishop of Waterford, then a Danish city, con- 
secrated by Anselm at Canterbury. 

1097. Neivcastle-on-Tyne huilt by Malcolm Canmore, — 

Contests of William Rifus and Anselm, arch- 



no COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [l098— 

AC. 

bishop of Canterbury, loJio is obliged to leave Eng- 
land, and is deprived of Ms temporalities. 

The Crusaders take Nice in Asia Minor (June 20), 
and defeat the Turks in Bithynia. 

The Almoravides invade the provinces of Spain 
which belonged to the Arabs. 

1098. EDGAR, king of Scotland. — Magnus Barefoot, king 

of Norway, reduces Orkney, Shetland, and the 
Hebrides, to complete subjection to his crown. 

Jerusalem and Tyre are taken from the Turks by 
Mostal, caliph of Egypt. 

The Crusaders take Antioch. 

Pope Urban makes Roger and his successors hereditary legates in 

Sicily. 
ROBERT, bishop of Molesme, founds the monastery ofCiteaux, and 

the order 0/ CISTERCIANS, in which the Benedictine rules are 

strictly observed. 

1099. JERUSALEM IS TAKEN BY THE 

CRUSADERS, and declared the capital of a 
new kingdom, the sovereignty of which is be- 
stowed on Godfrey of Bouillon (July 15). Vic- 
tory of Godfrey over the Egyptian forces at 
Ascalon. — Institution of the order of the Knights 
t)f St. John, afterwards called the Order of 
IMalta. 

Pope PASCAL 11. {Rainer') succeeds Urban, and by the death of 
Clement III., in the following year, is left without a competitor. 

1100. l^tnrD 5. {Beauclerc), king of England, on the 

death of his brother William Rufus, whom he 
succeeds, to the detriment of Robert, duke of 
Normandy. Henry restores Anselm to Canter- 
bury. 

Death of Godfrey of Bouillon (July 18) : his brother 
Baldwin, count of Edessa, succeeds him. 

Conrad, son of Henry IV., dies : Conrad's brother 
Henry also rebels against his father. — Beginning of 

the age of the TROUBADOURS or poets of Provence, and of the Trou- 

veres or poets of the north of the Loire ALHAZEN, a mathematician — 

RAYMOND, count of Toulouse, LAURENZIO of Verona, and GUN- 
THER, poets.— ANNA COMNENA and NESTOR, historians. 



-1116.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. Ill 



1101. 

A.C. 

o 



1104. Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, takes Ptolemais 
(Acre). 

1105. Henry IV., dethroned by his son Henry Y., dies 

the following year at Liege. His body remained un- 
buried, under sentence of excommunication, for a long time, and 
was at last clandestinely buried in the cathedral of Spire. Pope 
Pascal had absolved the son from his oath of allegiance to his 
father. 

1106. Battle of Tenchehray in Normandy : Robert is taken 

prisoner hy his brother Henry, who causes his eyes 
to be put out, and confines him in the castle of 
Cardiff, where he dies after 28 years'^ imprisonment, 
Henry adds Normandy to his dominions, 
HENRY v., emperor of Germany. 

1107. ALEXANDER VII., king of Scotland. 

1108. LOUIS VL (le Gros), king of France: he estab- 

lishes the Third Estate or Commons. 
Amadeus III., first count of Savoy, son of Odo, 
count of Maurienne^ and Adelaide, marchioness 

of Susa. 

1109. The Crusaders take Tripoli in Syria, and give it 

to Raymond, count of Toulouse. 
Death of Alphonso VI., king of Castile : his sons 
Urraque, and Alphonso VII. (the Fighter), suc- 
ceed him. 

1111. Henry V. at Rome : he takes Pascal II. prisoner; 

compels him to concede the right of giving in- 
vestiture to bishops and abbots, and afterwards is 
crowned by him. 

1112. Pascal acknowledges his fault in a council at the Later an, which 

rescinds his compact with the emperor. 

1113. Wladimir 11. (Monomachus), grand duke of Russia. 

1115. Death of Matilda, countess of Tuscany. 

Bernard is chosen abbot of Clairvaux ; from him the Cistercian 
monks took the name of Bernardins. 

1116. War between Henry I., king of England, and 

Louis le Gros, king of France. 



112 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1118— 

A.C. 

Henry Y. marches into Italy, and the next year 
occupies Kome, the pope Pascal having fled. — 

PETER ABELARD, a philosopher and theologian ; TOGRAI, HARIRI, 
and SHARFADDIN, Arabian poets. 

1118. Synod of Rathhreasil in Ireland, presided over hy Gillebert, 

first bishop of Limerick {then a Danish city), and first pope^s 
legate for Ireland. This synod first settled the limits of dioceses 
in Irelaiid, and fixed their number at 24, exclusive of Dublin, 
which was subject to the see of Canterbury. 
Pope GELASIUS II. {John of Gceta). Henry V, appoints a 
rival pope with the title of QBE GOBY VI I L 

John I. (Comnenus), emperor of the East. 
The military and religious order of Knights Tem- 
plars is instituted at Jerusalem. 

1119. Henry I. of England defeats Louis le Gros at 

Brenneville. — Pope CALIXTUS II. {Guido) succeeds 
Gelasius : he took and imprisoned Gregory VIII — Origin of the 
order of the PREMONSTRANTS, instituted by Norbert, who 
builds his first monastery in the Isle of France, at Premonstre. 
Tliey were, in the main, followers of the Augustinian rule, and 
were clothed in white, hence called " White Canons." 

1120. William, son of Henry of England, and all his 

retinue are droivned in returning from France. 
The empire of the Almoravides in Africa is de- 
stroyed by the Almohades. 

1122. Concordat of Worms between Calixtus II. and Henry V. End of 

the dispute about investitures : the use of the sceptre is substituted 
for that of the ring and the crosier when the emperor confers the 
regalia on a bishop or abbot. 

1123. THE FIRST LATERAN COUNCIL confirms the Concordat. 

1124. DAVID L, king of Scotland. — Pope HONORIUS II 

{Lambert). '-^ OTTO, bishop of Bamberg, preaches Christianity 
to the Pomeranians, who had been conquered by Boleslaics of 
Poland ; and VICELIN to the Slavonians. 

1125. LOTHABIUS II., duke of Saxony, succeeds 

Henry V. as emperor of Germany. Conrad, 
duke of Franconia, contends with him for the 
empire. 

1130. E-oger II., a Norman prince, takes the title of king 
of the Two Sicilies. 

Death of Pope Honorius II. : quarrels between his successor 
INNOCENT II. {Gregory ofPapi), and the antipope ANA- 
CLETUSIL {Peter of Leon). - PETER DE BRUYS is burnt 
at St. Giles in France. Among other things, he taught that the 
body arid blood of Christ are not distributed in the sacrament, but 



—1141.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 113 

A.C. 

only the signs of them ; and that the oblations, prayers, and good 
works of the living, do not profit the dead. 

1135. Sbtcpfici^) count of Blois, usurps the throne of Eng- 
land on the death of Henry L, in opposition to the 
claim of Matilda, Henry's daughter, 

1137. LOUIS VII. (le Jeune), king of France : married 

to Eleanor of Guienne. 
Death of the Emperor Lotharius XL, the last of the 
house of Saxony. 

The Pandects of the Roman law are discovered at Amalfi on its capture by 
Lotharius. Irnerius, a celebrated civilian, first taught the Roman lawr in 
Bologna, and recommended its use in the empire. (See 1160.) 

1138. The Scots under David I. are defeated by the JEn^ 

glish in the battle of the Standard. 

CONRAD III., duke of Franconia, son of Fre- 
derick, duke of Suabia, the first of the house 
of Hohenstaufen, ascends the imperial throne. 

Henry the Haughty, duke of Saxony, is put under 
the ban of the empire. The duchy of Saxony 
is given to Albert the Bear, and Bavaria to 
Leopold of Austria. 

Anacletus, the antipope, dies. 

1139. Roger 11. defeats Pope Innocent II. 
Alphonso, duke of Portugal, defeats 5 Mahometan 

kings at Ourique, and receives from his soldiers 
the title of king. 
Death of Boleslaus III. : partition of Poland, 

THE SECOND LATERAN COUNCIL, condemning the doctrines 

of Peter de JBruys, and of Arnold of Brescia, a pupil of Abelard. 

MALACHY, bishop of Down, goes to Borne to obtain palls for the 

Irish archbishops, and is appointed pope's legate in the room of 

Gillebert. He dies in France in 1148, ayid is the first Irishman 

canonised by a pope. 
The name of Ghibelline first applied to the imperial faction in Italy, and that of 

Guelph to the opposing faction, which became that of the popes. 

1140. Battle of Weinsberg in Suabia gained by Conrad 

III. over Guelph, duke of Bavaria. 

The canon law is first introduced into England. 

Death of HUGO of St. Victor, called Augustine the Second. — 
Controversy respecting the IMMACULATE CONCEPTION 
of the Virgin Mary, which doctrine was opposed by Bernard of 
Clairvaux as a novelty. — Building of the church of St. Denis^ 
near Paris. 

.41. Stephen is taken pjrisoner in the battle of Lincoln 
by Matilda, who is croicned at Winchester. — 
I 



114 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOaY. [ll42— 

A.C. 

Matilda builds at Stratford-le.Bow the first stone bridge that had been seen 
in England. 

1142. Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony. — Brandenburg 

is given to Albert the Bear. 

Cistercian monks introduced into Ireland; they settle at Mellifont, 
near Drogheda. — Death of Abelard. 

1143. Stephen recovers the kingdom. 

Manuel Comnenus, emperor of the East. 

Pope CELESTINE 11. {Guy, cardinal of St. Mark) : rided 5 
months. Death of WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY, historian.— OTTO 
of Frisengen, historian. 

1144. Pope LUCIUS II. (Gerard) is killed by accident in a popidar 

commotion. 

1145. Atabeck-Zenghi, emir of Aleppo, takes Edessa 

from the Crusaders. 

Pope Eugenius III. {Bernard^ a disciple of the great Bernard of 
Clairvaux ; he is frequently driven out of Rome by those opposed 
to the temporal government of the priests. 

1147. THE SECOND CRUSADE, excited by Ber- 
nard, abbot of Clairvaux (who promised great 
victories), and headed by Conrad III. and 
liouis VII. The Crusaders, after an unsuccessful 
expedition, return with the remnant of their 
army in 1149. 

1 150. IRNERIUS revives the study of the civil (Roman) law at Bologna. AILRED 

and CONSTANTINUS MANASSES, historians. 

1151. John Paparo, the first foreigner who is sent as papal legate to Ireland, 

brings ivith him 4 palls for the 4 archbishops, the first time palls 
were sent to Ireland. 
The canon law is collected into an epitome (Decretinn) by Gratian, 
a Benedictine monk at ^oZo^rHa.— PETER LOJMBARD, bishop 
of Paris, called the Master of the " Sentences," having collected 
a system of theology from the Fathers, which zcas published in 
1162. He is the first icriter icho mentions the seven sacraments. 

1152. Louis YII. divorces Eleonora of Guienne, who mar- 

ries Henry Plantagenet, duke of Normandy and 
count of Maine and Anjou ; she bj^ngs him for 
dowry Aquitaine and Poitou. Henry invades 
England. 
FREDERIC I. (Barbarossa), emperor of Germany. 

The caliphs of Bagdad recover their independence. 

Synod of Kelts, in which Paparo presides, and the palls are 
given. Tliis synod is said by some to have been held at Drogheda. 
It ei forced the celibacy of the priesthood, and the payment of 
tithes, which are noic for the first time mentioned in Irish history. 

Publication of Tribonian's Institutes of Justinian, or code of the Roman law. 

1153. MALCOLM IV., kiiig of Scotland. 



—1159.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 115 

A.C. 

Treaty of Winchester. Compromise between Stephen 

and Prince Henry. 
Dermod Mac Morogh, king of Leinster, carries off 

the icife of O'Ruark, prince of Breffni, ichich 

leads to the invasion of Ireland T)y the English. 
Prester John, a Nestorian priest, who had become 

king of Tartary, flourishes about this time. 
Death of the Abbot BERNARD, called by some the last of the 

Fathers: he had founded 160 monasteries. 

1154. f^tnry M.. {Plantagenet\ son of Matilda, succeeds 
Stephen as king of England : icith him begins the 
line of the Plantagenets. 

Frederic Barbarossa takes Asti, Tortona, and Milan. 

Foundation of Moscow. 

ARNOLD of Brescia, ivho spoke vehemently against the encroach- 
ments of the clergy, is given up to the pope by the emperor, and is 
hanged, his corpse burnt, and his ashes thrown into the Tiber. 

Pope ADRIAN IV. {Nicholas Breakspear), the only Englishman 
ever made pope. He sends a bull to King Henry the next year., 
giving him the sovereignty of Ireland, and the right to conquer it 
on promise of paying " Peter's Pence," or one penny for each 
house in it to the pope. 

The fleur de lis is used lor thie first time in the royal insignia of France. 

1156. The marquisate of Austria, detached from Bavaria, 

is erected into a duchy by Frederic Barbarossa. 
Henry the Lion obtains the duchy of Bavaria. 
The Palatinate of the Phine is given to the 
house of Hohenstaufen. 

1157. Yaldemar the Great, king of Denmark. 

Andrea the Politic, grand duke of Russia, fixes his 
residence at Wladimir. 

Eric X., king of Sweden, the conqueror of Fin- 
land : he obliges the Finris to embrace Christianity. 

The bank of Venice is instituted. 

1158. Interview between Henry 11. and Malcolm IV. at 

Carlisle. 
The military order of Calatrava is instituted in 

Castile. 
The patrimony of Matilda, duchess of Tuscany, 

passes to Guelph VI. 
Frederic I. conquers Poland. 

59. Pope ALEXANDER III {Roland of Bandinelli). Cardinal 
Octavian is elected anfipope, and supported by the emperor and 
the council of Pavia as Victor IV. 
I 2 



116 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1160— 

A.C. 

1160. PETER VALDUS or WALDO, a rich merchant of Lyons {from 

whom the sect of the Waldenses is supposed by some to have 

derived its name), causes the Gospel to be translated into French, 

JOHN OF HEXHAM, historian. — Bills of exchange invented by the Jews, as a 

means of removing their property from countries where they were persecuted. 

1162. Pope Alexander III. retires into France. — Milan 

is taken, for the second time, and razed by Fre- 
deric Barbarossa. 

1163. Almeric I., brother of Baldwin, king of Jerusalem. 

1164. THE CONSTITUTIONS OF CLAREN- 

IDON, limiting the rights of bishops and priests, 
and defining the regal power over them, are passed 
at the council of Clarendon, by which Thomas a 
Bechet is condemned. 

Sardinia is erected into a kingdom by Frederic 
Barbarossa. 

Institution of the order of Teutonic Knights in 
Germany. 

PASCAL IIL {Cardinal Guido) is elected pope by order of the em- 
peror on the death of Octavian {Victor JV.). 

1165. WILLIAM THE LION, king of Scotland.— 

John of Salisbury, a learned man, pupil of Abelard. 

1166. William II. (the Good), king of Naples and Sicily. 

1167. Frederic Barbarossa takes Rome: flight of Alex- 

ander III., who had excommunicated and de- 
posed Frederic. The Lombard league is formed 
against Frederic Barbarossa. 

1168. Dermod, king of Leinster, is expelled, and takes 

refuge with Henry of England. 
The city of Milan is rebuilt, and Alexandria in 
Piedmont founded in honour of Alexander IIL — 

CALIX.TUS III. (John of Struma) is elected pope at Home 
on the death of Pascal the antipope. 

1169. Robert Fitz Stephen lands ivith an English force in 

rVeXjOl^d. —lo,000 persons in Catania destroyed by an eruption of Mount 
Etna. 

1171. T. a Becket is murdered at Canterbury, and in 1173 
is canonised and enrolled among the martyrs. — 
Henry lands in Ireland. 
Shiracush, lieutenant of Norradin or Noureddin, 
sultan of Aleppo, defeats Amaury or Almeric, 
king of Jerusalem, in Egypt. Death of Adhed 



—1179. J COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 117 

A.C. 

the caliph of Egypt, and end of the dynasty of the 
Fatmiites : Mosthadi of Bagdad is acknowledged 
the only lawful caliph, and the true Imaun of 
the Church 

1172. ANNEXATION OP IRELAND TO ENG- 

LAND : Henry II. receives the submission of the 
Irish princes. 
SYNOD OF CASHEL, in which the Irish Church adopts the 
Romish ritual in conformity with the English. 

Alphonso I., king of Portugal, takes the town of 
Murcia from the Moors. 

1173. Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem. — Death of Nor- 

radin, sultan of Aleppo. 

1174. Saladin is made by the caliph and people sultan of 

Egypt and Damascus. 

1175. Roderic, king of Connaught, makes submission to 

Henry II. by his delegates at the council of 
Windsor, 

1176. Battle of Lignano near Como, in which Frederic 

Barbarossa is defeated by the Lombard league. 
His fleet is also defeated by the Venetians, on 
occasion of which the ceremony called " Wedding 
the Adriatic " is first performed by Pope Alex- 
ander. 

Migration of Waldenses into Bohemia, 

1177. Justices of assize in England are first appointed 

about this time. 
Treaty of Venice, between the pope, the emperor, 

the Lombard league, and the Normans. — Venice 

has now the sovereignty of the sea : Ziano, doge. 
Saladin's forces are defeated by the Latins near 

Ascalon. 

1178. Freyburg in Switzerland is built by Berthold IV., 

duke of Zaehringen. 

1179. The THIED LATEEAN COUNCIL, at which it is determined 

that the pope should be elected by the votes of the cardinals alone 
(the votes of two-thirds of them to be sufficient to elect hini), thus 
excluding the Roman people and clergy from the negative voice 
left them in 1059 ; the FIRST CRUSADE AGAINST HERE- 
TICS is sanctioned : schools are also commanded to be established 
or revived in monasteries and cathedrals. Pope Alexander III. 
I ^ 



118 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [II8O— 

A.C. 

confirms the title of king to Alphonso /., duke of Portugal. He 

also makes canonization one of the '■^greater causes" reserved 

for the pope's decision. — Foundation of the university of Padua. 



1180. Philip Augustus, king of France. 

Alexius II. (Comnenus), emperor of the East. 

Fall of the powerful house of the Guelphs by the 
proscription of Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony 
and Bavaria : the Emperor Frederic gives the 
duchy of Bavaria to Otho of Wittelsbach, and 
that of Saxony to Bernard of Aschersleben. 

Parma and Placentia adopt a republican form of 
government. 

1181. JOHN CUMIN, the first English archbishop of Dublin : he founds 

St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1190. 
Pope LUCIUS III. {Hubald Allucingolo), the first pope elected by 
the cardinals only. 

1183. Andronicus Comnenus, emperor of the East: he 
puts to death the young Alexius II. 
Canute YI., king of Denmark, reduces Pomerania, 
Mecklenburg, and Schwerin. 

1185. Andronicus, the last of the Comneni, is assassinated. 

Isaac II., emperor of the East. 

Philip Augustus banishes the Jews from his king- 
dom, causes the streets of Paris to be paved, and 
surrounds that town with walls. 

Death of Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem. 

Pope URBAN in. {Hubert Crivelli.) 

EUSTATHIUS, bishop of Thessalonica, celebrated for his commentary on 
Homer.—WILLIAM OF TYRE, historian. 

1186. Bulgaria shakes off the yoke of the Grecian em- 

perors. 
Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem. 

1187. SALADIN TAKES JEIIUSA.LEM, after 

having defeated Lusignan at Tiberias, and taken 
him prisoner. Urban III. dies of grief when he 
hears this news. — Pope GEE GOBY VIII., Oct. 25.— 
Pope CLEMENT III {Paul Scolaro), Dec. 19. 

1189. Death of Henry 11. , king of England. — He had 5 sons and 

2 daughters. Henry, who married Marguerite of France, and died in 1182 ; 
Richard, surnamed Coeur do Lion (Lion's Heart) ; Geoffrey, who married 
Constance of Bretagne, died in 1186, and left a son named Arthur; John, 
surnamed Lackland ; Maud, who married Alphonso of Castile ; and Joan, 
married William, king of Sicily. 

l^icSartr ©ceur Ue UtOn, king of England. 



—1197.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 119 

THIRD CRUSADE, undertaken by the em- 
peror. 

William II. (the Good), king of Sicily^ dies without 
issue : his aunt Constance tries to succeed him, 
but Tancred, natural son of Roger, duke of 
Apulia, usurps the throne. 

1190. HETTRY VI., emperor of Germany, on the death of 

Frederic I. (Barbarossa) in Asia. 
Richard of England and Philip of France set out 

for the Crusades. this is called by some the Fourth Crusade. 

1191. Siege and capture of Ptolemais or Acre by the 

Crusaders. Return of Philip Augustus to 
France. 
The order of the Teutonic Knights of St. Mary 
of Jerusalem is instituted in Palestine for the 
relief of the sick and wounded Germans in that 
country : Henry Walpott, first grand master of 

the order. — Pope CELESTINE III. ^Hyacinth Bobo.) 

1192. RICHARD I. DEFEATS SALADIN AT 

ASCALON. On his return from Palestine 
Richard is arrested by Leopold of Austria, and 
detained in prison 14 months. — Pope Celestine lays 
Henry VI. and Leopold under an interdict in consequence. 

1193. Death of Saladin: his dominions are divided among 

his 17 sons. He was the founder of the dynasty 
of the Ajoubites or Jobites, so called from his 
father Ajoub or Job. 

1 1 94. The Emperor Henry VI. takes the kingdom of the 

Two Sicilies from William III., son of Tancred. 
Fourth Crusade, undertaken by the emperor at the 
desire of Celestine III. 

1195. Alexis III. (Angelus), the Tyrant, emperor of the 

East : he usurped the throne, after having caused 
the eyes of his brother Isaac to be put out. 

1196. Joannice, duke of Bulgaria, succeeds Peter. 

1197. Henry VI. dies at Messina: his brother Philip, 

duke of Suabia (guardian of the minor Frederic, 
son of Henry), and Otho IV., duke of Saxony, 
contend for the empire. 
1 4 



120 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [1198— 



A.C. 



1198. PHILIP is crowned king of the Romans, and is 
virtually emperor. 

Pope INNOCENT III. {Lothario Conti). This pope increased 
the pontifical power, and established the Mendicant Orders. ( See 
1209.) He conferred the title of king on Primislaus Ottocare I., 
duke of Bohemia, and on Johannicus, duke of the Bulgarians and 
Walachians, in 1204, and crowned as king Peter II. of Arragon^ 
who had made his dominions tributary to the pope. 

The order of Knights Sword-bearers is instituted by Bishop Albert 
of Bremen, hy authority of the pope, to compel the Livonians to 
submit to baptism. 

1199. 3i^{)n {Lackland), king of England, on the death of 

his brother Richard \Coeur de Lion), icho had 
married Berengaria of Navarre, and had no chil- 
dren. John succeeds him, to the prejudice of his 
nepheiv Arthur. — Robin Hood and Little John, 
celebrated outlaws. 

1200. Innocent IIL lays England under an interdict. — 

ROGER OF HO VEDEN,GYRALDUSCAMBRENSIS, PETER OF BLOIS, 
SAXO GRAMMATICUS, WILLIAM PARVUS, GUALTER VINE- 
SAUF, GERVASE, and RALPH DE DICETO, historians. 
The invention of the mariner's compass, is by some placed at this date, and 
ascribed either to the English or French; by others to Flavio Gioia, of Amalfi. 
in Naples, a famous mathematician, who lived in 1300. It is also said that 
Marco Polo, a Venetian, on his return from China brought back the in- 
vention with him in 1260 or 1295. 



1201. 

1201. Albert of Bremen builds the town of Riga. 
Melek-Adel (Saladin's brother) takes Egypt and 

Damascus from his nephews. 

1202. King John puts to death his nepheio Arthur. — 

The pope for the first time appoints to the archbishopric of Armagh. 

The Fifth Crusade (called by others the fourth) sets 
out from Venice. It was preached by Foulques, 
and commanded by Boniface, marquis of Mont- 
ferrat, and Baldwin, count of Flanders. The 
Venetians furnish a fleet commanded by their 
doge Dandolo. 

Valdemar II. (the Victorious), king of Denmark. 

Jemmgin or Yesoncay conquers Unkhan, the fourth 
in succession from Prester John, and assumes 
the name of Genghis Khan, or the Great Em- 
peror. 

1203. THE CRUSADERS TAKE CONSTANTI- 



—1209.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY, 121 

A.C. 

NOPLE, and re-establish on the throne Isaac 
Angelus, and his son Alexius lY. (the Young) ; 
they are both, soon after, put to death by- 
Alexius Ducas or Murzuphlus, who usurps the 
throne. 

1204. Constantinople is taken a second time by the Cru- 
saders; Murzuphlus is slain, and Baldwin, count 
of Flanders, proclaimed emperor. The Cru- 
saders divide among themselves the provinces of 
the Greek empire. — Baldwin is defeated by the 
Bulgarians. 
Andrew II., king of Bohemia. 
THE INQUISITION IS ESTABLISHED 

BY POPE INNOCENT III., who sends 2 in- 
quisitors into Languedoc : in 1206, DOMINIC, /ownc/er of the 
Dominicans, is joined with them. 

1206. Henry, Baldwin's brother, emperor of Constan- 
tinople. 
Origin of the Greek empire of Nice under Theo- 
dore I. (Lascaris), son-in-law to the emperor 
Alexius III. ; and that of Trebizond, under 
Alexius and David Comnenus, grandsons of 
Andronicus I. 

1208. London incorporated ; it obtains a charter for electing 

its mayor and magistrates. 
OTHO IV. crowned by the pope emperor of 
Germany on the death of Philip. He restores 
the dominions of Matilda to the pope, but after- 
wards revokes the grant. 

1209. INNOCENT III. SENDS A CRUSADE 

AGAINST THE ALBIGENSES of Lan- 
guedoc: Simon, count of Montfort, commands 
the Crusaders; and Eaymond, count of Tou- 
louse, at first joins him, and afterwards, in 1211, 
turns against him. The name Albigenses was given to all 
the sects then residing in Languedoc, called in that age Albi- 
gesium.— The order of the FRANCISCAN FRIARS is founded 
in Italy by Francis of Assisi (in Umbrid), who added the vow of 
poverty to the monastic vows of chastity and obedience, and insti- 
tuted the rule of Mendicant Friars. — Albert, patriarch of Jeru- 
salem, prescribes a rule for the CARMELITES, the originator of 
whom was Berthold, 



122 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. £l212— 

AC. 

The council of Sens forbids the teaching of ARISTOTLE'S philosophy. 
WALTER DE MAPE S, poet. GUNTHE R, poet and historian. 

1212. Innocent III. ^having the year before excommunicated 
John, king of England, absolves his subjects from 
the oath of allegiance, and transfers his sovereignty 
to Philip of France. — John becomes tributary to 
the pope. 

FREDEmC II., son of Henry VL, is proclaimed 
emperor of Germany at the diet of Coblentz, in- 
stead of Otho IV., wlio contends for the 
empire. Establishment of the electoral college 
by Frederic II. 

The Moors are defeated at the battle of Ubeda, or 
Tolosa, by the kings Alphonso IX. of Castile, 
Peter II. of Arragon, and Sancho of Navarre. 

Crusade of children from France to recover the 
Holy Land. 

1214. ALEXANDER IL, king of Scotland. 

Battle of Bouvines in Flanders, won by Philip 
Augustus over Otho IV. and the count of Flan- 
ders; 50,000 French fought against 150,000 
allies. Otho abandons his claims to the empire. 

1215. THE MAGNA CHART A, which limits the 

royal authority, and is the bulwark of English free- 
dom, is extorted from King John by the barons at 
Runnymede. The pope annuls the Magna Charta, 
and absolves John from his oath to observe it. 

Genghis-Khan conquers the northern provinces of 
China. 

The FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL, at which Innocent III., 
without asking the opinion of any one, publishes 70 decrees. 
With respect to the manner of Christ's presence in the Eucharist, 
he pronounced that opinion to be the only true one which is now 
universal in the church of Rome, and applied to it the name of 
TRANSUBSTANTIAf ION. He also made AURICULAR 
CONFESSION binding on all, which had hitherto been only 
voluntary. 

Aristotle's Logic is again admitted into tiie university of Paris. (See 1209.; 

1216. Death of John Lackland. He had 2 sons and 3 daughters by 

his second wife Isabella, daughter of the earl of Angouleme : Henry, who 
succeeded him, and Richard; Jane, married to Alexander, king of Scotland; 
Eleanor, married first to the earl of Pembroke, and afterwards to the earl of 
Leicester ; Isabella, married to Frederic II. , emperor of Germany. 

f^tnrg Jfi* is placed on the throne by the barons, 
to the exclusion of Louis, the son of Philip 



—1227.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 123 

A.C. 

Augustus, to whom the pope had granted the in- 
vestiture of the kingdom of England. 
Peter of Courtenay, emperor of the East. 

Pope HONORIUS III. ( Centius Savelli) : he sanctioned the order 
o/* DOMINICANS, or Preaching Friars, or Jacobins, founded 
hy Dominic de Guzman, born in Arragon, 1170, and died at 
Bologna in Italy, 1221. 

1217. Sixth Crusade (fifth according to others), conducted 

by Andrew, king of Hungary, 
Ferdinand III. (the Saint), king of Castile. 

1218. Frederic II. renews the war in Italy. 

Death of Berthold Y., last duke of Zaehringen: 
Helvetia becomes an unmediate province of the 
Germanic empire. 

Honorius III. publishes a crusade against the pagans of Prussia. 

1219. Damietta is taken by the Crusaders. 

1221. GENGHIS-KHAN CONQUERS PEHSIA, 

and soon after Afghanistan and part of India. 
(See 1202.) 
Robert de Courtenay, emperor of the East. 

1222. John Ducas or Vataces, emperor of Nice. 

The Golden Bull, or Constitution of Hungary, is 
settled in a diet summoned by Andrew II. 

1223. LOUIS VIIL (the Lion), king of France. 

Eric XII. (the Stammerer), the last of the house of 
Swerker, ascends the throne of Sweden. 

Toushi, son of Genghis-Khan, defeats the princes of 
Kiow. — The Tartars found the kingdom of 
Kiptshak, between the Don and Volga. 

1226. New crusade against the Albigenses. 

LOUIS IX., or St. Louis, then 11 years old, 
succeeds his father Louis VIIL under the 
regency of his mother, Blanche of Castile. 

New Lombardian league against Frederic II. 

1227. Pope GREGORY IX. (Ugolino): he excommunicates the Emperor 

Frederic II., with whom, henceforth, he has continual war. 

Defeat of Valdemar IL, king of Denmark, at Born- 
h^ved, in Holstein ; he loses aU his conquests in 
Germany. 

Death of Genghis-Khan : his 4 sons divide among 
themselves his vast empire. They achieve the 



124 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1228— 

A.C. 

conquest of China, overturn the caliphate of 
Bagdad, and render the sultans of Iconium their 
tributaries. Octal, grand khan. 
1228. Seventh (or Sixth) Crusade, led by the Emperor 
Frederic II. : he regains Jerusalem. 
Baldwin II., emperor of Constantinople ; he takes 

John of Brienne for his associate in the empire. 
Death o/STEPHEN LANGTON, archbishop of Canterbury, who 
is said to have divided the Bible into chapters. 

1230. Beunion of the kingdoms of Castile and Leon by 
Ferdinand III. 
The Knights of the Teutonic Order of St. Mary 
establish themselves in Prussia. 

1234. Kayi of Khorassan settles atErzingan; hence the 

origin of the Osmanli Turks. 
Thibaut, count of Champagne, inherits the kingdom 
of Navarre. 

THE INQUISITION in France is placed by Gregory IX. in the 
hands of the Dominican monks, who erect their first permanent 
court in Toulouse. 

1235. Creation of the duchy of Brunswlck-Luneburg, in 

favour of the house of Guelph. End of the 
quarrels between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. 
(See 1139). 

1236. Ferdinand III. of Castile takes Cordova from the 

Mahometans, and by degrees deprives them of 
all but the kingdom of Granada. 

1237. James I. of Arragon conquers Valencia. 

The Mogul Tartars, under Baton, grandson of 
Genghis-Khan, invade Russia, and settle them- 
selves there for more than 2 centuries. (See 
1479.) 

Union of the order of Sword-bearers with the 
Teutonic Knights. 
1239. Eighth Crusade, under Thibald V., who is followed 
next year by Richard, duke of Cornwall. 

Gregory IX. again excommunicates Frederic II. — 
St. Louis refuses the imperial crown. 

The study of Aristotle's philosophy is promoted by Frederic II. 

Foundation of the university of Salamanca. 

WILLIAM OF BRITTANY, NICHOLAS DE BRAY, THIBAUT OF 
CHAMPAGNE, poets.— MATTHEW PARIS, historian.—ALEXANDER 
HALES, the " Irrefragable Doctor," expounder of Aristotle. 



—1254.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 125 

A.C. 

1240. St. Alexander Newsky, grand duke of Russia, 

1241. THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE (a commercial 

union) is formed by Lubeck, Hamburg, Bremen, 
and other towns of Germany. 
Pope CELESTINE IV. (^Godfrey Castigliare) : he dies the same 
year. 

1243. Pope INNOCENT IV. (Fiesho). 

1244. The Korasmins, expelled by the Mogul Tartars, 

take Jerusalem. 

1245. The FIRST COUNCIL OF LYONS, at which Innocent IV. 

deposes Frederic II., and grants the use of red hats to cardinals, 
declaring than to be princes of the church — The Crusade is 
ordered to be preached. — The pope sends legates to treat with the 
Tartars. 

Andrew of Hungary, king of Naples, is assassi- 
nated. 

1248. The Ninth (commonly called the Seventh) Crusade, 

under St. Louis of France. 

1249. ALEXANDER IIL, kin^ of Scotland. 
St. Louis takes Damietta from the Turks. 
Raymond VII. dies, the last of the counts of Tou- 
louse. 

1250. BATTLE^ OP MANSOURA IN EGYPT. 

St. Louis and 2 of his brothers are taken 
prisoners : his brother Robert dies there. The 
king is ransomed for 800,000 gold bezants, and 
returns in 1254. 

CONEAD IV. succeeds Frederic II. as emperor 
and king of Sicily, but the pope gives the empire 
to William, count of Holland. 

Yaldemar I., king of Sweden. 

1252. Alphonso X. (the Wise), king of Castile. 

Astronomical tables, called ALPHONSINES, composed by Alphonso X., king 
of Castile— College of the Sorbonne at Paris founded by ROBERT DE 
SORBONNE, confessor of St. Louis.— ROGER BACON discovers the use 
of convex lenses. 

1254. Interregnum in the empire of Germany from the 
death of Conrad IV. in 1254, to the election of 
Rodolph in 1273. During this period Denmark, 
Holland, and Hungary, become independent of 
the empire. 
Portugal attains its present limits by the conquest 
of Algarva. 



126 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1255— 

A.C. 

Ottocare 11., king of Bohemia. 
Pope ALEXANDER IV. {Raynald). 

1255. Theodore II. (Lascaris), emperor of Nice. 

Domination of the Mamelukes in Egypt and Syria. 
The Teutonic Knights of St. Mary build the city of 
Konigsberg on the Kegel. 

1258. The Provisions of Oxford extorted from Henry III, at 

the parliament at Oxford. The 24 barons, under 
Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, seize, and 
administer the government of England {June 11, 

Mainfroi, tutor of the young Conradin (Conrad V, 
usurps the crown of the Two Sicilies. 

Holagu, a Mongol chief, grandson of Genghis- 
Khan, usurps the throne of Bagdad, and puts 
the caliph Mostasem to death. 

END OF THE CALIPHATE OP BAG- 
DAD. 

1259. John Lascaris, emperor of Nice. 

1260. Michael VIII. (Palasologus), emperor of Nice. 

Hospital of the Quinze Vingts at Paris, for the blind — Roger Bacon invents the 
magic lantern. 

1261. Michael Palasologus recovers Constantinople. 
END OP THE LATIN EMPIRE OP 

CONSTANTINOPLE. 

Pope URBAN IV. {James Pantaleon). 

1263. The Norwegians invade Scotland, and are defeated 

by Alexander III. in the battle of Largs. — Civil 
wars in England excited by Simon de Montfort, 
earl of Leicester. 
Peter of Savoy makes himself master of the Canton 
de Vaud, which had been given him by the 
Emperor Richard, duke of Cornwall ; he builds 
the castle of Chillon on the shores of the Lake 
Leman. 

Origin of ike societies of Flagellants. 

THOMAS AQUINAS, a Dominican, called the " Angelic Doctor," b. 1224, 
d. 1274 ALBERTUS MAGNUS, a learned Dominican friar nnd philo- 
sopher, b. 1205, d. 1280. — BONA VENTURA, a scholastic theologian, 
b. 1221, d 1274.— ROGER BACON, the "Admirable Doctor," a natural 
philosopher, b. 1206, d. 1284.— ROBERT OF GLOSTER, the first 
English writer in rhyme. — ABULPHARAGIUS and ELMAKIN, his- 
torians. 

1264. Battle of Lewes {May 14.); Leicester at the head of 

the rebels defeats Henry III. 



—1273] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 127 

Urban IV, appoints the festival o/" CORPUS CHRISTI " to be 

observed by the whole church. 

1265. THE FIRST HOUSE OF COMMONS as- 

sembled 171 England. Having iisitrped the royal 
authority, Leicester calls a parliament, and to give 
his government a more popular form, summons 
deputies from every borough, as well as 2 knights 
from every shire. 

Battle of Evesham (Aug. 4.), gained by Edward, 
Henry IIVs son, over Leicester, who is killed in 
the action. 

Pope CLEMENT IV. (Guido Fulcodi) : he confers the kingdom of 
Naples on Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX. of France. 

1266. Battle of Benevento, in which Mainfroi is defeated 

and killed by Charles of Anjou, 

1268. Conradin, and Frederic, duke of Austria, after 

having been defeated by Charles of Anjou, are 
beheaded at Naples : extinction of the house of 
Hohenstaufen. 
Ottocare II. invades Austria, Carinthia, Styria, and 
Carniola. 

1269. St. Louis publishes the PRAGMATIC SANCTION, wherein the 

rights of the Gallican church in the choice of bishops are asserted, 
against the usurpation of the pope. \^0r, in 1268.] 

1270. THE LAST CHUSADE (the tenth, com- 

monly called the eighth) is undertaken by St. 
Louis, who is carried off by the plague before 
Tunis. 
PHILIP IIL (the Bold), the eldest son of Louis, 
succeeds him. 

1271. Prince Edward of England takes Nazareth, and is 

stabbed by an assassin. Next year he concludes a 
truce with the sultan of Egypt y and returns home. 

The county of Toulouse added to the French crown. 

Tope GREGORY X. (Thibald). 

1272. dBtlfoartr ]!., king of England, on the death of Henry 

III, in the 51th year of his reign. 
Death of the Emperor Richard, duke of Cornwall. 

1273. RODOIiPH I. of Hapsburg, emperor of Germany, 

and first of the Austrian family. 

Mahomet II., king of Granada, builds the palace of Alhambra. 



128 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1274— 

A.C. 

1274. SECOND COUNCIL OF LYONS, in which Gregory X. reduces 
the numerous orders of Mendicants to 4 — namely, the Domi- 
nicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Augustinians : he first re- 
quires the cardinals to elect the pope in conclave. 

Philip the Bold gives the Comtat Venaissin to the 

popes. 
Death of Henry, king of Navarre. 

1276. Peter III. (the Great), king of Arragon. 

Pope INNOCENT V. {Peter de Tarentaise).—Pope ADRIAN V. 
\Ottohoni Fieschi). — Pope JOHN XXI. {Peter), bishop of 
Tusculum. 

1277. Pope NICHOLAS III. {John Cajetan), 

1278. Eodolph of Hapsburg defeats at Marchfeld the 

king of Bohemia, Ottocarus II., who is killed in 

the battle. 
Vinceslaus II., king of Bohemia and Moravia. 
Execution of Peter de la Brosse, prime minister to 

Philip the Bold. 

1279. Dionysius the Just, king of Portugal. 

1280. The Moguls or Tartars, under the command of 

Kublai, grandson of Genghis-Khan, complete the 
conquest of China. 
The Teutonic Knights of St. Mary build Marien- 
burg on the Nogat, which became afterwards 
the capital of the order. 

128 1. Pope MARTIN IV. (Simon de Brie) : he excommunicated Michael 

Palceoloyus, the Greek emperor. 

1282. THE SICILIAM VESPEES: at which all the 

French in Palermo are massacred. — The king- 
dom of Sicily is separated from the kingdom of 
Naples, and given by the Palermitans to Peter 
III., king of Arragon, Mainfroi's son-in-law. 
The Emperor Rodolph gives the duchy of Austria 
to his son Albert, who becomes the founder of 
the Hapsburg dynasty of Austria. 

1283. CONQUEST OF WALES BY ED- 

WAUD I. : its king Llewellyn is slain in battle, 
and David, his brother and successor, is executed 
by Edivard's orders. — EDWAB,D I. 



—1291.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 129 

CREATES HIS ELDEST SON ED- 
WARD PRINCE OP WALES; a title 
which has since been home hy the eldest sons of 
the sovereigns of England. 

The Teutonic Knights of St. Mary, after a bloody 
war, complete the conquest of Prussia. 

Andronicus II. (Palaeologus), emperor of the East. 

1284. Reunion of Champagne and Brie to the crown of 

France. 
Peter III. of Arragon defeats Charles, king of 

Sicily, and takes prisoner his son Charles the 

Lame. 
Philip III. of France, at the instigation of the pope, 

attempts to conquer Arragon. 
Death of Alphonso X., king of Castile ; his son 

Sancho the Great succeeds him. 

1285. PHILIP IV. (the Fair), king of France, who in- 

stituted the French parliaments. Cardinal Du- 
prat. 
Amadeus V., count of Savoy. 

Pope HONOBIUS IV. {James Savelli). 

Invention of spectacles by Alexander de Spina, a monk of Florence, according to 
some. (See 1252.) Others attribute the invention to Salvias. 

1286. MARGARET of Norway, queen of Scotland. 

DURANDUS, bishop of Mende, a distinguished jurist and general ; died in 1296. 

1287. The Mongols of Kiptshak invade and pillage Poland. 

1288. Osman or Ottoman succeeds to the dominions of 

his father Ertogrul at Erzingan. 

Pope NICHOLAS IV. {Jerome of Ascoli); next year he sends 
JOHN DE MONTE COEVINO and others to the Tartars and 
Nestorians ; they introduced Christianity into China. 

Marco Polo, a Venetian traveller in the East from 1278 to 1295. 

1290. Interregnum in Scotland for 2 years. Competition 

for the crown hetween John Baliol, Robert Bruce, 

and many others. 
Decline of the republic of Pisa : rise of Genoa. 
Death of Ladislaus III., king of Hungary ; many 

competitors contend for that kingdom. 

1291. END OP THE LATIN KINGDOM IN 

PALESTINE : capture of Tyre and Ptolemais 
by the Turks : the Knights Hospitallers, and 

i K 



130 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1292— 

A.C. 

their chief John Villiei^, retire to the island of 
Cyprus. 

1292. JOHN BALIOL appointed king of Scotland hy 

Edward Z of England, 
ADOLPHUS OF K"ASSAU, emperor of Germany. 

1293. From this year there is a regular succession of En- 

glish parliaments, 

1294. Pope CELESTINE V. {Peter de Murrho), an austere hermit: he 

abdicated in a short time. Pope BONIFACE VIII. {Benedict 
Cajetan) : he published the celebrated bull called " UN AM 
SANCTAM," in which he asserted that Christ had committed 
both the spiritual and temporal swords to his church, and that 
it was necessary to salvation that every creature should be subject 
to the Roman pontiff. 

1296. Baliol is defeated, and taken prisoner by Edward I. 

Interregnum in Scotland for \0 years. — Sir Wil- 
liam Wallace undertakes the deliverance of his 
country, and is victorious in several encounters 
with the English. 

Sicily is separated from Arragon. 

Matthew Visconti the Great, lord of Milan. 

Premislaus, duke of Poland, causes himself to be 
crowned king. 

1297. WALLACE DEFEATS THE ENGLISH 

AT STIRLING, and expels thein from Scot- 
land, and is chosen regent. — Aristocracy is intro- 
duced at Venice : " the Golden Book," or register 
of the nobility. 

1298. BATTLE OP 'FA.'L'KTR'K gained hy Ediuard I. 

over the Scots, July 22. Statute of Edward, ''no 
taxes loithout consent of parliament.^^ 

Battle of Worms, in which the Emperor Adolphus 
of Nassau is killed. 

ALBERT I., duke of Austria, emperor of Germany. 

1299. THE MODERN TURKISH EMPIRE 

BEGINS UNDER OTTOMAN or 0th- 
man, its first sultan, in Bithynia. 

1300. Wenceslaus, king of Bohemia, is elected king of 

Poland. 

THE FIRST JUBILEE is published by Boniface VIIL, and one 
is appointed to be held every 100 years. Plenary^ indulgence is 



1308.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGT. 131 

v.c. 

offered to all tJiose who should make a pilgrimage to Rome during 
that year. 
RISE OF ITALIANLITERATURE— DANTE, born at Florence 1265, died 
in exile at Ravenna 1321.— RAYMOND LULLY of Majorca, a Franciscan 
doctor and alchymist, who undertook the propagation of Christianity in 
Africa, and was stoned to death at Bugia in Mauritania, 1315 — DUNS SCO- 
TUS, the great opponent of Aquinas, b. 1265, d, 1308, — FLAVIO GIOIA 
improves the mariner's compass. — GIOTTO, a painter, sculptor, and archi- 
tect of Florence, the pupil of Cimabue. 



1301. 

1301. Quarrel between Philip the Fair and Pope Boni- 

face YIIL 

WILLIAM OF NOGARET, a famous lawyer, afterwards made chancellor of 
France on account of his determined opposition to the pontiff. 

1302. Corny n and Fraser defeat the English thrice in one 

day. 
Philip the Fair admits the Tiers Etat (Third Estate) 

to the assembly of the States General. 
Battle of Courtenaj gained by the Flemish over 

the count of Artois^ who is killed in the action : 

4000 pairs of spurs adorned the triumph of the 

conquerors. 

1303. Ferdinand IV. of Castile takes Gibraltar. 

Nogaret attacks and makes Boniface VIII. prisoner at Anagni : the 

pontiff dies soon after from indignation. 
Pope BENEDICT XL {Nicholas Bocasini.) 

1304. Wallace is betrayed to Edward L, and executed in 

London. 

1305. Louis, son of Philip the Fair, becomes king of 

Navarre. 

Pope CLEMENT V. (JBertrand de Got), a Frenchman, archbishop 
of Bordeaux. 

] 306. ROBERT I. {Bruce), king of Scotland. Douglas 
and Randolph, distinguished Scottish warriors. 

1307. QBhiXiUXti 11. succeeds his father Edivard I. Gaveston 

was his favourite. — Bills of exchange are first 
used in England. [Or, in 1381.] 
WILLIAM TELL, Furst, Stauffacher, and 
Melchtal, combine to rescue Switzerland from 
the tyranny of Gesler, the imperial governor. 

John de Monte Corvino is appointed by the pope archbishop of Cam- 
balu or Pekin, in China ; 7 other bishops are sent thither. 

1308. HENRY VII. of Luxemburg, emperor of Ger- 

K 2 



132 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l310— 

A.C. 

many ; Albert being assassinated in Switzerland 

by the Duke John of Suabia. 
The cantons of Uri, Schweitz, and Unterwalden, 

secure their independence. 
Donati is killed at Florence. 

The seat of the popes is transferred from Home to AVIGNON for 
70 years, 

1310. Rhodes is taken by the Knights of St. John of 

Jerusalem. 
Celebrated reign of Charobert (Charles Eobert), 

king of Hungary. 
John of Luxemburg, king of Bohemia. 

Chimneys used in domestic architecture. 

1311. Civil war in England against Edward II. and Gaves- 

ton ; the king is defeated, and Gaveston put to 
death hy Lancaster. 
COUNCIL OF VIENNE in Dauphiny, in which the Templars are 
ordered to be suppressed, at the instigation of King Philip, who 
cruelly destroyed them. 

1312. Alphonso XL, king of Castile. 

Joinville, an historian. 

1314. BATTLE OP BANNOCKBURN, in which 

the Scots under Robert Bruce defeat the English 

under Edward II. (June 25.) 
L O UIS X. (the Hutin) succeeds his father Philip - 

the Fair. 
LEWIS V. of Bavaria, and Frederic the Fair of 

Austria, are both elected emperors of Germany. 

1315. Expedition of Edward Bruce to Ireland: he is de- 

feated at Dundalk in 1318. 
BATTLE OP MORGARTEN, wherein 1600 
Swiss defeat 20,000 Austrians. It established 
the liberty of Switzerland. Perpetual league of 
Brunnen formed between the cantons of Uri, 
Schweitz, and Unterwalden. 

1316. PHILIP V. (the Long), brother of Louis X., as- 

cends the throne of France (John, the posthu- 
mous son of Louis X., having lived only a few 
days) ; and the Salique law of succession is 
established. 
Pope JOHN XXII. (James de Cusa') : he increased very much the 
papal exactions. 



—1328.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 133 



A.C. 



1319. Lewis V. defeats Frederic the Fair at the battle of 

ISIiihldorf. 

Invention of paper made with rags [or, in 1417] : it was first made of cotton about 

A.D. 500. 

1320. The royal dignity becomes permanent in Poland, 

under Ladislaus Lokieteck. 
Gedimin^ grand duke of Lithuania, effects the con- 
quest of Kiow. 

1322. Defeat and execution of Lancaster hy Edward 11. 

CHARLES IV. (the Fair), king of France, brother 

of Philip the Long. 
Battle of Vechivis, in which Frederic the Fair is 

taken prisoner. Lewis Y. remains sole master 

of the empire, without seeking for the pope's 

sanction. 
WALTER THE LOLLARD is burnt for heresy at Cologne. 
WILLIAM OCCAM, an English Franciscan monk, who upheld the philosophy 

of the Nominalists, as did also the celebrated Doctor BURIDAN of Paris 

MUNDINUS, a celebrated anatomist, died in 1326. — ABULFEDA, an 

Arabian geographer and historian. 

1326. Execution of the two Spencers, the favourites of 

Edward IL About this time heretics are first burned in 

Ireland. 

Sardinia is incorporated with the kingdom of Arra- 
gon. 

1327. Edward IL is murdered at Berkeley Castle hy order 

of his wife Isabella and Mortimer her favourite. 

He was called Edivard of Carnarvon, from 

having been born there. 
eBtltoari) mi., king of England. 
Death of Ottoman, first Turkish emperor : Orchan 

or Urklan, his son and successor, makes new 

conquests from the Greeks, and institutes the 

order of the Janissaries. 

John XXII. deprives the Emperor Leiuis of his title for the second 
time, and excommunicates him. 

1328. Andronicus III. (Palaeologus), emperor of the East. 
PHILIP VL (of Valois), king of France : hence 

the house of Yalois. 
Death of Castruccio Castracani, sovereign of the 

republics of Lucca and Pisa. 
Ivan I. (Kalita), grand duke of Russia, fixes his 

residence at Moscov/. 

K 3 



134 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l329— 



AC. 



John XXIL is deposed at Rome, and NICHOLAS V. {Peter de 
Corbierre), antipope, elected by Lewis V.; he abdicates in 1330. 

1329. DAVID II.j king of Scotland: Randolph, earl of 
Murray, regent. 
Treaty of Pavia: the house of Wittelsbach is divided 
into two principal branches — namely, that of the 
Electors Palatine, and the dukes of Bavaria. 

Nicholas de Lyra, famous for his commentaries on the Bible, completed in 1330 ; 

he died in 1340 DUBANDUS of St. Porcain, the " Most Resolute Doctor," 

a Dominican ; died in 1333.— VILLANI, historian, died 1348. 

1331. Execution of Mortimer, earl of March. 

1332. Edward Baliol, assisted hy Edward III., is crowned 

at Scone king of the Scots, but is soon driven out 

of the kingdom,. 
James Artevelde, a brewer of Ghent, excites the 

Flemish to rebellion against France. 
Lucerne joins the Swiss confederation. 

1333. The Scots are defeated hy Edward III. at Halidoun 

Hill, near Berwick, July 19. Douglas is killed, 

and Baliol restored, 
Casimir III. (the Great), king of Poland. 
The Turks under Urklan make themselves masters 

of Nice in Bithynia. 

NICEPHORUS GREGORAS and NICEPHORUS CALLISTI, historians. 

1334. Fope BENEDICT VIL (James Fournier) : he confirms the de- 

cision of the Doctors of Paris, condemning the opinions of his 
predecessor John XXII. 
1337. Edward III. claims the sovereignty of France, and 
prepares to invade it. 

1340. Naval battle of Slugs in Flanders, gained by Ed- 

ward III. over the French admirals. 
Battle of Tarifa gained over the Moors by Al- 
phonso XL, king of Castile. 

GUNPOWDER is invented by Schwartz, a monk of Cologne. According to the 
Turks it had been long known in the East, being used at the siege of Alex- 
andria in 852. It is also said to have been known for ages by the Chinese, 
but not used.— Oil painting is said to be invented, or at least much improved, 
by VAN EYK. — ANDREW HORNE, an English lawyer. — ANDREAS, 
of Bologna, a canonist— SIR JOHN MANDE VILLE, a traveller. 

1341. John V. (Palseologus), emperor of the East. John 

Cantacuzene, his tutor, usurps the throne, 

PETRARCH the poet is crowned with bays at Rome ; b. 1304, d. 1374. 

1342. Louis I. (the Great), king of Hungary, son of 

Charles Robert. 

Pope CLEMENT VI (Peter Roger), born in Limousin. 



-1352.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 135 



A.C. 



1345. Joanna I. orders Andrew of Hungary, her first 

husband, to be strangled. 
Foundation of Amsterdam. 

Madeira is said to have been discovered by Macham an Englishman. 

1346. BATTLE OP CRESSY, icon by Edward IIL 

and the Black Prince over JPTiilip VI., king of 

France {Aug. 25.), the first battle in which cannon 

were used. 
Battle of Durham, in lohich David II. of Scotland 

is taken prisoner. 
Pope Clement VI. causes the Germans to elect Charles IV. emperor, 

in opposition to Lewis V. 
Foundation of the university of Valladolid by Clement VI. 

1347. CAPTURE OP CALAIS BY EDWARD 

III. 

Fitz Balph is appointed primate of Ireland : he was famous for his 
opposition to the Mendicant Friars. 

CHARLES IV., emperor of Germany on the death 

of Lewis. 
NICHOLAS RIENZI assumes the government 

of Eome under the ancient title of Tribune. 

University of Prague founded ; according to some, the most ancient in Germany. 

1348. Avignon is sold by Joanna I. of Naples to Clement VI. 

THOMAS BRADWARDINE, a distinguished divine and mathematician, is 
made archbishop of Canterbury, and dies in the same year. — Death of 
LAURA, Petrarch's heroine. 

1349. Edward III. institutes the Order of the Garter. 
Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, succeeds his 

mother Joanna II. 
Humbert II., last sovereign of Dauphiny, bequeaths 
his dominions to France, with the condition that 
the eldest sons of the kings of France should 
take the name of Dauphin. 

1350. The first great pestilence in En^and, called the 

Black Death, from May ^l. to Sept. 29. It had 

begun in Asia in 1346, and traversed Europe 

westward. 
JOHN THE GOOD, king of France. 
Death of Alphonso XL, king of Castile : his son 

Pedro or Peter the Cruel succeeds him. 

Clement VI directs the Jubilee to be celebrated every 50th year instead 

of every \00th. 
BOCCACCIO, fatherof modern Italian prose, d. 1375.— BARTOLUS and BAL- 

DUS, Italian lawyers. 

1352. The Turks first enter Europe. 

K 4 



136 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l355— 

A.C. 

The towns of Zurich, Glaris, Zug, and Bern, are 
admitted into the Swiss Confederation. — Pope 

INNOCENT VI. ^Stephen Aubert.) 

1355. Marino Faliero, doge of Venice, is beheaded. 
Convocation of the States General of France by 

King John. 

Meistersangers (bards or poets) in Germany. 

1356. BATTLE OF POITIERS, in which John IL, 

king of France, is taken prisoner by the Black 
Prince, and afterioards brought to London. 

Unsuccessful expedition of Edward III. against 
Scotland. 

Charles IV. publishes the golden bull, or fun- 
damental law of the empire ; by it the number 
of electors must not exceed 7, 3 of them eccle- 
siastical, and 4 lay ; viz., the archbishops of 
Mayence, Treves, and Cologne ; the king of 
Bohemia, the count palatine of the Rhine, the 
duke of Saxony, and the margrave of Branden- 
burg. 

1357. Coals first used in London. 

1358. Marcel, provost of the merchants of Paris, heads the 

rebellion against the Dauphin Charles, regent of 
the kingdom. Beginning of the Jacquerie, or 
faction of the peasants, against the nobles. 
Soliman, Orchan's son, crosses the Hellespont, and 
takes the city of Gallipoli. 

JOHN CANTACUZENUS and RANULPH HIGDEN, historians. 

1359. Amurathl., son and successor of Orchan or Urklan. 

1360. Peace of Bretigni : King John is restored to liberty, 

and gives up to Edward III. Calais, Guienne, 
and other provinces. 
Formation of the Free Companies in France, a for- 
midable association of banditti. 

JOHN WICKLIFFE about this time begins to attack the mendicant 

monks; born 1324, died 1384. 
LEONTIUS PILATUS, first introduced the study of Greek among the Latins : 

he taught Petrarch and Boccaccio. 

1361. The second great pestilence in England, from August 

15. to May 3. the folloiving year. 
Death of Philip of Kouvre, last duke of the first 



—1369.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 137 

A.C. 

house of Burgundy ; that duchy is reunited to 

the crown of France. 
War between Pedro the Cruel, king of Castile, and 

Pedro TV., king of Arragon. 
Amurath I. takes the whole of Thrace, and fixes 

his residence at Adrianople. [Or, in 1360.] 

1362. The law pleadings in England are changed from 

French to English. 
Dmitri Donskoy, grand duke of Russia. 

Pope URBAN V. ( William Grimoardi) : he transformed the double 
into the triple crown still worn by the popes. 

1363. John the Good grants the duchy of Burgundy as a 

fief to his son Philip the Hardy : second house 
of Burgundy, for a long time formidable to 
France. 
First European league against the Turks. The 
king of Hungary and his allies are defeated near 
Adrianople. 

1364. CHARLES V. (the Wise), king of France. 
The Tyrol is given up to the house of Austria. 

FROISSART (died 1401) and MATTHEW OF WESTMINSTER, historians. 

1365. Bodolph, archduke of Austria. Foundation of the university 

of Genoa. 

1366. Re-establishment of the doctrines of Aristotle in France. 

1367. Statute of Kilkenny passed under Lionel, duke of 

Clarence, condemning the use of the Irish language 

and customs. 
Battle of Najara, in Old Castile, wherein Dugues- 

clin is defeated and taken prisoner by the Black 

Prince, and Pedro the Cruel replaced on the 

throne. 
Urban V. removes to Home, but returns to Avignon in 1370. 

1368. Pedro the Cruel is dethroned and put to death by 

Henry Transtamare, his natural brother, helped 
by Duguesclin. 
The Genghiskhanide Moguls are exj^elled from 
China, after having possessed it for 88 years, 

and Christianity is extinguished there, 

1369. The third great pestilence in England, from July 2. 

to Sept. 29. 
John Palteologus comes into Italy to seek recon- 



138 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1370— 

A.C. 

ciliation with the Latin Church, and ask assist- 
ance against the Turks. 
Construction of the Bastille. 

Rise of the dramatic art in France in the form of " Mysteries " and " Moralities." 

1370. Duguesclin takes from the English Guienne, Poitou, 

and Saintonge. 
Flourishing epoch of the Teutonic and Hanseatic 

Leagues ; the latter is composed of 64 towns. 
Death of Casimir the Great : end of the Piast kings 

of Poland. 
TAMERLANE the Mongol (Taimur-Lenk, or 

the Lame), having conquered Hosein, the emir of 

Khorassan, and made Samarcand his capital, 

takes Turkistan, and proceeds to extend his 

conquests. 
Pope GREGORY XL (Peter Beaufort, called by some Roger). 

1371. EOBEKT IL (Stuart), first king of Scotland of the 

family of the Stuarts, 

1377. Death of Edward III., after a glorious reign of 50 

years. He married Philippa of Hainault, and 
had 12 children, among whom were Edward the 
Black Prince ; Lionel, duke of Clarence (ivho 
died in 1368, leaving an only daughter, married 
to Edmund Mortimer, earl of March) ; and John 
of Gaunt, 

H^iCjarlJ M., son of the Black Prince, becomes king 
of England at the age of II under the regency of 
his uncles Lancaster, York, and Gloucester. 

Population of England 2,092,798. 

Wickliffe is denounced by the pope as a heretic. 

Rome is once more made the permanent residence of a pope upon the 
removal of Gregory XL to it from Avignon. [Or, in 1376.] 

1378. WEK'CESLAUS, emperor of Germany: he is de- 

posed in 1400. 

GREAT WESTERN SCHIBW of the rival popes 
at Rome and Avignon begins : Urban VL (Bartholomew Pig- 
nand) is elected at Rome, and Clement VLL. (Robert of Geneva), 
elected at Fondi, settles at Avignon. Clement is acknowledged by 
France, Spain, Scotland, Sicily, and Cyprus. 

Chaucer (died 1400) and Gower (died 1402) poets. 

1380. CHARLES VL, king of France. Death of Du- 
guesclin. 



—1386.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 139 

A.C. 

The Genoese fleet is defeated by that of the Vene- 
tians at Chioo-o-ia. 

Joanna I., queen of Naples, deposed by Urban VL, 
adopts for her successor Louis of Anjou, brother 

of Charles the Wise ; on the other hand Urban VI. gives 
the kingdom of Naples to Charles de Durazzo, son of Charles the 
Lame. 

Union of Denmark and Norway, under Queen 
Margaret, called the Semiramis of the North. 

The Tartars of Kiptshak are defeated near the Don 
by Dmitri Donskoy, grand duke of Russia. 

The translation of the Bible into English is completed by Wickliffe. 
[Or, in 1383. J 

1381. Insurrection of the English peasantry under Wat 

Tyler and Jack Straiv. 
Peace between Venice and Genoa. 
Charles de Durazzo makes himself master of the 

kingdom of Naples, and puts to death Queen 

Joanna I. 

1382. Charles VI., directed by the constable, Oliver of 

Clisson, gains over the revolted Flemings the 
battle of Eosbach, in which James of Artevelde 
is killed. 

1383. Cannon first used in defence of toicns hy the English 

at Calais. {See 1346.) 

Sigismund (brother of Wenceslaus), king of Hun- 
gary. 

John Bastard usurps the throne of Portugal : be- 
ginning of the golden era of the Portuguese. 

1384. Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, succeeds to the 

earldom of Flanders. 

1386. Tamerlane subdues the north of Persia, Armenia, 

and Georgia. 
Amurath conquers Karamania. 
Jagello, grand duke of Lithuania, is baptized, and 

elected king of Poland under the name of Ula- 

dislaus V. 
Charles de Durazzo, king of Naples, is assassinated 

in Hungary : his son Ladislaus, Otho, duke of 

Brunswick, and Louis II., son of the duke of 



140 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1.388— 

A.C. 

Anjou, contend among themselves for the throne 
of Naples. 
BATTLE OF SEMPACH, gained by the 
Swiss over Leopold IL, duke of Austria, who 
is killed in the action : here Arnold Winkel- 
RIED sacrifices his life for his country. 

University of Heidelberg founded. 

1388. Battle of Otterburn between Percy (^Hotspur), and 

Douglas, 
Amurath I. is killed after defeating the Hungarians, 

Servians, Poles, &c., at the battle of Cassova. 
Battle of N^fels, near Glaris, gained by the Swiss 

over the Austrians. 

1389. Battle of Fahlkoeping, in which Albert, king of 

Sweden, is defeated and taken prisoner by Queen 

Margaret. 
Bajazet I., emperor of the Turks. 
Pope BONIFACE IX. {Peter Tomacelli) at Pome : he fixes the 

regular Jubilee to be held every 33rd year. 

1390. KOBEKT IIL, king of Scotland, 

1391. Manuel IL (Palseologus), emperor of the East. 
Amadeus VIII., first king of Savoy. 

1392. Tamerlane finally conquers Persia, and takes Bag- 

dad ; soon after he defeats the khan of Kiptshak, 
and advances to Moscow. 

1393. Insanity of Charles YI. : John, duke of Berry, and 

Philip the Hardy, duke of Burgundy, com- 
petitors of the duke of Orleans, take the regency 
by force. The constable of Armagnac sustains 
the pretensions of the duke of Orleans, his son- 
in-law. Cards are said to have been invented to amuse Cliarles VI. 

during his illness. 

1394. The Jews are banished from France by Charles VI. 

BENEDICT XIII. succeeds Clement VII. as pope at Avignon. 
KNIGHTON, historian. 

1395. Creation of the duchy of Milan in favour of John 

Galeas Visconti. 

1396. Bajazet I. defeats Sigismund of Hungary and John 

the Fearless of Nevers, at Nicopohs. 

1397. UNION OP CALMAR: Margaret unites in 



—1404.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 141 

A.C. 

her person the crowns of Sweden, Norway, and 
Denmark. 
Siege of Constantinople by Bajazet ; he is diverted 
from it, being himself attacked by the famous 
Tamerlane in 1399. 

The French Church withdraws itself from subjection to either of the 
rival popes ; and next year king Charles VI. imprisons Bene- 
dict III. 

1398. Tamerlane subdues part of Hindostan, and takes 

Delhi. 

1399. Richard 11. , king of England, is deposed, and soon 

after {according to some) starved to death. 
f^tntg Yi^.y duke of Lancaster, succeeds Richard 11. , 
to the prejudice of Edmund Mortimer, earl of 
March : hence the house of Lancaster. Origin 
of the faction of the Two Roses ; the Bed was the 

badge of the Lancastrians, and the White that of the Yorkists ■ 

Order of the Bath instituted in England by 
Henry IV. 

1400. KOBERT, count palatine, emperor of Germany. 

CHRYSOLARAS, a teacher of Greek in Italy.— ALAIN CHARTRIER, poet 
and chronicler, secretary to Charles VII. 



1401. 

1401. The first law is passed in England for persecuting those who dis- 

sented from the church of Rome, and the first person burnt on a 
charge of heresy, viz. William Sawtre. 

1402. Battle of Homeldon Hill, gained by the English 

under the earl of Northumberland and his son 
Henry Hotspur, over the Scots commanded by 
Earl Douglas, who is taken prisoner. 
BAJAZET IS TAKEN PRISONER BY 
TAMERLANE IN THE DECISIVE 
BATTLE OP ANGORA. Soliman I., em- 
peror of the Ottoman Turks. The Seljukians 
recover Karamania. (See 1386.) 

The Canaries are rediscovered by John Bethencourt, a Norman, and are seized 
by the Spaniards in 1420. 

1403. Battle of Shreivsbury between the earl of Northum- 

berland and the royal forces, in which Hotspur is 
killed. 

1404. John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy. — Civil 



142 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1405— 

A,C. * 

war in France caused by tlie factions of the Biir- 
gundians and the Orleanais, or Armagnacs. 
Pope INNOCENT VII. {Cosmato Megliorati), at Borne. 

1405. Death of Tamerlane on his way to conquer China. 

1406. JAMES I., kinff of Scotland, 

Pisa passes under the dominion of the Florentines. 

Pope GEE GORY XII. (^Angela Corario), at Rome. 

1407. The duke of Orleans is assassinated by John the 

Fearless. New troubles in France. 

1408. JOHN HUSS, a disciple of Wickliffe, begins to preach a reformation 

in Bohemia. 

1409. Owen Glendoicer of Wales is expelled hy Henry IV. 
The Genoese assume their independence and mas- 
sacre the French. 

COUNCIL OF PISA called for terminating the papal schism. 
Gregory XII. and Benedict XIII. (see 1394) are deposed, and 
ALEXANDER V. (Peter de Candia) elected. 

University of Leipsic founded by Frederic tiie Warlike, afterwards elector of 
Saxony. 

1410. SI GrlSMUND, emperor of Germany. 

Death of the Sultan Soliman I. : war of his sons 

Musa and Mahomet I. 
Pope JOHN XXIII. (^Balthasar Cossa) appointed successor to 

Alexander V. 

1411. The duke of Orleans calls the English to his assist- 

ance against the Burgundians. 

The university of St. Andrew's in Scotland is founded. 

1412. Sicily is reunited to the kingdom of Arragon. 
Eric (the Pomeranian), king of the united kingdoms 

of the North. 

Algebra taugtit in Europe by the Arabs. 

1413. I^trxvg Yf,f hing of England, succeeds his father 

Henry IV.) who had married Mary of Bohemia. Their other children 
were, Thomas, duke of Clarence ; John, duke of Bedford ; Humphrey, 
duke of Gloucester ; Blanche of Castile, duchess of Bavaria ; Philippa, queen 

of Denmark Several Lollards or Wickliffites were in this reign 

condemned to death for their opinions. 

Mahomet I., emperor of the Turks ; he expels the 
Seljukians from Karamania. (See 1386 and 
1402.) 

Ladislaus, king of Naples, makes himself master of 
Rome ; flight of Pope John XXIII. 

1414. COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE, which lasts 4 years. This 

council decides that a pope is subject to a general council, and by 



—1420.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 143 

A.C. 

it John XXIII. in 1415, and Benedict XIII. in 1417, are de- 
prived of the pontificate, and Gregory XII. voluntarily resigns. 
TTius ends the Great Schism, virtually at least, though not form- 
ally until 1429, when ClementVIII,, successor of Benedict, resigns 
his claim to Martin V. 
JOHN GERSON, a theologian, patron of Nominalism. 

1415. BATTLE OP AGINCOUHT, in ichich 
Henry V. defeats the French under the Constable 
d'Albret. 

The electorate of Brandenburg is conferred on 
Frederic of Hohenzollern^ burgrave of Nurem- 
burg, and ancestor of the royal house of Prussia. 

Capture of Ceuta by the Portuguese. 

JOHN HUSS is condemned by the council of Constance, and burnt 
alive (July 6), in violation of the safe-conduct granted him by 
the emperor. On the lUh of June the famous decree is 
passed, " that the Sacred Supper should be administered to 
the laity in the element of bread only." 

•1416. JEROME OF V^KG\jB, one of the most zealous partisans of 
John Huss, is condemned by the council of Constance, and burnt 
alive, May 30 ; beginning of the religious troubles in Bohemia. 

1417. Lord Cobham is burnt alive in London. 

Civil war of the Cabillauds and Hame^ons in 
Holland. 

Pope MARTIN F. {Otto Colonna), acknowledged by the council of 
Constance. 

1418. Alliance of the duke of Burgundy icith Henry V. of 

England. Isabella of Bavaria, wife of Charles V^I., 
joins the enemies of France, 
War of the Hussites in Bohemia : John Ziska their 
leader. 

1419. John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, is assassi- 

nated, and succeeded by his son John the Good. 
Death of Wenceslaus, king of Bohemia ; his brother 
the Emperor Sigismund, succeeds him. 

1420. Treaty of Troyes, by which Henry V. of England 

is made regent of France, and heir to the throne, 
to the exclusion of the dauphin. There are in 
France at the same time two kings, two queens, 
two regents, and two parliaments. 
The Bohemians revolt from Sigismund. — Schism 

among the Hussites ; they are divided into two factions : the 
Caliztines, who derived their name from the calix or cup, and 



144 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l42l- 



A.C, 



the Tahorites, who derived their name from Mount Tahor, in 
Bohemia. 
The island of Madeira is discovered by the Portuguese. (See 1345.) 

1421. The duke of Clarence, Henry V.^s brother, is slain 

in a skirmish icith a body of Scotch troops in the 

pay of the dauphin. 
John VI. (Palaeologus), joint emperor of the East. 
Great inundation in Holland : 72 towns or villages 

are overflowed. 

1422. I^enrj) UII. {only son of Henry V., born in 1421) 

is proclaimed king of England and France. His 
uncle the duke of Gloucester holds the regency of 
England, and his other uncle, the duke of Bedford, ' 
that of France. — James L, king of Scotland, is 
liberated from captivity by the English. 

CHARLES VII., king of France, is crowned at 
Poitiers. 

Amurath II., emperor of the Turks, besieges Con- 
stantinople, but is obliged to raise the siege the 
following year. 

1423. Battle of Cravant in Burgundy, gained by the 

English : Xaintrailles is taken prisoner. 
Sigismund confers the electorate of Saxony on 

Frederic the Warlike, margrave of Misnia. 
Joanna II., queen of Naples, adopts Louis III. of 

Anjou. 

1424. The French and Scots are defeated by the English at 

Verneuil. 
Death of John Ziska. Procopius Easa is chosen 
for his successor. 

1425. The Court of Session in Scotland is instituted by 

James I. 
John VII. (Palaeologus), emperor of the East. 
Vassili Vassiliewitch, grand duke of Russia. 

MONSTRELET, a French historian, d. 1453— LEONARDO ARETINO, an 
Italian historian, d. 1443. 

1429. JOAN OP ARC {the Maid of Orleans) compels 

the English to raise the siege of that town. 
Charles VII. is crowned at Bheims. 

1430. Foundation of the order of the Golden Fleece by 

Philip the Good. 



—1438.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 145 

A.C. 

1431. Joan of Arc is burned alive in the market place of 
Rouen by the duke of Bedford. 
COUNCIL OF BASIL for the reformation of the church assem- 
bled under Martin V., who dies in February, and is succeeded in 
March by Pope Eugene IV. ( Gabriel Condolmeri). This council 
renews the decision of that of Constance respecting the authority 
of councils over popes. 

Rise of the Medici family in Florence : Cosmo, 
surnamed the Ancient and the Father of his 
country, is at the head of that republic for 30 

years : he promotes learning, and especially the Platonic philosophy. 
The Portuguese discover the Azores. 

1433. Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, adds to his 

dominions Hainault, Holland, and Friesland. 

1434. Military order of the Annunciation, instituted by 

Amadeus VIII. , duke of Savoy. 
Ladislaus VI. (son of Jagello), king of Poland. 

1435. Treaty of Arras between Charles VII. and Philip 

the Good of Burgundy, who forsakes the cause 
of the English, and joins Charles VII. ; the duke 
of Bedford dies of grief in consequence. 
Death of Joanna II. ; extinction of the house of 
Anjou at Naples. 

The fishing of herrings is commenced by the Dutch. 

1436. The French recover Paris, after it had been 16 years 

in the hands of the English. 
Naval victory of the Genoese over the king of 
Arragon. 

1437. JAMES II., king of Scotland, his father James I. 

being assassinated. 
Death of Sigismund ; his son-in-law Albert II., of 
the house of Hapsburg (Austria), is elected 
king of Bohemia. 

1438. ALBERT II. is elected emperor of Germany and 

king of Hungary. 
Alphonso V. (the African), king of Portugal, carries 

on war against the Moors. 
The Second PRAGMATIC SANCTION (see 1269) established 

by Charles VII ; it forms the basis of the liberties and rights 

of the Gallican church. 
Eugene IV. in person opens the council he had summoned to meet at 

Ferrara, which next year is removed to Florence. 
L 



146 COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. [1489-- 

A C. 

1439. Schism of Jiasil : dcposUion of Enrjenc IV. hy the council of that 

'place, a,nd election of FELIX V. {Amadeus VIII. of Savoy). 
—COUNCIL OF FLORENCE under Eugene : the Greek and 
Latin churches are reunited for a short /me. — GEMISTIUS 
PLETHO introduces the Platonic philosopliy among the Latins. 

1440. FREDERIC II. (the Peaceful), emperor of Ger- 

many. 

Christopher the Bavarian, king of the united king- 
doms of tlie North. 

The African Slave Trade commences. 

INVENTION ()!•' I'llINTING. JOHN COSTER, of Haerlom, printed from 
wooden blocks a ))ook of images and letters in I'l.'iH (14:50 V). JOHN 
FA UST esl.il)lifihed a printing ofliee at Mcntz, and priiitc-d the " 'LVaetatus 
Petri llis|)aiii" in 1'1'1'2; h(t is said to havr; invented caHt types in Hr)0. 
JOHN (iUTTI'^Ninilfc; iiivcnlslorK<'<linetal types al, StrashurK in l'i:{(i(V); 
Ik' used them in printing the ('ailiftst <;(lilii>n of th(! l',il)le, from H'Hto 
14t;0. J'E'i'EK S(JllyKl'i''l!;KofStrashurg, first cast tn(;tal types in matrices, 
and is therefore the inventor of complete printing in 14.'32. 

1443. Alphonso V., king of Arragon, makes himself 

master of the kingdom of Naples. 
John Castriot (Scandcrbeg) makes himself prince 
of Albania, having recovered it from Amurath II. 

1444. BATTLE OF VAUNA, gained by the Turks 

over Ladislaus YI., king of Poland, who dies in 

the action. Ladislaus the Posthumous, king of 

Hungary. 
Battle of Ht. James near Basle: the Swiss defeat 

the army of the Armagnacs. 
Kc -establishment of a permanent militia in France. 

1446. Great inundation of the sea in ITolland; it bursts 

the sluices near Dortrecht, and 100,000 persons 
arc drowned. 

1447. Amurath IL besieges Croja with 100,000 men, but 

is compelled by Scandcrbeg to raise the siege. 
Death of Philip Visconti, duke of Milan, the last of 

the family of the Yiscontis. Rise of the Sforza 

family at Milan. 
Casimir IV., king of Poland. 
Eugene IV. is succeeded hy Pope Nicholas V. (Thomas of Surzand), 

who founds the library of the Vatican in 1448. 

1448. Constantino XI. (Palseologus), the last emperor of 

the East. 
Charles Cnutson is elected king of Sweden under 
the name of Charles VIII. 



—1453.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 147 



A.C. 



Accession of the house of Holstein to the throne of 
Denmark in the person of Christian I. 

1449. End of the schism of Basil: Felix V. resigns his pontificate, and 
Nicholas V. ratifies the acts of the council of Basil, and remains 
sole pope. 

1451. Mahomet 11., emperor of the Turks, son and suc- 

cessor of Amurath II. 
Reunion of the ancient peerages to the crown of 
France. Decline of the feudal system. — Glasgow 

obtains its charters from James II., and its university is founded. — 
ALBERTI OF lUMINI, architect of churches.— MAJANO, architect of 
the palace of St. Mario. 

1452. Creation of the duchies of Modena and Reggio 

(afterwards joined to that of Ferrara), in favour 
of the Marquis Borsa of Este. 

1453. Battle of Chatillon in Guienne, gained hy Dunois 

over the English, wherein the hrave Talhot and his 

son Lord Lisle are killed. 
END OF THE ENGLISH DOMINION IN 

FRANCE : they retain only Calais. 
EXTINCTION OF THE EASTERN OR 

GREEK EMPIRE. Mahomet II. takes 

Constantinople after a long siege in which Con- 

Stantine XI. is killed. — a great number of Grecian literati 
take refuge in Italy: among them are: JOHN ARGYROPYLUS, an 
Aristotelian, preceptor to Peter, son of Tosmo di Medici, and GEORGE 
HERMONYMUS or CHARITON YMUS, who taught Greek at Pari?. 
— GEORGE CODINUS (Curopalates), historian. — LAURENTIUS 
VALLA, theologian and classical critic, d. 1465— THOMAS A KEMPIS, 
theologian, supposed author of the '• Imitation of Christ," which was 
really written in P'rench hy one John Gerson, d. 1481. — NICOLAUS 
CUSANUS, theologian and mathematician, b. 1401, d. 1464 — ANTONIU.S 
DE RUSELLIS, jurist at Pavia, d. 1467. He wrote " Monarchia," a trea- 
tise to prove that the popes had no higher jurisdiction than any other 
bishops.— JENEAS SYLVIUS (Pope Pius II.), historian and cosmographer, 
d. 1464. 



L 2 



148 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1454— 



MODERN HISTORY. 



A.C. 



1454. Richard, duke of York, is appointed protector of 

England, 
Establishment of the Inquisition at Venice. 

1455. Battle of St. Albania gained hy the duke of York : 

Henry VI. is taken prisoner, and Somerset is 
killed. 

Pope CALIXTUS III. (Alphonso Borgia). — POGGIO, historian and 
classical critic, d. 1459.— GEORGE OF PURBACH, matliematician, im- 
prover of trigonometry— GEORGE SCHOLARIUS (otiierwise GENNA- 
DIUS), a defender of the Greek church against the Latins. 

1456. The Turks besiege Belgrade, and are defeated by 

John Hunniades. 

1457. Christian I., king of Denmark, is acknowledged 

king of the Union of the North. 

The Bohemian or MORAVIAN Brethren form their sect from the 
tenets of the Tahorites, a branch of the ancient Hussites. 

1458. John II., king of Navarre, becomes king of Arragon 

and Sicily after the death of his brother Al- 
phonso V. 

Matthias Corvinus, son of Hunniades, is elected 
king of Hungary. 

George Podiebrad, king of Bohemia. 

Pope PIUS II. (uSHneas Sylvius Piccolomini. ) 

Engraving on copper invented by TOMASO FINIGUERRA, a goldsmith of 
Florence. [Or, in 14G0.]— DONATELLO, a sculptor of Florence. 

1459. Mahomet II. conquers Servia, Bosnia, Albania, 

Greece, and the whole Peloponnesus or Morea, 
as well as most of the islands of the Archipelago. 

1460. JAMES III., king of Scotland : his father James II. 

is killed at the siege of Roxburgh Castle. — Battle 
of Northampton gained by Warivick {July 10.); 
Henry VI. is again taken prisoner. Battles of 
Wakefield (in which the duke of York is killed, 
Dec. 24.) and of St. Albans gained by Margaret 
of Anjou. 



—1468.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 14^ 

Conquest of Thurgau by the Swiss. 

The Portuguese discover the Cape Verde Islands. 

CARDINAL BESSARION, a learned promoter of the Platonic philosophy, 
d. 1472. — GEORGE PHRANZA, LAONICUS CHALCONDYLAS, and 
DUCAS, historians. — GEORGE TRAPEZUNTIUS and THEODORE 
GAZA, translators of Greek authors into Latiu. 

1461. ([BtllnartI JIT. assumes the title of king. He was son 

of Richard duke of Yoi^k, lineally descended from 

Lionel, duke of Clarence, second son of Edward 

III, ; hence the house of York, 
BATTLE OP TOWTON gained by Edward IV. 

over the Lancastrians. 
L O UIS XL, king of France. 
Discovery of Guinea by the Portuguese. 

1462. Ivan III. (the Autocrat), otherwise John Basi- 

lovitz, grand duke of Russia. 

1464. Lord Montacute, brother of the earl of Warwick, 

gains over Margaret of Anjou the battles of Hedgely 

and Hexham. 
Henry IV. of Castile is deposed. 
Peter I. of Medici, son of Cosmo I., gonfaloniere 

or chief of Florence. 

Tope PA UL III. {Peter Barbo) : he fixes the Jubilee to be held 

every 25th year. 
Stages, diligences, and posts, established by Louis XL in France. 

1465. The infamous ''Head Act^^ is passed at Trim in 

Ireland. 

1466. Peace of Thorn : Prussia is divided between Poland 

and the Teutonic Order. 
The Greek empire of Trebisond is conquered by 
the Turks ; its last emperor, David Comnenus, 
is killed. 

1467. Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy. 

Order of the Minimi founded by FRANCIS OF PAULO. 

1468. The Orkney and Shetland islands are given to James 

HI. of Scotland as the dowry of the daughter of 

Christian of Denmark. 
Louis XL is taken prisoner by Charles the Bold 

at their meeting at Peronne. 
Chastisement of the inhabitants of Liege for their 

revolt from Charles. 
Henry IV. (the Powerless) is compelled to acknow- 

L 3 



150 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY, [1469— 

A.C. 

ledge his sister Isabella heiress to the throne of 
Castile. 

1469. Ferdinand V. (the Catholic), son of the king of 

Arragon, marries Isabella of Castile. 
Louis XI. receives from the pope the title of " Most 
Christian " King, retained from that time by the 
kings of France. The Cardinal John de la 
Balue^ a favourite of Louis XL, is disgraced and 
imprisoned. 

1470. Warwick restores Henry VI. to the throne of Eng- 

land. 
Mahomet II. takes the island of Negropont or Eu- 
boea from the Venetians. 

Printing at Paris. — JOHN MULLER of Kcenigsberg (otherwise REGIO- 
MONTANUS), improver of trigonometry, d. 1476— RUDOLPHUS AGRI- 
COLA, tiieologian and classical critic, d. 1485. — B. PLATINA, author of 
the lives of the popes, d. 1481. —JOHN WESSELof Groningen, theologian, 
d. 1489. — PHILELPHUS, historian and moral philosopher, d. 1480. 

1471. BATTLE OF BABMET, in which Wanvick 

the " king-maker " is defeated and killed by the 
forces of Edward JF". — BATTLE OP 
TEWKESBURY, in which Margaret is de- 
feated by Edivard IV. — Prince Ediuard of Lan- 
caster is murdered by Clarence and Gloucester. — - 
Death of Henry VI. 

Ladislaus II., king of Bohemia. 

Steno Sture governs Sweden with the title of ad- 
ministrator. 

Pope SIXTUS IV. {Francis de Albescolo or De la Rover a') -.famous 
for his nepotism, 

1472. Lorenzo di Medici (the Magnificent), governor-in- 

chief of the republic of Florence. 

1473. Louis XL prohibits Nominalism, but revokes the prohibition in 1481. 

1474. Death of Henry TV., king of Castile : his sister 

Isabella, wife of Ferdinand the Catholic, suc- 
ceeds him. 

1475. Edward IV. invades France. Peace of Picquigni 

purchased by the French. 

1476. BATTLES OP GBAHSON AHD MORAT 

gained by the Swiss over Charles the Bold. 
The following year the Swiss defeat him at 
Nancy, where he is killed. 



—1484.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 151 

A.C. 

Alphonso V. of Portugal is defeated at Toro by 
Ferdinand the Catholic. 

1478. Marriage of Maximilian of Austria with Maria, 

daughter and heiress of Charles the Bold. The 
duchy of Burgundy and the Netherlands pass 
under the dominion of the house of Austria. 
Consj)iracy of the Piazzi and the Salviatti against 
Julian and Lorenzo di Medici : Julian is killed. 

Cliristian I., king of Denmark, institutes thie Order of tlie Elephant. — Watches 
are said to be invented at Nuremberg. [Or, in 1497.] 

1479. Ferdinand and Isabella unite the kingdoms of 

Arragon and Castile. 
Russia is freed from subjection to the Tartars by 
Ivan Basilovitz, or John III. the Great. (See 
1237.) 

1480. Otranto is taken by the Turks, and is soon after 

recovered. 

HERMOLAUS BARBARUS, classical critic and translator, d. 1494.— MAR- 
SILIUS FluINUS, translator of Plato under the auspices of Lorenzo di 
Medici, d. 1499. 

1481. Bajazet II., emperor of the Turks: Zizim his 

competitor. 

Provence is reunited to France. 

John II., king of Portugal. 

Friburg and Soleure enter into the Swiss Con- 
federation. 

Ferdhiand and Isabella establish the Inquisition in Spain : Torque- 

mada, grand inquisitor from 1483. 
Death of Thomas LORD LYTTLETON, the jurist. 

1483. Death of Edward IV., king of England: his two 

sons, ^tltoattf U, and Richard, are murdered in 
the Tower hy order of their uncle, ^^tcjattf 3I3I]I., 
duke of Gloucester, the Protector, who ascends 
the throne, 

Edward IV. had married Elizabeth Wydville : their eldest daughter married the 
earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VU.— Population of England, 4,689,000. 

CHARLES VIIL, king of France; Anne of 
Beaujeu regent. — Catherine of Albret, queen 
of Navarre. 

John, king of Denmark, is elected king of the 
Union of the North. 

1484. The house of Saxony is divided between the Al- 

bertine and Ernestine branches. 
Pope INNOCENT VIIL {John Baptist Cibo). 

L 4 



152 COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. [l485— 

1485. BATTLE OP BOSWOHTH {August 22nd\ 

in lohich Richard III. is defeated and killed by 
Henry, earl of Richmond, loho takes the title of 

l^euru Ftt — l^ouse of '^utror. — TAe loars 

of the Roses, after desolating England for more 
than 30 years, are ended by the marriage of 
Henry VII. with Elizabeth, daughter of Edward 
IV. 

1486. Bartholomew Diaz, a Portuguese, discovers the 

Cape of Good Hope, which he then called 
the "Stormy Cape." (See 1497.) 

1487. Battle of Stoke, in which the impostor Simnel is 

defeated by Henry VII. 

1488. JAMES IV., king of Scotland: his father James 

III. was killed in a revolt of his subjects at Ban- 
nockburn. 
Battle of St. Aubin in Brittany, gained by Louis 
de la Tremouille over the duke of Orleans. 

1489. The family of the Lusignans cease to reign in 

Cyprus : the island is given up to the Venetians. 

Savonarola begins to preach a reformation at Florence, ' 

1490. Death of Matthias Corvinus : Ladislaus of Poland, 

king of Bohemia, is elected king of Hungary. 

JOHN PICUS of Mirandola, a learned Platonist, d. 1494. — JOHN REUCH- 
LIN, promoter of the study of Hebrew, d. 1522._PONTANUS, poet and 
historian.— PHILIP DE COMINES, historian, d. 1509.— ANGELO PO- 
LITIAN, classical scholar and translator, d. 1493. 

1492. END OP THE KINGDOM OF THE 

MOORS IN SPAIN : Granada is taken by 
Ferdinand after a siege of 8 months. 

The Jews, to the number of 150,000, are also ex- 
pelled from Spain. 

DISCOYEHY OP AMERICA BY CHRIS- 
TOPHER COLUMBUS, a native of Genoa, 

in the service of Spain. He sailed from Spaln Aug. 3., and 

Oct. 12. discovered Guanahani or St. Salvador, one of the "West Indies. 

Peter di Medici succeeds Lorenzo at Florence. 
Ivan III. (the Autocrat) becomes master of the 

whole of Russia. 
Pope ALEXANDER VI. (Roderic Borgia) the pontifical Nero. 

1493. MAXIMILIAN I., emperor of Germany. 
Caesar Borgia receives the cardinal's hat. 



—1499.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 153 

A.C. 

Second voyage of Columbus, he discovers the Ca- 
ribbean islands. 

1494. Expedition of Charles YIII. of France into Naples, 

during which he takes Rome. 

The ALDINE printing-press is established at Venice by Aldo. 

1495. Diet of "Worms wherein the Perpetual Public 

Peace in Germany is drawn up: institution of 
the Imperial Chamber : creation of the duchy of 
Wirtemberg. 

Charles VIIL, being opposed by a confederacy of 
the Italian princes, with the Emperor Maximilian 
at their head, is obliged to abandon his con- 
quests : he secures his retreat by his victory 
over the allies at Foronuovo. 

Ferdinand II., king of Naples. 

Emmanuel, king of Portugal. 

1496. Neicfoundland discovered by Sebastian Cabot, — 

Marriage of Philip, archduke of Austria, with 
Joanna the Mad, daughter and heiress of Fer- 
dinand Y. (the Catholic). 
Frederic of Arragon, king of Naples. 

1497. The Portuguese, under Yasco de Gama, double 

the Cape of Good Hope and sail to the East 
Indies. (See 1486.) 

1498. LOUIS XIL, king of France, surnamed the 

Father of his people. Cardinal Amboise, his 

prime minister. 
Ciesar Borgia is created duke of Yalentinois by 

Louis XII. 
Third voyage of Christopher Columbus, in which 

he discovers the American continent. 
Yasco di Gama lands in the East Indies at Calicut, 

on the Malabar coast. 
SAVONAROLA is burned at Ferrara by Pope Alexander VI. for 

preaching against the vices of the clergy. 

1499. Louis XII. marries Anne of Brittany, widow of 

Charles YIII., and invades Italy. 

Peace of Basil : the Swiss are acknowledged in- 
dependent of the empire. 

Amerigo Yesputio, a Florentine merchant, lands 



154 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l500— 

A.C. 

in Soutli America, and gives his own name to 
tlie New Continent. — demetrius chalcondylas 

publishes at Florence the Greek Lexicon of Suidas. 

1500. The French under Trevulzio take the Milanese 
from Louis Sforza the Moor. 
Discovery of Brazil by Alvares Cabral, a Por- 
tuguese. — Birth of Charles V. at Ghent. His 

father was Philip, archduke of Austria (son of the Emperor Maximilian 1.): 
his mother Joanna the Mad, the only heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella. 



1501. 

1501. Steno Sture the Elder resumes the administration 

of Sweden, and John, son of Christian L, retires 

to his kingdom of Denmark. 
Basil and Schaffhausen are admitted into the Swiss 

Confederation. 
Alexander, king of Poland. 
ISMAEL SoPHi founds a new empire in Persia, 

and establishes there the Shiite in opposition to the Sonnite form of Islam- 
ism : hence the enmity of the Persians and Turks. The Shiites admit the 
Koran alone, and reject tradition. 

1502. Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII, of England, 

marries James IV. of Scotland. 
Fourth voyage of Christopher Columbus to Ame- 
rica : he enters the Gulf of Honduras. 

1503. Battle of Seminare in Calabria, lost by the French 

(Friday, April 21.). Battle of Cerignole, in 
which Gonsalvo of Cordova, the Spanish general, 
defeats the Chevalier Bayard and the duke of 
Nemours, who is killed in the action (Friday, 
April 28.) : the kingdom of Naples, with the 
exception of the town of Gaeta, falls into the 
hands of the Spaniards. 
Alfonso, duke of Albuquerque, viceroy of the 
Portuguese establishments in the East Indies. 

Pope PIUS III. (Francis Piccolomini). Pope JULIUS II. (Julian 
della Rover e^'. he was the friend and patron of Michael Angela 
and Baphael. 

1504. Death of Isabella ; her son-in-law Philip, archduke 

of Austria, inherits Castile. 
Charles III. (the Good), duke of Savoy. 
"War between Venice and the Turks. 



—1512.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 155 

A.C. 

Vassili IV. (or V.), grand duke of Russia; he 
obtains the title of emperor from Maximilian I, ; 
during his reign he takes Smolensko from the 
Poles, and destroys the republic of Pskof 

Francis Almeida, a Portuguese governor of the 
East Indies. 

1506. CHURCH OF ST. PETER at Rome is commenced by Pope 

JULIUS II. — Death of Christopher Columbus. — The sugar cane is 
first planted in Hispaniola, being brought from the Canaries. 

1507. Louis XII. subdues the revolted Genoese. 
Sigismund I., king of Poland, reigns gloriously for 

41 years. 
Madagascar is discovered by the Portuguese. - 

1508. LEAGUE OP CAMBRAY formed against the 

Venetians by Pope Julius II., Louis XII., 
Ferdinand V., Maximilian I., and the duke of 
Savoy. 

1509. Death of Henry VII. , king of England. He married 

Elizabeth of York. Their children were, Arthur, who married Catherine of 
Arragon, and died young ; Henry VTII. his successor: Margaret, married, 
first, James of Scotland, and, secondly, Douglas, earl of Angus; Mary, mar- 
ried, first, Louis XII. of France, and, secondly, Charles Brandon, duke of 
Suffolk. 

I^tnrg FIM., Mug of England. 

The Venetians are defeated at Agnadello by 
Louis XII. and the Chevalier Bayard. — The 
Florentines take Pisa, after a siege of 4 years. 

Cardinal Ximenes conquers Oran in Africa. 

TRITHEMIUS, ANGLERIUS, and CRANTZ, historians. — GAWIN 
DOUGLAS,poet.— LEONARDO DA VINCI, founder of modern painting, 
d. 1519.— RAPHAEL, head of the Roman school of painting, d. 1520 ; and 
ALBERT DURER, of the Flemish.— GIORGONE, Venetian painter. 

1511. Council assembled at Pisa and Milan against the pope by Louis XII. 

and the emperor. 

HOLY LEAGUE between Henry VIII., the 
Emperor Maximilian I., the Pope, Venice, 
Spain, and Switzerland, against Louis XII., 
king of France. 

Albuquerque conquers Goa, and makes it the 
capital of the Portuguese settlements in the 
East Indies. 

Cuba is conquered by the Spaniards. 

1512. Battle of Ravenna gained by the French, under 

Gaston de Foix, over Julius II., Ferdinand, and 
the Venetians. 



156 COMPENDIUM OP CHRONOLOGY. [l513— 

A.C. 

Maximilian Sforza is reinstated in the duchy of 

Milan. 
Diet of Cologne ; institution of the Aulic Council ; 

Germany is divided into 10 circles. 
Selim 1.5 son and murderer of Bajazet, succeeds him. 

1513. BATTLE OP PLODDEN {Sep. U.), fatal to 

the Scots, in ivhick their king, James IV., is 
killed. — The English defeat the French in the 
battle of the Spurs : the duke of Longueville and 
Chevalier Bayard are taken prisoners. — Cardinal 
Wolsey prime minister of Henry VIII. 

JAMES v., king of Scotland. 

Battle of Novara gained by the Swiss over the 
French. — Appenzell is joined to the Swiss Con- 
federation, composed of 13 cantons. 

Christian 11., king of Denmark and Norway. 

Pope LEO X. (John di Medici), patron of the fine arts, employs 
the illustrious painter and architect Raphael, in finishing the 
church of St. Peter at Pome. — Nugnez Balboa discovers the Pacific 
Ocean near Panama. 

1514. Death of Anne of Bretagne, wife of Louis XIL : 

he marries Mary, Henry VIII.'' s sister. 
Selim I. defeats the Persians, and destroys the 
town of Tauris (Tabriz). 

1515. Death of Louis XIL, the last of the Yalois 

Orleans. 
FRANCIS L, count of Angouleme, first of the 
house of the Valois Angouleme. — Battle of 
Marignano in which the French, under Tri- 
vulzio, defeat the Swiss, and take possession of 

the Milanese. Leo X. persuades Francis I. to abolish the 

Pragmatic Sanction given by Charles VII. (in 1438), and to 
substitute in its place the Concordate. 

1516. Charles I. of Spain (afterwards Emperor Charles 

V.) succeeds Ferdinand the Catholic (his grand- 
father on his mother's side), who reigned over 
Spain, the Two Sicilies, Sardinia, the Nether- 
lands, and Franche Comte. Cardinal Ximenes, 

prime minister ; who caused to be completed at Alcala 
(Complutum) in 1517, the famous COMPLUTENSIAN 
POLYGLOT BIBLE. 
Lewis II., king of Hungary and Bohemia. 



—1520.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 157 

A.C. 

Barbarossa seizes the kingdom of Algiers. 

Zwingle, at Einsiedlin, in Switzerland, preaches against the cor- 
ruptions of the church of Home, especially/ Indulgences. 

1517. THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY 

BEGUN BY LUTHER, an Augustine monk and 
professor at Wittemberg, who in this year publicly attacks the 
sale of Indulgences. Frederic the Wise, elector of Saxony, is his 
protector. 

The Turks put an end to the reign of the Mame- 
lukes in Egypt. 

Las Casas obtains from Ferdinand permission to 
import SLAVES from Africa to America. 

ERASMUS, born at Rotterdam, 1467, d. 1536, the chief promoter of learning in 
thisage.-AVENTINUS, LUDOVICUS VIVES, and Dean COLET of 

London, friends of Erasmus Cardinal CAJETAN (Thomas de Vio of 

Gffita), theologian and commentator, b. 1J69, d. 1534.— MACHIAVELLI, a 
Florentine historian and author of "The Prince," b. 1469, d. 1527. — 
ARIOSTO, poet, author of "Orlando Furioso," b. 1474, d, 1533. — TRIS- 

SINO, b. 1478, d. 15.50, the first epic poet who used a modern language 

Henry Cornelius AGRIPPA, mystical philosopher and Plutonist, b. 1486, d. 

1535 William LILY, first master of St. Paul's School, author of the 

"Latin Grammar," b. 1466, d. 1522.— MICHAEL ANGELO, head of the 
Florentine school of painting, b. 1474, d. 1563. — TITIAN, chief of the 
Venetian school, b. 1477. d. 1576.— ANDRE DEL S A RTO, painter.— James 
HOCHSTRATEN, Romish theologian, opponent of Reuchlin and Luther. 
— PIRCKHEIMER, a learned civilian of Nuremberg, d. 1530.— CAKO- 

LOSTADT (Andrew Bodenstein\ theologian at Wittemberg LATIMER, 

theologian and preacher in England, b. 1470, d. 15.54. 

1518. Luther meets Cajetan at Augsburg. — Melancthon becomes professor 

of Greek at Wittemberg. 

1519. CHARLES V., emperor of Germany on the death 

of Maximilian. 
Expedition of Ferdinando Cortez against Mexico. 
— First voyage round the world undertaken by 
Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of Spain. 
He discovers and sails through the straits that 
bear his name, and gives to the new ocean he 
enters the name of" Pacific Ocean." (See 1513.) 

Discussion between Eck, Carolostadt, and Luther at Leipsic. — Olaus 
Peterson and his brother Laurent, Luther^s disciples, preach the 
reformed religion in Sweden and Denmark. — Zwingle procures 
the expulsion fro7n Zurich of Bernardin Sampson, agent for the 
sale of indulgences. 

Death of Dean Colet, the founder of St. Paul's school. 

1520. Interview between Henry VIII. and Frauds I. near 

Ardres, called the " Field of the Cloth of Gold:' 
Insurrection of Castile : John Padilla. 
Christiern 11., king of the Union of the itsTorth : 
Massacre of Stockholm by Christiern and Arch- 
bishop TroUo. Ei'ic Vasa, father of Gustavus 
Vasa, is among the victims. 



158 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l521— 

A.C. 

Soliman II. (the Magnificent), emperor of the 
Turks, creates the Ottoman navy. 

Leo X. condemns the opinions of Luther, who publicly burns the bull 
of condemnation. 

1521. First war between Charles V. and Francis I. : the 

French under Lautrec are defeated, and lose the 
Milanese territory. 

Gustavus Vasa, at the head of the Dalecarlians, 
defeats the troops of Christiern II. 

Ferdinand of Austria, brother of Charles V., mar- 
ries Anne of Hungary and Bohemia : origin of 
the two branches of the house of Austria. 

Ferdinando Cortez completes the conquest of 
Mexico. — The Ladrone and Philippine islands 
are discovered by Magellan. 

John III., king of Portugal. 

Soliman II. takes Belgrade. 

Luther is excommunicated by Leo X. (Jan. 4.), pleads his cause at 
the DIET OF WORMS (April 17 and 18.), is carried off to the 
castle of Wartburg, and proscribed by the diet. — Death of Pope 
LeoX. 

1522. Soliman II. takes Rhodes from the knights of St. 

John, who retire to Malta. 

Luther returns from Wartburg to Wittemberg (in March'), restrains 
Carolostadt, and publishes his German Bible. — The diet of 
Nuremberg publishes the " Centum Gravamina," or Hundred 
Complaints against the Court of Rome. 

Pope ADRIAN VL (Adrian Boyens). 

1523. GUSTAVUS VASA, KING OF SWEDEN. 

— Christiern IL is deposed. — Frederic I. of 
Holstein, uncle of Christiern II., ascends the 
throne . of Denmark : end of the Union of 
Calmar. 
Pope CLEMENT VIL (Julius de Medici). 

1524. Coalition against Francis I. : his army is defeated 

at Bebec, near Milan, and Chevalier Bayard 
(the knight " sans peur et sans reproche ") 
mortally wounded. 

Reformation at Zurich, under the direction. ofZwingle. 

1525. BATTLE OF PAVIA, in which Francis I. is 

taken prisoner by Charles V. 
Insurrection of the peasantry in Thuringia, Fran- 



-1529.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 159 

A.C. 

conia, and Swabia : Thomas Munzer, their 

prophet and leader, is defeated at Mulhausen 

and beheaded. 
Teutonic Prussia is erected into a hereditary duchy 

in favour of Albert, margrave of Brandenburg. 
John the Constant, elector of Saxony. 

Reformation in Prussia and Saxony. 

1526. Treaty of Madrid between Charles V. and Fran- 

cis I., when the latter is set at liberty. 

Soliman II. defeats Lewis II., king of Bohemia 
and Hungary, near Mohacz ; Lewis is killed in 
the flight. Ferdinand of Austria succeeds him. 
John Zapolya, palatine of Transylvania, his com- 
petitor for the throne of Hungary. 

Foundation of the empire of the Great Moguls in 
Hindostan by Baber. 

The first diet of Spires calls for a general council, and permits 

reformations in worship. 
TINDAL publishes the New Testament in English. This is the 

first printed edition of any part of the Bible in English. 

1527. Henry VIII. questions the validity of his marriage 

with Catherine of Arragon, his brother''s icidow, 
and forms the project of divorcing her in order to 
marry Anne Boleyn. 

Margaret of Yalois marries Henry d'Albret, king 

of Navarre. 
Rome is taken and plundered by the general of 

Charles Y., Bourbon, who is killed in the 

attack. 
The Florentines shake off the yoke of Alexander 

di Medici. 
The reformed religion is established in Sweden, and tolerated in 

Denmark. 

1527. Pizarro and Almagro invade the empire of Peru. — 

The Bermudas are discovered by John Ber- 
mudez, a Spaniard. 

1528. Andrew Doria expels the French from Genoa, and 

re-establishes that republic. 

Councils of Bourges and Sens against Luther. — Reformation at 
Berne. 

1529. Treaty of Cambray, termed the Peace of the Ladies 



160 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1530— 

A.C. 

(August 5.). Francis gives up his claims on 
Milan and N"aples. 
Soliman II., with 250,000 men, is repulsed before 
Vienna. 

Second diet of Spires, which forbids changes in public worship 
until the decision of a council. Six princes and 14 imperial 
cities protest against it, whence the name o/ PROTESTANTS. 
CEcolampadius establishes the reformed religion at Basle. 

1530. Diet of Augsburg. Confession of Augsburg, drawn up by 

Melancthon, Luther' s friend and coadjutor. 

Siege and capture of Florence by the imperialists. 
Fall and death of Wolsey ; Sir Thomas More suc- 
ceeds him as lord chancellor. 

COPERNICUS, an eminent astronomer of Thorn in Prussia, completps his 
system of the universe. — PIGHIUS, mathematician, d. 1542. — PARA- 
CELSUS, a physician, d. 1541. — GUICCIARDINI, historian, d. 1549.— 
BUD^aiUS and VATABLUS, critics. 

1531. League of Smalcald between the Protestant 

princes. — Religious war in Switzerland : death 
of Zwingle in the battle of Cappel. 
Captivity of Bonnivard at Chillon. 

The English convocation assert the king's supremacy. 

1532. Truce of Nuremberg. — John Frederic, elector of 

Saxony. 

1533. Henry VIIL divorces Catherine of Arragon, and 

marries Anne Boleyn. Thomas Cranmer, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. — Birth of the Princess 
Elizabeth. 
Appeals to Rome prohibited by parliament. 

Ivan IV., grand duke of Russia. 
Pizarro completes the conquest of Peru, and orders 
its inca (emperor) Atahualpa to be strangled. 

1534. Christian III., king of Denmark. 
Barbarossa seizes the kingdom of Tunis. 

The English parliament reject the papers supremacy, and give to 
Henry VIIL the title of Supreme Head on earth of the Church 
of England. 

Pope PAUL III. (Alexander Farnese). 

THE ORDER OF THE JESUITS is founded by IGNATIUS 
LOYOLA, a Spanish knight; FRANCIS XAVIER, the 
" Apostle of the Indies," and five others, unite with him. They 
left Paris to meet at Venice in 1537. Their order is sanctioned 
by Paul III. in 1540. The following year Loyola is chosen 
general of his order. At his death, in 1556, his society consisted 
of above 1000 persons. 

1535. Expedition of Charles V. to Africa against Che- 



^1542.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 161 

A.C. 

reddin Barbarossa, grand admiral of tlie Turks, 
and king of Algiers and Tunis. Charles takes 
Tunis. 
Renewal of the league of Smalcald. 

The Reformation is established at Geneva by JOHN CALVIN. — 
Henry VIII. is deposed and cursed by Pope Paul III. — Dis- 
orders and excesses of the ANABAPTISTS at Munster : John 
Bockholdt, a tailor of Leyden, is made their king ayid lawgiver. 

1536. Execution of Anne Boleyn : Henry VIII. marries 

Jane Seymour, wlio dies next year after the birth 
of her son Prince Edward. — Suppression of the 
lesser monasteries in England. Revolt in the 
northern counties. 
The hinges supremacy is established in Ireland by act of parliament. 

The city of Munster is taken by its bishop. Count 
Waldec, and Bockholdt executed. 

1537. Origin of the Mennonites or reformed Anabaptists, so called from 

Menno Simonis of Friesland, their foimder, who begins to pro- 
pagate his system. 
Matthewe's Bible is published in England with the royal license. 

1538. Treaty of Mce between Francis I. and Charles V. 

1539. SIX ARTICLES of Henry VIII. against the Protestants, called 

the Bloody Statute. — The first regularly authorised translation 
of the Bible into English, called Cranmer's, or the Great Bible, 
is appointed to be kept and read in the churches. 
The reformed religion is finally established in Denmark : BUGEN- 
HAGEN of Wittemberg, chief director of the Reformation there. 

1540. Henry VIII. marries Anne of Cleves, and a few 

months after divorces her to marry Catherine 
Howard. — Final dissolution of the monasteries in 
England by Henry VIII. 
Rebellion and chastisement of the inhabitants of 
Ghent. 

Variation of the compass noticed by Cabot. — SLEIDAN, historian, d. 1550 

BUCER, theologian, died at Cambridge 1551.— JULIUS CAESAR SCA- 
LIGER, Latin poet and critic, d. 1558 : his son, Joseph Scaliger, was also a 
critic and historian. — HOLBEIN, Swiss painter, d. 15.54. — RABELAIS, 
French writer, d. 1553. — POLYDORE VIRGIL, historian, d. 1555.— 
PETER MARTYR, theologian, d. 1562. — MELANCTHON, d. 1560; 
CRANMER, d. 1556 ; and CALVIN, d. 1564, reformers. 

1541. Unsuccessful expedition of Charles Y. agaii^.t Al- 

giers. 
Diet of Ratisbon. 
Sigismund I. (the Great) joins Lithuania to Poland. 

1542. Defeat of the Scots at Solway Moss by the English. 

Death of James V. IMARY, daughter of James 
M 



162 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1543-. 

A.C. 

v., only 7 years old, queen of Scotland. Catherine 
Howard, wife of Henry VI IL, is heheaded ; next 
year he marries Catherine Parr, his sixth and 
last wife. — Con OWial submits to Henry VIII. 
at Greenwich, and receives the title of earl of 
Tyrone. — Japan visited by Ferdinand Mendez 
Pinto. 

1543. Copernicus publishes his system of astronomy, and dies immediately after.— 

The exhibition of " Mysteries and Moralities " prohibited by law in England. 

1544. Edinburgh is taken by the English under the earl of 

Hertford. — Henry VIII. takes Boulogne. 
The French defeat the troops of Charles V. in the 
battle of Cerizoles. Peace of Crespy between 
Charles V. and Francis I. 

1545. The Scots defeat the English at Ancram Muir. 
Peter Louis Farnese, first duke of Parma and 

Placentia. 

THE COUNCIL OF TRENT holds its first session, Dec. 13th: 
it continues 18 i/ears, under the popes Paid III., Julius III., and 
Pius IV. 

1546. Cardinal Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrew'' s, is 

assassinated. 
Death of Luther, Feb. 18 th. — War of Smalcald : 
proscription of the Protestant elector John Fre- 
derick of Saxony and the landgrave of Hesse by 
Charles V. 

1547. Death of Henry VIII. He left three children: Mary, by Ca- 

therine of Arragon ; Elizabeth, by Anne Boleyn ; and Edward, by Jane 
Seymour. 

(IBtlbjartl li^S., king of England. — Somerset, the pro- 
tector, gains the battle of Pinkey over the Scots. 

HENRY II., son of Francis I., succeeds him. 

Battle of Mlihlberg, in which the Protestants are 
defeated, and the elector of Saxony taken pri- 
soner. The landgrave of Hesse surrenders him- 
self to Charles V. — Diet of Augsburg : Charles 
Y. confers the electorate of Saxony on Maurice. 

Fiesco's conspiracy at Genoa. 

Orange trees brought from China to Portugal. 

1548. The Interim is granted by Charles V. to the Pro- 

testants : it allowed them the use of the communion in both 
kinds, and the marriage of their clergy, until the matter should he 
determined by a council. 



— 1555.J COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 163 

A.C. 

Sigismuncl IT. (Augustus), king of Poland. 

The BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER is composed, and read in all 
the churches of England : a revised edition of it is published in 
1551. — Sternhold, versifier of the Psalms, d. 1549. 

1 550. Pope JULIUS III. (John Maria del Monte). 

SIR JOHN CHEKE, tutor to King Edward, d. 1 557 ; and ROGER ASCHAM, 
to Queen Elizabeth, d. 1563 — CONRAD GESNER, naturalist, d. 15G5.— 
TURNEBUS (d. 1565) and CASTELVETRO (d. 1556), critics, 

1551. The English Liturgy first used in Ireland, and the Book of Common 

Prayer published in Dublin, the first book ever printed in Ire- 
land. 

1552. TREATY OP PASSAU, between Charles v. and the 

elector of Saxony, by which the free exercise of Protestant wor- 
ship is secured. 

1553. ilWarg, queen of England, on the death of Edward 

VI. ; she re-establishes the Roman Catholic re- 
ligion in England. 
Richard Chancelour, captain of a ship of Sir Hugh 

Willoughby's squadron (sent out by Edward VI. 

to find a north-east passage to China), discovers 

the passage to Archangel by sea. 
Metz being bravely defended by D'Aumale, duke 

of Guise, Charles Y. is obliged to raise the 

siege. 
Philibert Emmanuel, surnamed Iron Head, duke of 

Savoy. 

Michael Servetus is burned for heresy at Geneva. 

1554. Mary, queen of England, marries Philip 11. , son of 

Charles V. — Sir Thomas Wyatt is defeated in 
his attack on London, and executed toith 400 of 
his followers. — Executions of Lady Jane Grey, 
Lord Guilford Dudley, her husband, and Nor- 
thumberland, her father-in-law. 

1555. Persecution of the Protestants by Mary. Rogers, 

the first victim, is burned in Smithfield ; Bishop 

Hooper at Gloucester; Ridley and Latimer in 

Oxford. 
Achbar the Great, grand mogul of India. 
The Spaniards colonize the Manillas, and call them 

the Philippine Islands. 

Peace of Augsburgh, which grants to the Protestants of Ger- 
many full liberty of conscience. 

Pope MARCELLUSIL (Marcellus Cervini).—Pi>pe PAUL IV. 
(John Peter Caraffa). 

M 2 



164 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l556— 

A.C. 

1556. Abdication of Charles V. : he retires to the monas- 

tery of St. Just, leaving the empire of Germany 
to his brother FERDIHATTD, king of the Ro- 
mans ; and to his son Philip II., Spain, Naples, 
the Milanese, and the Netherlands. 

LjELIUS SOCINUS, a Tuscan (d. 1562), according to some the 
founder of the Socinian sect, which, however, was first organised 
by his nephew, Faustus Socinus, about 1560. 

1557. Battle of St. Quentin gained over the French by 

the Spaniards, commanded by Philibert Emma- 
nuel of Savoy and the count of Egmont. 

1558. The duke of Guise recovers Calais from the Mnglish 

in 8 days : it had been in their possession for 200 

years. 
iBli^abet^, queen of England. — Mary, queen of 

Scots, is married to the dauphin, afterwards 

Francis IL 
The French are defeated at Gravelines by the 

Spaniards and Count Egmont. — Charles V. dies 

at the monastery of St. Just. 

1559. Treaty of Chateau Cambresis between France and 

Spain. 
FRANCIS IL, king of France. 
Margaret of Parma, daughter of Charles V., is 

appointed governor of the Netherlands : Philip II. 

establishes the Inquisition there. 
Pope PIUS IV. (John Angelo de Medici). 

1560. The Reformation is completed in Scotland by KNOX, and the par- 

liament abolishes the papal authority. 

CHARLES IX. (brother of Francis II.), then 10 
years old, ascends the throne of France under 
the regency of his mother Catherine of Medici. 
Conspiracy of Amboise, formed by the party of 
Conde against that of Guise. Beginning of the 
civil wars in France. 

Death of Gustavus Vasa, king of Sweden ; his son 
Eric XIV, succeeds him. 

X>ea<Ao/MELANCTHON.— JEROME CARD AN,aphilosopher,d. 1576. 
— PETER RAMUS, logician, d. 1572. — TELESIUS of Naples, opponent 
of Aristotle, and natural philosopher, d. 1568. — PATRICIUS. a Platonist. 
—NIC. TARTAGLIA and FRED. COMMANDINE, mathematicians.— 
CAMERARIUS, a critic, d. 1574. 

1561. Mary, queen of Scots, widow of Francis II. , arrives 



—1570.] COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 165 

A.C. 

in Scotland from France, and marries Henry 
Stuart, Lord Darnley. 
Livonia is given up to Poland. 

1562. Battle of Dreux gained by the duke of Guise ; 

Conde is taken prisoner. 
The Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England are compiled : 
they are authorized by convocation in Jan. 1563. 

1563. First law for the relief of the poor in England, 
The duke of Guise is assassinated by Poltrot. 
The COUNCIL OF TRENT is dissolved, Dec. Ath. 

1564. MAXIMILIAN II., emperor of Germany. 
The CREED OF POPE PIUS IV. is published. 
Death of Calvin. 

THEODORE BEZA, a reformer and commentator, d, 1605 Foundation of the 

palace of the Tuileries by Catherine of Medici. 

1565. Soliman II. is obliged to raise the siege of Malta. 

1566. Murder of David Rizzio in Scotland. — The cathe- 

dral and city of Armagh are burned by Shane 

O'Niel 
Revolt of the Netherlands from Philip II. ; their 

chiefs are, William of Orange, Louis of Nassau, 

and the counts of Egmont and Horn. 
Selim II., emperor of the Turks. 
Pope PIUS V. {Michael Ghislieri). 

1567. Darnley is murdered, Feb, 9th; Mary Stuart is 

dethroned : regency of Murray during the minority 
of her son JAMES VI. king of Scotland, 

The duke of Alva is appointed by Philip II. go- 
vernor of the Netherlands, and commences his 
bloody persecutions. 

Battle of St. Denis : Montmorenci defeats the 
Protestants, and is killed in the action. 

1568. Seminary at Douay founded to educate Roman Catholic priests to 

labour in England. 

1569. The earl of Murray, regent of Scotland, is assas- 

sinated. — The Royal Exchange is built in London 
by Sir Thomas Gresham, the " royal merchant.'''' 
Battle of Jarnac, in which the prince of Conde, 
leader of the Protestants, is taken prisoner, then 
murdered. Battle of Moncontour lost by Co- 
ligni. 

1570. Treaty of St. Germain en Laye. The French 

M 3 



166 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1571 — 

A.C. 

Protestants obtain an amnesty, liberty of con- 
science, and other privileges. 
Po-pe Pius V. issues a bull deposing Queen Elizabeth. 

HENRY BILLINGSLEY of London, publishes the first English translatiou 
of Euclid's Geometry. — CAMOENS, the Portuguese poet, author of the 

Lusiad, d. 1579. —HANS SACK, founder of the German drama, d. 1576 

RONSARD, French poet, d. 1585. — TALLIS, English musician, d. 1585 

MERCATOR, mathematician, inventor of the projection of the sphere. 

1571. The island of Cyprus is taken by Selim II. from 

the Venetians. 
Battle of Lepanto, where the Turkish fleet is 

defeated by the Venetians and Germans under 

Don John of Austria, son of Charles V. 
Moscow is surprised by the Tartars, who slay 30,000 

of the inhabitants. 

1572. MASSACRE OP ST. BARTHOLOMEW, 

in which Coligni is killed, August 24th. 

William, prince of Orange, the count of Nassau, 
his brother, and William, count de la Marck, 
attack the Spaniards ; the city of Brille is taken 
by surprise : assembly of the States at Dort ; 
William I., prince of Orange, is declared stadt- 
holder. 

Death of Sigismund II. ; extinction of the Jagellon 
dynasty : the kingdom of Poland becomes elec- 
tive. 

Pope GREGORY XIIL (Hugh Buonocompagno). 
Death o/ JOHN KNOX, the Scottish reformer. 

1573. Haerlem is taken by the Spaniards, who are after- 

wards repulsed at Alcmaer. The duke of Alva is 
recalled, and Lewis of Requesens succeeds him. 

Henry of Anjou is elected king of Poland : the 
following year he ascends the thron.e of France. 

Tunis is taken by the Turks. 

1574. HPNEY III., king of France. 

Memorable siege of Leyden, raised by the prince 

of Orange and Admiral Boissot. 
Don Sebastian, king of Portugal, invades Africa. 
Amurath III., emperor of the Turks. 

1576. BODOLPH 11., king of Hungary and emperor of 
Germany. 
The Catholic League in France is formed 



—1584.] COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. 167 

against the Protestants ; Henry, duke of Guise, 
is the chief promoter of it. 
Pacification of Ghent. — Frobisher's Straits dis- 
covered by Sir Martin Frobisher. 

1578. Sir Humphrey Gilbert is empowered by Queen Eli- 

zabeth to found the first English colony in America, 
but fails. 
The Spaniards under Don John of Austria (go- 
vernor of the Netherlands) are defeated in the 
battle of Rimenant, but successful at Gem- 
blours. 

1579. THE REPUBLIC OP HOLLAND IS 

FORMED by the Union of Utrecht between 

the seven provinces. — Maestricht is taken by 

the Spaniards. 
Faction of the Sixteen at Paris. 
Battle of Alcazar in Africa, where the Portuguese, 

under Don Sebastian are defeated by Muley 

Moluck the Moor. 

1580. Philip of Spain sends some Spaniards and Italians, 

in the name of the pope, to invade Ireland, but 
they are defeated at Smerwick. — Sir Francis 
Drake returns from his voyage in the third year, 
being the first Englishman who circumnavigated 
the world. 

The use of coaches is introduced into England by the earl of Arundel. 

Philip II. takes possession of Portugal. 
Charles Emmanuel the Great, duke of Savoy. 

RICHARD HOOKER, author of "Ecclesiastic Polity," b. 1539, d. 1596.— 

SPENSER, poet, author of the " Fairy Queen," d. 1596 TORQUATO 

TASSO, poet, author of" Gierusalemme Liberata," d. 1595. — ERCILLA, 
a Spanish poet. — MONTAIGNE, essayist, d. 1592.— VIET A, mathema- 
tician, improver of algebra and trigonometry PALESTRINA, musician, 

d. 1596. — PAUL VERONESE, painter, d. 1588, and TINTORETTO, 
d. 1593. 

1582. The Raid of Ruthven in Scotland; James VI. is 
seized by the earl of Gowrie. 
Keform of the calendar : the New Style is intro- 
duced into Italy by Gregory XIII., the 5th of 
October being counted the 15th. 

The JRhemish translation of the New Testament is published. 

1584. Sir Walter Raleigh is empowered to found a colony in 
America : his officers discover Vii'ginia, so named 

M 4 



168 COMPENDIUM OP CHROKOLOGY. [1585— 

A.C. 

after Queen Elizabeth. — Stricter laivs are passed 
hy Elizabeth against Jesuits and Roman Catholic 
priests ; and the Ecclesiastical Commission Court 
is instituted. 

Assassination of William I., prince of Orange, at 
Delft : his son Maurice is elected stadtholder. 

Embassy from four kings of Japan to Philip II. 

1585. Shah Abbas the Great, king of Persia. 

Fope SIXTUS V. {Felix Feretti). 

1586. Sir Francis Drake is sent to attack the Spaniards in 

the West Indies : he brings back the colonists of 
Virginia, who introduce tobacco into England^ 
and, according to some, also potatoes. — Bating- 
ioiUs conspiracy against Elizabeth. — The English 
defeat the Spaniards at Zutphen, where Sir Philip 
Sidney is killed. 

1587. Mary, queen of Scots, is beheaded at Fotheringay 

Castle. — Sir Francis Drake destroys the Spanish 
fleet at Cadiz. 
Battle of Coutras, gained by Henry of Navarre 

(afterwards Henry IV. of France) over the 

Duke Joyeuse, who is killed in the action. 
Sigismund, son of John, king of Sweden, is elected 

king of Poland. 

1588. DESTRUCTION OF THE SPANISH AR- 

MADA BY THE ENGLISH. Baleigh, 
Howard, Drake, Cavendish, and Hawkins, dis- 
tinguished admirals. 
Paris is barricaded : the duke of Guise compels 
Henry III. to call an assembly of the states 
general at Blois ; the duke is murdered by 
order of Henry III. 

First newspaper published in England, called the English Mercury. 

1589. Henry III. of France is murdered by Jacques 

Clement, a Dominican friar. Extinction of the 
house of Valoise. Accession of the HOUSE 
OF BOURBON to the throne of France in 
the person of HENRY IV. (the Great).— 
Battle of Arques gained by Henry lY. over 
Mayenne. 



—1600.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 169 

1590. BATTLE OF IVRI gained by Henry IV. over 

Mayenne : it ruins the Catholic League in 
France. 

Pope URBAN VII. (John Baptist Castagna). — Pope GRE- 
GORY XIV. (Nicholas Sfondrati). 

TELESCOPES invented about this time by J. B. Porta, Jansen of Middleburgh, 
or Metius. 

1591. Pope INNOCENT IX. (John Antony Facchinetti.) 
The university of DUBLIN is founded by Queen Elizabeth. 

1592. Presbyterianism is established in Scotland. 

Battle of Aumale between Henry lY. and the duke 

of Parma. 
Pope CLEMENT VIIL (Hippolytus Aldohrandini). 

1593. Henry IV. abjures Protestantism; 

Abraham Shultetus publishes his treatise on " Morals." 

1594. The Bank of England is incorporated, — The Falk- 

land Isles are discovered by Hawkins. 

1595. Rebellion of Hugh O'^Nial, earl of Tyrone. — The Lam- 

beth Articles are framed under Archbishop Whitgift. 

Mahomet III., emperor of the Turks. 

The Dutch form settlements in the island of Java. 

Kepler publishes his " Mysterium Cosmographicum." 

1596. Cadiz is taken by an English armament under Ejffing- 

ham and Essex. 

1597. Sully (a French writer) is appointed by Henry IV. 

superintendent of the finances. 

Watches are brought to England from Germany. (See 1478.) — First edition of 
Bacon's " Essays " published : complete one in 1625. 

1598. O^Nial defeats Marshal Bagnal at the Blackwater, — 

The BODLEIAN LIBRARY is founded at Oxford. 
EDICT OF NANTES, tolerating Protestantism in 
France. 

Peace of Vervins between France and Spain. — 
Death of Philip II., king of Spain ; his son 
Philip III. succeeds him : the duke of Lerme 
his prime minister. 

Extinction of the family of Ruric in Russia. 

1599. The earl of Essex is sent against O^Nial, and con- 

cludes a truce with him contrary to ElizabetKs 
orders. — The Spaniards are defeated by the En- 
glish and Dutch at Nieuport. 

1600. Establishment of the English East India Company. — 

Gowrie conspiracy in Scotland. 



170 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [1601— 

A.C. 

Henry IV., king of France, marries Mary di 
Medici, .princess of Tuscany. 



1601. 

1601. Elizabeth orders the earl of Essex, her favourite, to 

he beheaded. — The Spaniards occupy Kinsale, but 
capitulate to Lord Mountjoy, 

Deaths of TYCHO BRAHE, an eminent Danish astronomer, and of STOWE, 
antiquarian.— SHAKSPEARE, b. 1564, d. 1616, and BEAUMONT, d. 
1615, dramatists. — CERVANTES, author of Don Quixote, d. 1616.— 
REGNIER, MALHERBE, GUARINI, poets.— BAYER, astronomer.— 
W. GILBERT, a physician, who discovered the principles of electricity, 
1600-6 ARMINIUS, theologian, d. 1609. — Cardinal BARONIUS, eccle- 
siastical historian, d. 1607 A. DE THOU, statesman and historian, d. 

1617.-ISAAC CASAUBON, d. 1614, JUSTUS LIPSIUS, d. 1606, and 
JOS. SCALIGER, d. 1609, classical critics— DANIEL HOFFMANN, 
opponent of philosophy in general, d. 1611.— JORDANO BRUNO, of 
Naples, opponent of Aristotle's philosophy, burnt this year at Rome for 
impiety. — CLAVIUS, mathematician, d. 1612. — Lewis Augustine and 
Hannibal CARACCI, painters. 

1602. The duke of Biron is beheaded at Paris. 

The Dutch East India Company is established. 

Decimal arithmetic is invented at Bruges. 

1603. Death of Elizabeth, at the age of 10, James VI. of 

Scotland succeeds. 

I^OUSe of ^tuart : gjatntS E, king of England, 
uniting the croicns of England and Scotland. — 
Achmet I., emperor of the Turks. — Hampton Court 
Conference respecting alterations in the Prayer Book. — The New 
Testament first translated into Irish and published. 

Publication of Bayer's Celestial Atlas, 

1604. Ostend is taken by Spinola from the revolted 

Dutch. 
First French colony in Canada. 

1605. THE GUNPOWDER PLOT against James L 

and the parliament is discovered. 
Pope LEO XI. {Alexander de Medici).^Pope PAUL V. {Camillus 

Borghese'). 
Bacon publishes his *' Advancement of Learning." 

1606. James I. takes the title of King of Great Britain. 

Abolition of the Brehon Laws in Ireland, and the 
English law substituted, icith a regular House of 
Commons. 
Paul V. lays the Venetians under an interdict, who refuse to submit 
to it, and expel the Jesuits. 

1607. Newport discovers the Bay of Chesapeake and founds 

James Town, 



—1617.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 171 



A.C. 



1608. Quebec is founded by the French. 

1609. A truce of 12 years is concluded at Antwerp be- 

tween Spain and the United Provinces. — The 
Bank of Amsterdam is established. 

The Douay version of the Old Testament published. {See 1582.) 
Thermometers invented about this time by Drebbel, Paul Sarpi, or Sanctorio. 

1610. Hudson, an Englishman, discovers the hay since 

called hy his name. 
Henry IV., of France, is murdered by Ravaillac. 
LOUIS XIIL, son of Henry IV., succeeds him 

under the regency of his mother, Marie de 

Medici, who is ruled by Concini, Marshal 

d'Ancre. 
Catholic league of Wurzburg. 
The Moors are expelled from Spain by Philip III. 

TEA is brought from India by the Dutch ; it is introduced into England, 
1666. 

Galileo and Harriot about the same time discover the satellites of Jupiter and 

the spots in the sun.— GALILEO, b. 1564, d. 1642 KEPLER, astronomer, 

b. 1571, d. 1630.— Lord BACON, philosopher, b. 1560, d. 1626.— NAPIER, 
of Merchiston, inventor of logarithms, d. 1617.— Sir Henry SAVILE, 
mathematician, d. 1622 — Cardinal BELLARMINE, controversial writer, d. 
1621.— MARIANA, Spanish historian, d. 1624,— PAUL SARPI, historian of 
Council of Trent, d. 1623.— Sir W. RALEIGH (d. 1618), and W. CAM- 
DEN (d, 1623), historians.— SALVATOR ROSA, Italian painter. 

1611. Baronets are first created in England by James I, 
Gu STATUS Adolphus, SOU of Charles IX. , king of 

Sweden. 

1612. MATHIAS is elected emperor of Germany on the 

death of his brother, Kodolph 11. 

1613. Accession of the house ofRomanowto the throne 

of Russia in the person of Michael III. (Theodo- 
re witsch.) 

1614. LOGARITHMS invented by Sir John NAPIER, baron of Merchiston, a 

Scotchman Commencement of the ROSACRUSIAN mania. 

1615. Louis XIII. marries Anne of Austria, daughter of 

Philip II. 
Straits of " Le Maire " discovered by a Dutchman 
of that name. 

KEPLER publishes his invention of the Infinitesimal Analysis. 

1616. Cape Horn doubled, and Van Diemen's Land dis- 

covered, and Baffin's Bay. 

1617. Mustapha I., brother of Achmet I., succeeds him as 



172 COMPENDIUM OE CHRONOLOGY. [1618—- 

A.C. 

emperor of tlie Turks ; he is deposed by the 

janissaries, and imprisoned. 
Concini is assassinated, and his wife burned as a 

sorceress. 
Peace of Stolbova between Russia and Sweden. 

1618. Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded. 
Troubles in Bohemia : Count Mansfeld. 

THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR among the 

princes of Germany. This war may be divided into four dif- 
ferent periods: the Palatine (1618), Danish (1625), Swedish (1630), and 
French (1635). On the side of the empire the most distinguished generals 
are, Maximilian of Bavaria, Tilly, Pappenheim, Wallenstein, John of Werth, 
Merci, and Piccolomini. On the side of Sweden, the king Gustavus 
Adolphus, the duke of Weimar, Banier, Torstenson, and Wrangel. On the 
side of France, Turenne and Conde. 

Othman II., son of Achmet I., emperor of the 
Turks. 

SYNOD OF DORT in Holland, where the doctrine of the ARMI- 
NIANS is condemned: SIMON EPISCOPIUS, disciple of 
Arminius, their chief orator at the synod, 

KEPLER discovers the LAWS of the motions of the planets. 

1619. PERDIHAHD II., emperor of Germany. 
Execution of Barneveldt. 

Vanini is burned at Toulouse for atheism. 

Harvey discovers the circulation of the blood, according to some. (See 1G28.) 

1620. The English make a settlement at Madras. — Emi- 

gration of Puritans to New England. 

The battle of Prague, by which Frederic II., the 
Elector Palatine, son-in-law of James L, loses 
Bohemia and his electorate. 

War of the Yalteline: the French expel the 
Spaniards from it. 

Navarre is united to France. The Huguenots re- 
new the war, and occupy Rochelle. 

Lord BACON publishes his "Novum Organum Scientiarura."— GROTIUS, 

jurist and theologian, h. 1583, d. 1645 SNELLIUS. natural philosopher 

and opponent of Aristotle, d. 1626 BRIGGS, inventor of common loga- 
rithms, d. 1630._CAMPANELLA, philosopher, d. 1639. — JOSEPH 
MEDE, theologian, author of the " Clavis Apocalyptica," d. 1638 — Sir 
Edward COKE, jurist, commentator on Littleton, d. 1634 — LOPE DE 

VEGA, Spanish writer, d. 1635 MASSINGER, French poet, d. 1640 — 

BEN JONSON, dramatist, d. 1637.— CHAPMAN and GEORGE HER- 
BERT, poets.—DAVlLA, historian, d. 1631._CORNELIUS A LAPIDE, 
Romish commentator, d. 1637— HARVEY, physician, d. l657.— FLUDD, 
BCEHMEN, and VAN HE LMONT, theosophists.— RUBENS (d. 1640), 
VANDYKE (d. 1C41), and DOMENICHINO, painters. 

1621. Ferdinand II. invades the Palatinate. 
Unsuccessful expedition sent by James I, to aid the 

elector. 
Philip IV., king of Spain : Olivarez his prime 
minister. 



—1630.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY, 173 

A.C. 

Batavia is built and colonized by tlie Dutch. 
Condemnation of Lord Bacon for receiving bribes. 
Pope GREGORY XV. {Alexander Ludovici). 

1622. Mustapha I. recovers the throne^ and Othman II. 

is assassinated. 

1623. Institution of the Knights of Nova Scotia by James I. 
Mustapha I. is again deposed and succeeded by his 

nephew Amurath IV. 
The electoral dignity of the Palatinate is transferred 
to Bavaria by the emperor. 

1 624. Snellius discovers the law of refraction of light. 

1625. ^j^atks 31. succeeds his father James I. The duTie 

of Buckingham his favourite. — The island of 
Barbadoes is colonized ; the first English settle- 
ment in the West Indies. — Knights baronets are 
first created in Scotland. 
Death of Maurice of Nassau. 

Grotius publishes his work " De Jure Belli et Pacis." 

1626. Battle of Lutter : Tilly defeats Christian IV., king 

of Denmark. Count Mansfeld is defeated at 
Dessau by Wallenstein. 
The Valteline is joined to the Grisons. — Death of Lord 

Bacon. 

1627. Rochelle is besieged ; the duke of Buckingham makes 

an unsuccessfid expedition to relieve it. 

1628. Tlie duke of Buckingham is murdered by Felton, a 

fanatic. WILLIAM HARVEY, a physician, discovers or rather 

fully establishes the circulation of the blood (see 1619): it had first been 
made known by MICHAEL SERVETUS, a Spanish physician, in 1553. 

1629. Ferdinand II. publishes the Edict of Restitution. 

The Huguenots make peace ; and obtain the free exercise 
of their religion. 

Louis XIII., with the help of his generals Crequi 
and Bassompierre, passes the defile of Suza and 
enters Piedmont. 

DESCARTES discovers astronomical refraction. 

1630. Success of Richelieu in Italy. 

Gustavus Adolphus comes to the assistance of the 
Protestants of Germany. — Wallenstein is super- 
seded by Tilly. 

Victor Amadeus I., duke of Savoy. 



174 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1631— 



A.C. 



Death of Kepler.— DESCAHTES, philosopher and mathematician, b. 1596, 
d. 1650 — GASSENDI, natural philosopher and mathematician, who main- 
tained the atomic theory of Epicurus, and asserted a " vacuum " in oppo- 
sition to Descartes, b. 1592. d. 1655.— VOSSIUS (Gerard John), critic, 
d. 16.50— F. STRADA (d. 1649), and BENTIVOGLIO (d. 1644), historians. 
CHILLINGWORTH, controversial writer, d. 1644 HARVEY, phy- 
sician (see 1619 and 1628), d. 1657.— GUIDO and TENIERS (the Elder), 
painters. 

1631. Capture and sacking of Magdeburg by Tilly. — 

Gustavus Adolphus gains over Tilly the battle 
of Leipsic. 

First observation of a planet's transit over the sun's disc made by Gassendi, viz. 
that of Mercury (Nov. 17.) 

1632. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS IS KILLED 

IN THE BATTLE OP LUTZEN, IN 
WHICH HIS TROOPS ARE VICTO- 
RIOUS (Nov. 16). Christina, his daughter, 
succeeds, under the regency of Oxenstiern. 

Settlement of Roman Catholics in Maryland. 
Order of " Priests of the Missions ^^ founded by Vincent de Paula. 
Galileo is compelled by the Inquisition a second time to recant his system of 
astronomy (the first time in 1615). 

1634. Assassination of Wallenstein, duke of Friedland. 
Peace of Viazma between Russia and Poland. 

1635. Alliance between France and Sweden against the 

Imperialists. In the Valteline, Henry, duke of 
Rohan, is opposed to the German and Spanish 
forces. — Peace of Prague : Lusatia is given to 
Saxony. 

Richelieu founds the French Academy Cavalerius publishes his " Method of 

Indivisibles." 

1636. The Imperialists are defeated by Banier (the 

Swedish general) at the battle of Wislock. 

1637. Hampden refuses the payment of ship-money. — 

Charles I. attempts to introduce Episcopacy and 
the English liturgy into Scotland. 
FERDINAND III., emperor of Germany. 

Descartes founds algebraic geometry by the introduction of co-ordinates. 

1638. The " Covenant " is revived in Scotland. 

Victory of Bernard, duke of Saxe Weimar, at 
Rheinfeld, over the Imperialists. — Conde (the 
Elder) causes the siege of Fontarabia to be 
raised. 

Victories of Amurath IV. over the Persians; he 
takes Bagdad, 

Death of JANSENIUS, bishop of Ypres in Flanders, reviver of 
the doctrines of Augustine, ivhich he collected in his book ^'•Augus- 



—1643.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGT. 175 

A.O. 

tinus,'" published after his death in 1640. His followers were 
called Jansenists, and were opposed by the Jesuits. 

1639. Banier defeats the Imperialists, and takes Monte- 

cuculi prisoner. 

Horrox first observes a transit of Venus across the sun. 

1640. Convocation of the Long Parliament in England, 

Nov. 3. — Foundation of the Fort St. George or 
Madras. {See 1620.) 

Translation of the Old Testament into Irish completed by Bishop 
Bedell, but not published till 1685. 

The Portuguese shake off the Spanish yoke : 
John IV., duke of Braganza, is proclaimed king 
of Portugal. 

Frederic William I. (the Great), elector of Bran- 
denburg, and duke of Prussia. 

Ibrahim, emperor of the Turks. 

JOHN SELDEN, antiquary, b. 1584, d. 1654.^HEINSIUS, classical critic. - 
Archbishop USHER, antiquary and theologian, d. 1655 — PETAVIUS, 
historian, d. 1652.— TORRICELLI, natural philosopher, d. 1647.— CA VA- 
LERIUS, mathematician, d. 1647— Sir Kenelm DIGBY.chemist.-INIGO 
JONES, architect, d. 1652.— NICHOLAS POUSSIN, EUSTACHE LE 
SUEUR, French painters.— VELASQUEZ, Spanish painter. 

1641. Irish rebellion; massacre of the Protestants in Ire- 

land, Oct. 23. — The earl of Strafford is beheaded. 
The bishops are expelled from parliament. 
Masterly retreat of Banier, who dies of fatigue. 
Victory of Guebriant over the Imperialists at 
Wolfenbuttel. 

The sugar cane is introduced into Barbadoes from Brazil. Coffee is brought 

into England. 
The pendulum is applied to clocks by Richard Harris and the younger Galileo. 

Huyghens claimed the invention, 1656. 

1642. Beginning of the Civil JVar in England between 

Charles I. and his parliament. Battle of Edge- 

hill, Oct. 23. 
Death of Richelieu : Mazarin prime minister. 
Victories of the Swedes under Torstenson. 
New Zealand discovered by Tasman. 

Death of Galileo and birth of Newton. 

1643. Archbishop Laud is impeached by the commons, 

tried, and beheaded. 
LOUIS XIV., 5 years old, succeeds his father 
Louis XIII. , under the regency of his mother, 
Anne of Austria. — Battle of Rocroy gained by 
the young Duke d'Enghien (Conde the Great), 
over the Spaniards. 



176 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1644— 

AC. 

The Mantclioo Tartars make themselves masters of 
China. 

Torricelli, a Florentine, invents the BAROMETER — Denham, poet, publishes 
his " Cooper's Hill." 

1644. Siege of York, in ivhich Cromivell distinguishes him- 

self. — Battle of Marston Moor gained over 

Charles I. hy Cromioell. 
Battle of Friburg gained over Merci by Conde, 

Turenne, and Grammont. 
Ragotski of Transylvania invades Hungary, and 

takes Cassovia. 
Pope INNOCENT X. (John Baptist PamfiUy 

1645. Charles I. is defeated at the battle of Nasehy by 

Cromioell and Fairfax, — Use of the English 
liturgy 'prohibited. 
Torstenson defeats the Imperialists at Thabor.— 
Tm'enne is surprised and defeated by Merci at 
Mariendahl. Battle of Nordlingen gained by 
Conde, and in which Merci is killed. 
War between the Venetians and the Turks. 
Alexis Michaelo witch, czar of Russia. — Death of Grotius. 

1646. Battle of Benburb in Ireland, gained by CNeil over 

Munro. — Sir Robert Spottisivoode, president of 
the Session, is beheaded. 

1647. The Scots deliver up Charles I. to the English. 
Massaniello, the fisherman of Naples, heads an 

insurrection. 

1648. Victory of Wrangel and Turenne over the Im- 

perialists at Zummerhausen. 

TREATY OF WESTPHALIA, signed at 
Munster and Osnaburg. End of the Thirty 
Years' War. Balance of power among the 
nations of Europe. France obtains the whole 
of Alsace except Strasburg. (See 1681.) — Day of 
the Barricades. Civil war of the Fronde at 
Paris ao-ainst Mazarin. — Battle of Sens in Artois 
gained by Conde. 

Frederic III., king of Denmark. 

Experiments of BLAISE PASCAL on the Puy du Dome. 

1649. CHARLES I. IS BEHEADED. Abolition 



—1653.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 177 

A.C. 

of the monarchical government in England: be- 
ginning of the commomcealth. 

Charles I. had married Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV., king of France ; 
their children were: Charles, prince of Wales; James, duke of York; 
Henry, duke of Gloucester ; Mary, married to the prince of Orange ; Eliza- 
beth, died young; and Henrietta, afterwards duchess of Orleans. 

Cromwell lands in Ireland, and takes Drogheda, 8fc. 
Maliomet IV., emperor of the Turks. 

GEORGE FOX, founder and head of the English QUAKERS. 
He began to preach in 1647: the name ^^ Quakers" arose in 
1650. 

1650. Tlie marquis of Montrose is put to death. — Battle of 

Dunbar gained by Cromwell over the Scots. 
Death of the Stadtholder William II. : the office is 
abolished soon after by the Perpetual Edict. 

Death of Des Cartes the philosopher. — Blaise PASCAL, mathematician and 
theologian, b. 1623, d. 1662. — FERMAT (d- 16G5) and ROBERVALD, 
mathematicians. — HOBBES, sceptical philosopher, publishes this year his 
treatise " On Human Nature;" b. 1588, d. 1679. — BOUILI>AUD, French 
astronomer. — DENH AM (d. 1668) and COWLEY (d. 1667), poets.— 
CALUERON, Spanish writer, d. 1687.— JEREMY TAYLOR, theologi.in, 
b. 1613, d. 1687. — BRIAN WALTON, compiler of the Polyglot Bible, 
d. 1661. — Samuel BOCHART, scripture geographer, &c., d. 1667— SAL- 
MASIUS, the learned defender of royalty in England, d. 1653. — Sir James 

WAKE, Irish antiquary and historian, d. 1666 LEO ALLATIUS, classical 

critic, d. 1657. 

1651. Battle of Worcester won by Cromwell: Prince Charles 

takes refuge in an oak, called from this circum- 
stance the " Royal Oak.'''' — The Navigation Act 
passed. 
The Cape of Good Hope colonised by the Dutch. 

Milton publishes his " Defence of the People of England against Salmasius;" 
whilst he was writing this he lost his sight. — Hobbes publishes his "Le- 
viathan." 

1652. The first naval war between the English and the 

Dutch. Blake is defeated by Van Tromp at the 
Goodwin Sands, but afterwards defeats him at 
Portland. 
Mazarin is recalled ; after the conflict in the suburb 
St. Antoine he is dismissed for the second time. 

1653. CROMWELL, PROTECTOE, of the common- 

ivealth : he is raised to this dignity by the army 
after having dissolved the parliament. — The 
Dutch fleet is defeated by Monk ; 30 ships are 
taken, and Van Tromp is killed. — John de Witt 
is at the head of the Dutch government for 20 
years. 
The doctrines of Jansenius (5 of them) are condemned by Pope 
Innocent X. 

N 



178 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l654— 



A.C. 



1654. Successes of Blahe in the Mediterranean. — The 

English, under the Admirals Penn and Venables, 

take Jamaica from the Dutch. 
Christina, queen of Sweden, resigns the crown to 

Charles X. 
The Cossacks of Ukraine submit to Russia. 

Invention of the air-pump made public by Otto Guericke at Ratisbon. 

1655. Charles X., king of Sweden, invades Poland. 

Pope ALEXANDER VII. (Fabius Chigi). 

Satellite of Saturn (the 6th) first discovered by Huyghens. — Deaths of Gasseiidi 
and Abp. Usher. 

1656. Alphonso YL, king of Portugal. 
Religious war in Switzerland. 

Pascal publishes his ^^ Provincial Letters " against the Jesuits. 

1658. Dunkirk is delivered to the English, — Death of 

Oliver Cromwell: his son Richard succeeds as 

Protector of England. 
LEOPOLD I., emperor of Germany. 
Aurengzebe, Great Mogul. 

1659. Peace of the Pyrenees between France and Spain. 

Philip IV. gives up to France Artois, Roussillon, 
and part of the Netherlands. — Louis XIY. 
marries Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip lY, 

Horrebow discovers the aberration of the fixed stars, according to some. 

1660. RESTORATION OP MONARCHY IN 

ENGLAND hy General Monk, who places 
(E\)m\t% M.. on the throne. 
The peace of Oliva between Sweden, Denmark, 
and Poland : Poland gives up to Sweden Li- 
vonia and Esthonia. — Revolution in Denmark: 
hereditary succession and absolute power are 
given to Frederic III. 

SPINOZA, philosopher, who reduced pantheism to a system, b. 1632, d. 1677 — 
VAYER DE LA MOTHE, sceptical philosopher, d. 1672. -DE LA 
ROCHEFOUCAULT, French writer, d. 1679.- JOHN MILTON, the 
poet, b. 1608, d. 1674.— MOLIERE, dramatist, d. 1673. — Lord CLAREN- 
* DON (d. 1674) and MEZERAY (d. 1679), historians.— FALL A VICINI, 

hist, of Council of Trent (pub. in 1656), d. 1667.— LAUNOI, French theo- 
logian, maintainer of the "Gallican liberties," d. 1678.— Sir Matthew HALE, 
jurist, &c., d. 1676.— REMBRANDT, MURILLO, WOUVERMANS, and 
Sir Peter LELY, painters.— CARISSIMI, musician. 

1661. The marquis of Argyle is beheaded for treason 

Mag 21th. — The Portuguese cede to Britain the 
town of Tangier and the island of Bombay, 
SAVOY CONFERENCE respecting alterations in the English 
Prayer-book. 



—1666.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 179 



A.C. 



Death of Mazarin : Louis XIV., now 23 years of 
age, takes the administration into his own 
hands. Disgrace of Fouquet. Colbert, super- 
intendent of the finances. 

1662. Louis XIV. buys the towns of Dunkirk and Mardyke 

from Charles IL 

Death of Blaise Pascal. 

1663. Carolina colonised by the English. 

Last subsidy voted by the clergy in convocation to the 
crown : from this time convocation never sat but 
in form. 

Opening of the permanent diet of Ratisbon. 

Royal Society of London incorporated Foundation of the Academy of Inscrip- 

tions and Belles Lettres by Colbert. — James Gregory publishes his invention 
of the reflecting telescope. — First idea of a steam-engine suggested by the 
marquis of Worcester. 

1664. The second Dutch war begins. 

Battle of St. Gothard in Hungary, gained over the 
Turks by Montecuculi : peace of Temeswar. 

The canal of Languedoc is begun by Riguet. 

The fraternity of the Reformed Bernardines of JjA TRAPPE is 

established by the famous Jansenist Armand John Bouthillier de 

Ranee, abbot of La Trappe. 

1665. The Dutch fleet is defeated by the English under the 

duke of York. — Great Plague in London. 
Death of Philip IV., king of Spain : his son Charles 
IL succeeds him, under the regency of his 
mother Maria Anne of Austria. — Battle of 
Villaviciosa or Montes Claros, gained over the 
Spaniards by the Portuguese and French under 
Schomberg. 

First publication of the " London Gazette." — First publication of the " Journal 
des Savans" by SALLO. — CASSINI, an Italian astronomer, discovers the 
rotation of Jupiter, Venus, and Mars. 

1666. Desperate conflict between the English and Dutch 

fleets near the mouth of the Thames. The English 
under Prince Rupert {grandson of James /.) and 
the duke of Albemarle (^Monk\ obtain a decisive 
victory. The Dutch were commanded by De 
Ruyter and Va7i Tromp the Younger. — Great 
Fire in London, Sept. 3, 4, 5 ; about 13,000 
houses are burnt. — The Scots Covenanters are 
defeated on the Pentland Hills. 
Death of Abbas II., king of Persia. 

N 2 



180 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l667— 

A.C, 

Sahatei Levi in Turkey pretenda to he the Messiah. 
The Royal Academy of Scienci s is founded by Colbert. 

Newton discovers tlie different refrangibility of rays of light, and tlie method of 
fluxions ; and conceives the idea of universal gravitation. 

1667. The Dutch take possession of the mouth of the Thames, 

and hum several ships at Chatham. — Peace of 
Breda hetioeen England and Holland, wJdch con- 
firms to the English Pennsylvania, New York, 
and New Jersey, and to the French Acadia (^Nova 
Scotia). 

Louis XIV., having Turenne under him, invades 
the Spanish Netherlands, and takes Lille. 

Alphonso VL, king of* Portugal, is deposed : Don 
Pedro, his brother, is appointed regent of the 
kingdom. 

Treaty of Andrussow between Eussia and Poland : 
preponderance of Russia. 

Pope CLEMENT IX. (Julius Rospigliosi.) 

Koemer, a Danish astronomer, discovers the velocity of light (and Cassini also). 

— MILTON publishes his " Paradise Lost," MOLIERE his " Tartuffe," 

and RACINE his " Andromaque." 

1668. Triple Alliance concluded at the Hague between 

England, Sweden, and Holland, for the preser- 
vation of the Spanish Netherlands. 

The prince of Conde and the duke of Luxemburg 
invade Franche Comte. — First peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, May 2. Spain gives up to France 
Douay, Tournay, Lille, &c. 

John Casimir, king of Poland, abdicates, and retires 
to France. 

Newton constructs the first reflecting telescope. 

LA FONTAINE publishes his first fables.— DRYDEN appointed poet laureate. 

1669. Cahal administration in England, consisting of Clif- 

ford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lau- 
derdale. 

The Turks complete the conquest of the island of 
Candia from the Venetians. 

Exploits of Morgan the buccaneer in the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

Catania nearly destroyed and 27,000 persons killed 
by an eruption of Mount Etna. 

Newton completes his theory of fluxions. 

1670. Marshal Crequi takes Lorraine from the Duke 

Charles HI. 



—1675.] COMFENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 181 

A.C. 

Christian V., king of Denmark and Norway, son of 
Frederic III. 

Pope CLEMENT X. (Altieri). 

Bayonets invented at Bayonne: first used in battle bv the French in 1693 — 
CASSINI fd. 1712J, ROEMKR, aiid BOREL'LI, astronomers. — Dr. 
HOOKE and James GREGORY (d. this year), iiatural philosophers- 
Isaac BARROW, mathematiciana nd theologian, d. 1677. — Nicholas MER- 
CATOR (Kauflman), matheinatician.— CUDWORTH, a modern Platouist 
(see 1678), d. 1088— Bp. PEARfsON, expositor of- The Creed," d. 1686.— 
MARSHAM, chronologist, d. 1681.— MAIMBOURG, Jesuit historian, d. 
1686. — ISAAC WALTON, biographer and "Angler," d. 1683.— COR- 
NEILLE, French dramatist, d. 1684. —BUTLER (d. 1680), OTWAY 
(d. 1685), WALLKR (d. 1687), and DA BARGA {d. 1687), poets— LALLY, 
musician, d. 1687. — LE BRUN, painter, d. 1688. — BERNINI, sculptor, 
d. 1680. 

1671. Conspiracy of the Hungarian lords against the 

Emperor Leopold I. 

Fifth satellite of Saturn discovered by Cassini, and 3 others soon after. 

1672. England and Siceden renounce the Triple Alliance, 

and join with France. — Great naval battle of the 
English and the French against the Dutch. 
Louis XIV. conquers great part of Holland. Fa- 
mous passage of the Rhine, June 12. — Re- 
establishment of the stadtholdership in favour of 
William III., prince of Orange. John de Witt, 
grand pensionary, and Cornelius, his brother, 
are assassinated at the Hague by the mob. 

1673. The Test Act, excluding Roman Catholics from 

office, is passed in England (not repealed till 

1828> 
Louis XI Y. takes IMaestricht, 
John Sobieski defeats the Turks at Choczim in 

Bessarabia. 

Malebranche publishes his " Search after Truth." — Death of Moliere- 

3 674. Tlte parliament of England obliges Charles 11. to 

make peace icith Holland. 
Louis XIV. makes himself master of Franche 

Comte. — Victories of Turenne in Germany. — 

Battle of SeneiFe in Flanders, between Conde 

and the prince of Orange. 
John Sobieski is elected king of Poland. 

Death of Milton. — Sir Christopher Wren knighted. Next year the foundation of 
St. Paul's is laid by him. 

1675. Famous campaign of Turenne against Montecuculi. 
Turenne is killed near Salsbach. Crequi is 
defeated and taken prisoner in attempting to 
relieve Treves. 

N 3 



182 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l676— 

A.C. 

The Swedes are defeated at Fehrbellin by the 
Elector Frederic William, and lose the greater 
part of their possessions in Germany. 

MICHAEL DE MOLINOS, a Spaniard, publishes his " Spiritual 
Guide" reviving the doctrines of the Mystics : his followers were 
called Quietists. 

Foundation of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. — St. Paul's begun to be 
rebuilt. 

1676. Admiral Du Quesne gains two naval victories near 

the islands of Lipari and Messina over De 
Ruyter, who is mortally wounded. — Victory of 
Marshal Virome over the combined fleets of 
Spain and Holland. 
Teodor Alexiewitch, cza^r of Russia. 

Pope INNOCENT XL {Benedict Odeschalchi). 

1677. Capture of Valenciennes by Vauban. 
Disturbances in Hungary, headed by Tekeley. 
First war between Russia and Turkey : Ukraine is 

given up to Russia. (See 1654.) 

LEIBNITZ invents the differential and integral calculus. 

1678. Peace of Nimeguen, concluded under the mediation 

of England, between France, Holland and her 
allies. France obtains Franche Comte, and 
several cities in Flanders and Hainault. 
The Mogul emperor, Aurengzebe, overruns India. 

Cudworth publishes his " Intellectual System." 

1679. The Long Parliament of Charles IL is dissolved 

after having passed the HABEAS CORPUS 
Act. — The Scottish Covenanters are defeated 
at Bothioell Bridge by the duke of Monmouth. — 
The " Meal Tub Plot " against the duke of York 
is discovered. 
Foundation of the French colony of Pondicherry in 
India. 

1680. The names of Whigs and Tories first given to the 

two factions in England. The Whigs desired to 

curb the power of the crown, and the Tories the 

power of the people. 
Chamber of Reunion instituted by Louis XIV. 
Revolution in Sweden : Charles XI. renders his 

power absolute. 

Sir Isaac NEWTON (b. 1642, d. 1727), LEIBNITZ (b. 1646, d. 1716.), HUY- 
GHENS (b. 1629, d. 1696), and Robert BOYLE (b. 1627, d. 1691), natural 
philosophers. — WALLIS, mathematician, d. 1703. — MALEBRANCHEj 



—1685. J COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 183 

A.C. 

mental philosopher, b. 1638> d. 1715.— John LOCKE, mental philosopher, 
h, 1G32, d. 1704._B AYLE (b. 1647, d. 1706), and HUET (d. 1721), sceptical 
philosophers. — PUFFENDORF, jurist and historian, b. 1G31, d. 1694,— 
KAY, naturalist, d. 1705. — THOMAS BURNET, cosmogonist. — ISA AC 
VOSSIUS, classical critic._BOSSUET(b.lG27,d 1704), BOURD ALOUE 
(d. 1704), CLAUDE (d. 1687). TILLOTSON (d. 1G94), and STILLING- 
FLEET, theologians.— TILLEMONT, ecclesiastical historian, d. 1697.— 
DRYDEN (b. 1631, d, 1701), RACINE (d. 1699), LA FONTAINE 
(d. 1694), and BOILEAU (d. 1711), poets. — John EVELYN, diarist, 
d. 1706. — LA BRUYERE and Madame DE SEVIGNE, French writers, 
both d. 1696 PURCEL, musician, d. 1695. 

1681. Louis XIV. in time of peace takes Strasburg (see 

1648), which he causes to be fortified. 
Establishment of the Quakers in Pennsylvania : 
William Penn builds there Philadelphia. 

1682. Louis XIV. seizes on the principality of Orange. 
The Militia of the Strelitzes proclaims Iwan and 

Peter I. (Peter the Great) czars of Russia under 
the regency of their sister Sophia. 
Bombardment of Algiers by a French squadron 
under Du Quesne. 

Council of French bishops at Paris, ichich asserts the " Gallican 
liberties " against the pope. 

1683. Rye-house Plot: execution of Lord Russell, July 21. 

— Execution of Algernon Sydney, December 7. 
Death of Maria Theresa of Austria^ wife of Louis 

XIV. — Death of Colbert. 
Death of Alphonso VI. , king of Portugal : Peter II., 

his son, succeeds him. 
Vienna is besieged by the Turks under Kara Mus- 

tapha ; they are defeated by John Sobieski, king 

of Poland. 

1685. Death of Charles 11. , king of England', his brother 
^d^\M% SH* succeeds him. — The duke of Mon- 
mouth makes a descent on Devonshire, is defeated 
at Sedgemoor, and beheaded. 
REVOCATION OP THE EDICT OP 
NANTES by Louis XIV. : he persecutes the 
Protestants, 500,000 of them seek refuge in 
England, Prussia, and Geneva. Louvois, prime 
minister of Louis XIV., and his father Le 
Tillier, chancellor, both bitter enemies of Pro- 
testantism. — Bombardment of Genoa : humilia- 
tion of the doge before Louis XIV. 

Controversy of Claude and Bossuet — Michael de Molinos is cast 
into prison, where he died in 1696. 
N 4 



184 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [I686— 

A.C. 

1686. The league of Augsburg against France. 
Peace of Moscow between Russia and Poland. 
The Caroline Islands are discovered by the Sjia- 

niards. 

1687. Hungary is acknowledged to be an hereditary state 

of Austria. 
The Turks are completely defeated at Mohacz in 

Hungary by the imperialists under the Duke 

Charles of Lorraine. 
Revolution at Constantinople : Mahomet IV. causes 

Kara Mustapha to be strangled ; he is himself 

deposed by the Janissaries : his brother Soliman 

III. succeeds him. 

MOLINOS, author of Quietism, is condemned to perpetual imprison- 
ment. — Madame GUYON propagates Quietism, and is perse- 
cuted in France ; d, 1717. 

Newton publishes his " Principia." 

1688. REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN: WUliam, 

prince of Orange, and stadtJtolder of the Nether- 
lands, makes a descent upon England, and lands 
at Torbay on the 5 th of November, the anniversary 
of the Gunpowder Plot : James IL takes refuge in 
France. 
Louis XIV. invades the Palatinate of the Rhine : 
an alliance is formed against him by England, 
the Empire, Spain, Holland, and Savoy. 

1689. OTtlliam Ml, and jWarp, king and queen of Great 

Britain. — Episcopacy is abolished in Scotland by 
King William. — Battle of Killicrankie, in which 
William^ s troops are defeated by Viscount Dundee, 
who is slain in the action. — James II. lands in 
Ireland : siege of Derry and defence of Ennis- 
killen. 

The French lay waste the Palatinate of the Rhine, 
and burn to ashes Worms and Spires. 

PETER THE GREAT becomes sole master of 
Russia. 

Pope ALEXANDER VIJL {Peter Ottoboni). 

1690. BATTLE OP THE BOYNE in Ireland, 

(July 1.), gained by William III. over James II. 
The brave Schomberg, then 82 years old, is killed 
in the action. 



—1695.] COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. 185 

A.C. 

The East India Company's agents at Sootanutty 

obtain a patent from Aurengzehe, 
Battle of Fleurus in the Netherlands, gained by 

Marshal Luxembui^, pupil and friend of Conde, 

over Prince Waldec, commander of the allied 

army. 
Victory of Catinat, at Stafarda in Italy, over Victor 

Amadeus, duke of Savoy. 

John Locke publishes his "Essay on Human Understanding." — Bishop 
BURNET, historian and theologian, d. 1715.— Sir Godfrey KNELI.ER, 
portrait painter, d. 1723. — CARLO MARATTI, painter, d. 1713.— 
COHORN, a Dutchman (d. 1704), and VAUBAN, a Frenchman (d. 1706), 
military engineers. — Sir C. WREN, architect, d. 1723. 

1691. Athlone is taken and the Jacobites of Ireland de- 

feated at Aughriin {July 12.) by General Ginckle, 
Limerick capitulates : 12,000 of the Irish Roman 
Catholics retire to France, and are formed by 
Louis XIV. into a corps called the Irish Brigade. 

Mons is taken by Louis : Vauban conducts the 
siege. 

Defeat of the Turks at Salankemen in Sclavonia. 

Pope INNOCENT X 11. (A. PignatelU).—I>eath of R. Boyle. 

1692. The French fleet under Tourville is defeated off La 

Hogue by the combined fleets of the English and 
Dutch under Admiral Russell. — Massacre of the 
Macdonalds at Glencoe in Scotland, January 31. 
— Battle of Steinkirk in Hainault, where King 
William is defeated by Luxemburg. 

Namur is taken by Louis XIV. 

Hanover is made the ninth electorate of the em- 
pire. 

1693. Victory of Catinat at Marsaglia over the duke of 

Savoy : Schomberg (son of the veteran who ivas 
killed in Ireland) is mortally wounded and taken 
prisoner. — Naval victory of Tourville, seconded 
by John Barth and De Forbin, over the English 
and Dutch under Sir George Rooke. — King Wil- 
liam is defeated by Luxemburg at Neerwinden. 

18,000 persons are destroyed at Catania by an earthquake. 

1694. Queen Mary dies of the small-pox. 

The French Academy publishes its " Dictionary."— Deaths of PufTendorf and 
Archbishop Tillotson. 

1695. JVamur is take?! by King William {June 25.). 
Mustapha II., emperor of the Turks. 



186 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l697— 

A.C. 

Deaths of La Fontaine, the French fabulist, in his 74th year, and of Huyghens, 
discoverer of the ring and 6th satellite of Saturn. 

1697. PEACE OP RYSWICK between France, 
England, Holland, and Spain, September 11. 

The Turks are defeated at Zenta by Prince Eugene 
of Savoy. 

Peter the Great gains a victory over the ^urks, and 
takes the city and port of Azov : on this occasion 
he equipped his first fleet at "Waronitz and laid 
open the Black Sea. 

Erection of Fort William at Calcutta by the En- 
glish. 

Charles XII., king of Sweden. 

Augustus II., elector of Saxony, is elected king of 
Poland. 

Controversy of Bossuet and Fenelon about Quietism. 
Peter Bayle, a French philosopher, publishes his " Historical and Critical Dic- 
tionary." 
Captain Savery constructs a steam-engine for raising water. 

1699. The Scots attempt to plant a colony at Darien. 
Peace of Carlowitz between the emperor, the Poles, 

the Venetians, and the Turks, Jan. 26. — The 
Morea is given up to the Venetians. 

Deaths of Stillingfleet and Racine. 

1700. War of the North: Eussia, Denmark, and Poland, 

combine against Sweden. — Charles XII. invades 
Zealand, and forces the king of Denmark to 
conclude a peace with him. 

CHARLES XII. DEFEATS THE RUS- 
SIANS BEFORE NARVA. 

Death of Charles II., king of Spain. — Accession of 
the house of Bourbon to the throne of Spain in 
the person of Philip V. of Anjou, grandson to 
Louis XIV. 

New Britain discovered by Dampier. 

Pope CLEMENT XI. (^Albano). 

PA CENT, mathematician, extends algebraic geometry to surfaces by intro- 
ducing three co-ordinates.— JAMES BERNOUILLI (d. 1705), and JOHN, 
his brother (d. 1748), mathematicians.— DA VID GREGORY, astronomer, 
— LEUWENHOECK, famous for microscopical discoveries, d. 1723 — 
POIRET, theosophist, d. 1719.— FENELON (b. 1651, d. 1715), theologian, 
opponent of Bossuet.— Dr. SOUTH, theologian, d. 1716.— H. DODVVELL, 
critic and theologian, d. 1711. — Richard SIMON, author of " Critical 
History of the Bible," d. 1712.— DU PIN (b. 1657, d. 1719), NATALIS 
ALEXANDER (d. 1724), HARDUIN (d. 1729), and Willian CAVE (b. 
1637, d. 1713), ecclesiastical historians. - FARQUHAR (d. 1707), and 
SOUTHERN (d. 1746), dramatists. — FILICAIA, Italian poet, d. 1707.— 
Lord SHAFTESBURY, author of the "Characteristics," d. 1712 — Madame 
DE MAINTENON. author of "Memoirs," d. 1719. — Madame DACIER, 
(d. 1720), and GRONOVIUS (d. 1716), classical critics. — CORELLI, 
musician, d. 1713— GIRARDON, sculptor, d. 1715. 



-1704.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 187 



1701. 

A.C. 

1701. Succession to the crown of Great Britain settled on 

the princess of Hanover and her Protestant heirs. 
— Death of James II, at St. Germain! s. By his first 

wife, Aune Hyde, hie iiad two daughters; Mary, married William of Nassau, 
prince of Orange; Anne, married George, son of Frederic III., king of 
Denmark. By his second wife, Marie Beatrice of Modena, his children 
were, James Francis Edward, afterwards called the Pretender, and Mary 
Louisa, who died unmarried. 

The war for the Spanish succession begins between 
the Archduke Charles, and Philip, grandson of 
Louis XIV. — Prince Eugene defeats the 
French in Italy. 

Frederic III., elector of Brandenburg, takes the 
title of king of Prussia, under the name of 
Frederic I. 

Death of the poet Dryden. 

1702. ^nnt, queen of Great Britain on the death of Wil- 

liam III. — War against France and Spain : the 
English and Dutch destroy the French fleet at 
Vigo. 
The French send colonies to the Mississippi. — 
Troubles in the Cevennes occasioned by the 
persecution of the Protestants called Camisards. 

1703. FOUNDATION OP ST. PETERSBURG 

by Peter the Great : he constructs the port of 
Kronstadt, and lays open the Baltic Sea. 

Marlborough makes a successful campaign in the 
Loto Countries and takes Liege. 

Interruption of the stadtholdership at the death of 
William III. : Anthony Heinsius, grand pen- 
sionary. 

Achmet III., emperor of the Turks. 

1704. CAPTURE OP GIBRALTAR by the English 

under Sir George i2ooAe. — BATTLE OP 
BLENHEIM, or Hochstedt, gained by Marl- 
borough and Prince Eugene over the French and 
Bavarians under Marshals Tallard and Marsin 
and the elector of Bavaria. 
Augustus, king of Poland, after having been de- 
feated by Charles XII. at Riga (1701), Clissau 



188 OOMVENDiriM Oh' ClIRONOl.OfJY. [1705— 

(1702), and Piiltunk (1703), iw dciHWcd, and 
SlanislauH JjcckylnHki, ])alat"mc of l^oHOii, cdoctod 
in his place. — Charley XII. penetrates into the 
interior of tlie Ukraine, and is joined by 
M;izepp;i, hetnian of th(^ C'ossaeks. 

N.'wioii piihlislifs l.iH r(.mpl.-l,(! " ()|.(i(s " atid " Lines of tlui I'lilid Ordor."— 
n;(ii(lrl |iiil)lislifs his (irst, <i|Mra, " Alinira," at thii ago of '20. — Deaths ol' 
l.(>('k<', Kossucl, and of Itdtiidaloiic. 

170/). 7V/Y' JCiH/lish. niidcr ilic curl of l^icrhoroiKjIi take 
IhirccloiKt. 
JOSEPH I., emperor of ( iei many. 

17()(). UNION OP ENGLAND AND SCOT- 

JjA^jy^hi/ Ircdtij si<jitc(l J nil/ 22. — Mitrlboroiujli 
ffains over the French (^conundiidcd. hy ViUenrl) the 
battle of lldmillics^ ami Vrhicc Eugene tliat of 
Turin.' 
The Ai-ehdnke Cli:irl(\s is [Hoelainied kinii; at 
Madrid. 

1707. Meeting of the Jirst united parliament of Great 

liritain, ()ctol)er 23. — Battle of Ahnanza in 
Spain, gained by the Freneli and Sj)aniaTds 
niider tho (hd-ce of Hcrwie-k o\'(U" the allies. 

The prlneipalities ol' Neuehatel and Va,len<i,in art; 
given lip to Prussia,. 

Death of Anrengzebe, Mt)gnl t-mperor. — ivath oi i iii- 

ciiia, Italian poot. 

1 708. Battle of Ondenarde : the French, arc defeated, by 

JMarlborongh and Kngene. — Sardinia and. Minorca 
arc taken, by Sir John Le((he and General Stan- 
hope. 

Some workmen ol' roitici discover the riiins of llie amieut town of Mercn- 
lanouni. 

1 709. liattle of M(dpla<jtiet gained by JShirlboroiufh and. 

i]u<iene over the Froah under Villars. 

PETER THE GREAT DEFEATS 
CHARLES XII. AT PULTOWA in 

Ukraine. — Abdication of Stanislaus : his rival 
Augustus reascends the throne of Poland. 

Tlio " Taller " is begun by Stccilt! and Addison, Coilowed in 1711 by tlio " Spec- 
tator," and 1713 tlie '' (Sluardian," tlie first periodical works imblished in 
I'Inglaiid. 

1710. Victories of Generah Stanhope and Stareinberg at 

.Ihnamtra and Saragoss(t : Philij) V. is obliged 



—1714.] COMPENDIUM OF CHROXOLOOY. 189 

A.C. 

to leave Madrid for the hecond tJrrje, and in 
again Huccccded by the Archduke CharJen. — 
('ai)tij:r<i of Sf.o.nh.ope v/dh. 5000 JhUinh. f.roopH. — 
Jiattle of V'iJIa Vleiona in which the duke of 
Wi'AifhjUK: in repulned by Starernberg; but Philip 
V. in cOon after rr^.tored to the throne of 
Spain. 

St, Paul'H CatlwAralih cmnpUu-A. (^Hc.e 1675). 

HAI.LhV, math'rrrjaticLan a/Kl aistronorrKrr, b. lf;'/0, d. ]74/y. — SAMUKL 
CLaHKK, thf/AojiiHit aj.d moral phlk^tophftr, d. 172^^.— CHfUS'i IAN 
'i HOMA8, p^»'^ot'/phical writfrr, b. 1';.%, d. IT'^^KKOOK lAVLOK, 
(b. 10^.0, d. 17;il,, and «Ai;NlJKfiSOS' a,. Jfj>*2. d. 17%^ rriath<>matJdan«. 
_0<-an MUDHALX Cd. I72;i„ VLHVliV (<i. W^'i), nud 11A8SAGK Cd. 
I72a>, fAjAf^imlic^i ttiiU/rinm. — MABSJLLOK, hU^^nf^xn ¥r(^i,t:h iirt-M.Uf.r , 
d. 1742.— MAT'lHRW HKSUy. VAUVu.hi crjmweuvtt/jr, U. \(/i'i,<\. J714,— 
JIOLLIN, hitt/Amn. d. 1741— ADDISON', (A>«rt and «fc*.»a>ut, b, iri72- d. 
J7iO — Sir liicbard STKHLK. drafnatiit an/i «rtsayitt, b, iWI, d. 1720. — 
/y,r'l iJOLINOflltOKK, philotophical writer, b. 1W2, d, IT'jI^ Da»iK-l 
Dhi Oh, riov<-litt, author of" Kobirmorj Crii*/^*<-," b, K>/^ d, 1731.— 'i A TK 
'd. 17l'v, ItOWK Cd. I71>i;, PKIOK M. 1721;, CONGKKVK ''d. 17^/;, 
ar.d J'AKNKLL, p'>^t^JiOP:itHA A VK and CHK.SELDhN, nhytidan*. 
— LH C/.KliC, crtic. 

] 7 ] 1 . 77/./? TorieH Hupplant the Wldrj winutry in En/jlond: 
dufjraca of Marlhcrroufjlt. 

Engluk South Sea Company u incorporated. 

CHARLES VI. ^the archduke;, hnjl\i(-r of Jo.^epli I., 
un\)(:r(jr of Germany. 

Peter the Great i.-: .surrounded by the Turks at the 
Pruth, and concludes a treaty with them. 

Expedition of Duguay-Trouin to Brazil : iiio Jan- 
eiro is taken, 

D'rfUh of Boil/raii d<it Preaux.~Gay publUbfe* bU " Rjiral Spor(*,"ari/l Pop^ hl« 
" Kitay f/n CritlcUwi." 

1712. Prince Eugene takes Quesnoy. A detachment of 

his army under the earl of Albemarle is snr- 
priiied and defeated by Villars at Denain. 

1713. PEACE OF UTRECHT between France and 

iljc beJiJgerent pov,-er.-, the emperor alone ex- 
cepted. 

The cortes of Spain limit the Ca.-:tilian r;ucce.-;sion 
to the male line of Philip V. 

Pragmatic Sanction of CPiarles VI. relative to the 
succession of Austria. 

Frederic William I., king of Prussia. 

/ii/i/ UNIGKNI'ir/S />/ CkuiMd XL In thin Ml Ia corudtmrut 
1 1 j/nqtOH'ditmH, dxtro/Md frr/ffi. tlic. wMh of FaafJiamia Qvmh- 
nc.l'ii Fr(nu:h Ne>j; TcjiUirMcrd, oh faljifi awl inffuMd v;i.th tliM (-.rrt/rH 
of Jaruicnvem.. 

1714. G£orge 5. r/ ^A^ i^ouse of 23runsfoi£fe, /?//?/:;f/>/ r/ 



190 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1715— 

A.C. 

Hanover^ succeeds Queen Anne: he was the son 
of the electress Sophia of Hanover , grand-daughter 
of James L — Sir Robert JValpole, prime minister. 
Peace of Rastadt between tlie emperor and 
France. 
Barcelona is taken by the duke of Berwick, and 
the war of the Spanish succession ended in Spain 
in favour of Philip Y. 

1715. Rebellion in Scotland and the north of England in 

favour of the Pretender James Francis, son of 
James IL — The English insurgents surrender at 
Preston : the Scots are defeated at Dumblain or 
Sheriff-Muir, 

Death of Louis XIY. at the age of 77 : he reigned 
64 years from his majority. 

LOUIS XV,, great-grandson of Louis XIV., suc- 
ceeds him under the regency of Philip, duke of 
Orleans. 

The Turks take the Morea from the Venetians. 
(See 1699.) The Emperor Charles VL, Philip 
v., and the pope, support the Venetians. 

Deaths of Fenelon, Bishop Burnet, and Malebranche.— Rows succeeds Nahum 
Tate as poet laureate. 

1716. Prince Eugene defeats the Turks at Peterwaradin. 

Death of Leibnitz. 

1717. Prince Eugene takes Temeswar, defeats the Turks 

near Belgrade, and takes Belgrade. 
Alberoni, prime minister to Philip V. 
Peter the Great visits Paris. 

1718. Conspiracy formed against the regent, Philip of 

Orleans, by Cardinal Alberoni, and Cellemare, 

the Spanish ambassador. — Quadruple alliance 

formed against Spain, between England, France, 

Austria, and Holland. 
Sir George Byng destroys the Spanish fleet off 

Sicily. 
Peace of Passarowitz between the emperor, the 

Venetians, and the Turks. 
Charles XII. is killed at the siege of Frederickshall 

in Norway : his sister, Utricia Leonora, succeeds 

him. 



— 172G.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 191 

A.C. 

Peter the Great condemns his son Alexis Czaro- 
witz, to death. 

1719. Execution of the count of Gortz at Stockholm. 

Peace of Stockhohn between Sweden, Denmark, 
England, and Prussia. — Disgrace of Alberoni. 

Publication of Wolff's philosophy. 

1720. The South Sea Scheme in England, principally con- 

trived by Sir John Blount, is broken up. 
The Mississippi Scheme in France, projected by 

John Law, is also broken up earlier in the 

year. 
Frederic of Hesse Cassel is elected king of Sweden 

according to the wishes of his wife Utricia 

Leonora. 

Alexander POPE, poet, b. 1688, d. 1744 — GAY, poet, b. 1G88, d. 1732 

Jonathan SWIFT, poet and miscellaneous writer, b. 1G67, d. 1745.-- Dr. 
ARBUTHNOT, miscellaneous writer, d. 1735— FONTENELLE, philo- 
sophical writer, b. 1657, d. 1756.— Christian WOLFF, philosopher, b. 1679, d. 
1754— Richard BENTLEY, classical critic, b. 1661, d. 1742. — Abraham 
SHARP, mathematician, — VERTOT, historian, d. 1735. _ MONT- 
FAUCON, antiquarian, d. 1741. 

1721. Peace of Nystadt between Russia and Sweden. 

Kussia obtains Livonia, Esthonia, Ingria, and 
Carnelia: it is on this occasion the senate con- 
fers on Peter the epithets of " Great," and 
" Emperor of all the Russias." 

Po pe INOCENT XIII. {Michael Angela Conti). 

1723. Inocidation for the small-pox first introduced into 

England by Lady Worthy Montague. — Death of sir 

Christopher Wren. 

1724. Pope BENEDICT XIIL {Vincent Maria Orsini). 
Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg instituted. 

FAHRENHEIT, an experimental philosopher, publishes his " Dissertations on 
Thermometers," b. at Dantzic 1686, d. 1736. — REAUMUR, improver of 
thermometers, b. 1683, d. 1757. 

1725. Death of Peter the Great : his consort Catherine L 

succeeds him: Menzikoff, prime minister; he 
died in exile in 1729. 
Alliance of Hanover (at Herrnhauseii) between 
France, England, and Prussia, in opposition to 
the treaty of Vienna between Spain and the 
empu'e. 

1726. Great earthquake at Palermo. — The Cardinal de 

Fleury, minister of Louis XIV. 

Gay publishes his " Fables." 



192 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l727— 

A.C. 

1727. Death of George I. : he married Sophla Dorothea ofZell, and had 

2 children ; George Augustus, and a daughter Sophia, married to Frederic 
William, king of Prussia. 

C!BrCOtgt M., king of England: Walpole remains 
prime minister. — Treaty between Great Britain 
and Denmark. — The Spaniards besiege Gib- 
raltar. 

Death of Catherine I., empress of Russia ; Peter 
II., Alexie witch, then 12 years old, succeeds 
her. 

Count Zinzendorf establishes fAe sec^q/* MORAVIANS, or Herrn- 

huters, in Lusatia, which had its rise in 1722. 
Death of Sir Isaac Newton. 

1728. Treaty between Great Britain and Holland. 

The name of " Methodists " in England first applied to Charles 
Wesley and his companions at Oxford. 

The congress of Soissons. 

Behring's Strait discovered by Behring, a Danish 
navigator in the service of Kussia. 

1729. Treaty of Seville between Great Britain, France, 

and Spain. 
Death of Leopold, duke of Lorraine. 

Chester More Hall invents the achromatic telescope ; reinvented by Dollond in 
1757 — Pope's " Essay on Man" published — Death of Dr. Samuel Clarke. 

1730. Anne, niece of Peter the Great, empress of Russia. 

Biren, regent of the empire, is banished to 
Siberia in 1740. 

Abdication of Victor-Amadeus II., king of Sar- 
dinia : his son Charles Emmanuel III. succeeds 
him. 

Christian VI., king of Denmark. 

The Corsicans rebel against Genoa. 

Sedition at Constantinople : Achmet III. gives up 
the throne to his nephew Mahomet Y. — The 
Persians under Kouli-Khan defeat the Turks. 

Pope CLEMENT XII. {Laurence Corsini). 

Death of Eusden, succeeded by CoUey Gibber as poet laureate.— James THOM^ 

SON, poet, publishes his "Seasons," 1726 — 30: d. 1748 Dr. Isaac 

WATTS, poet, &c., b. 1674, d. 1748— LE SAGE, author of " Gil Bias," b. 
1668, d. 1747.-SOMERVILLE (b. 1692, d. 1742), and Richard SAVAGE, 
(b. 1698, d. 1743), poets.— J. B. ROUSSEAU, lyric poet, d. 1741._Bishop 
BERKELEY, philosopher, d. 1753.— BARBEYRAC (d. 1747), and BUR- 
LAMAQUI, political philosophers.— Colin MACLAURIN, mathematician 
d. 1746. — Archhishop POTTER (d. 1747), Dr. WATERLAND (d. 1740), 
and Dr. DODDRIDGE (d. 1751), theologians. — Nicholas FRERET, 
chronologist, d. 1749.— Sir HANS SLOAN E, physician and naturalist, d. 
1752._DILLEN1US, a botanist, d. 1747. 

1731. Treaty between Great Britain, Holland, and the 



—1739.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 193 

k.C. 

Emperor, and general peace. — Extinction of the 
house of Farnese : Don Carlos, infant of Spain, 
becomes duke of Parma. 

Clairaut publishes his " Treatise on Curves of Double Curvature."— Deaths of 
Bishop Atterbury (in exile) at Paris, and of Daniel Defoe. 

1732. Pretended miracles wrought at ike tomb of the Abbe Paris, a Jan- 

senist. 

1733. The Jesuits are expelled from Paraguay. 
Frederic III., king of Poland. 

1734. Commercial treaty between Great Britain and 

Russia. 
Siege and capture of Philipsburgh at which the 

duke of Berwick is killed. 
Death of Marshal Villars. 

1735. The Imperialists in Italy are defeated by the 

French at Parma and Guastalla, and by the 
Spaniards at Bitonto. — The infant, Don Carlos, 
is crowned at Palermo king of the Two Sicilies. 

Harrison constructs his first time-piece. 

1736. The Russians under Count Lacy recover Azov, 

and under Marshal Munich penetrate into the 

Crimea. 
Kouli Khan (Nadir Shah) usurps the throne of 

Persia. 
Theodore, baron of Neuhof, is created king of 

Corsica. 
Death of Prince Eugene. 

Bishop Butler's "Analogy of Religion" is published. 

1737. Bradley discovers the aberration of light. 

1738. Successes of the Turks against the Austrians. 
Peace of Vienna between France and Germany. 

Hume publishes his " Treatise on Human Nature." 

1739. The English under Admiral Vernon take Porto 

Bello, a Spanish settlement on the isthmus oj 
Darien. 

Swedish factions of the Hats and Bonnets. 

The Russians defeat the Turks at Choczim. 

Peace of Belgrade between Austria, Russia, and 
Turkey : Belgrade, Servia, and WaUachia, are 
ceded to Turkey. — Russia is interdicted from 
having a fleet or naval stores in the sea of Azov, 
or the Black Sea. 

o 



194 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l740— 

A.C. 

Nadir Shah takes Delhi and conquers the greater 
part of the Mogul empire. 

1740. Admiral Anson sets out upon his voyage round the 
tuorld : his fleet is shattered hy a storm in doubling 
Cape Horn. 
Frederic II. (the Great), king of Prussia. 
Death of the Emperor Charles VI., the last male 
descendant of the house of Hapsburg. His 
eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, succeeds him in 
his hereditary dominions. War of the Austrian 
succession begins ; it lasts 8 years. — Invasion of 
Silesia by Frederic the Great. 

The Methodist Society is founded hy John WESLEY (&. 1703, d. 
1791. 

Pope BENEDICT XIV. (Prosper Laurence Lamhertini). 

Bishop BUTLER, moral philosopher, d. 1753. — CALMET, a Benedictine, 
author of the " Dictionary of the Bible." &c. d. 1757 — CJLAIRAUT, mathe- 
matician, b. 1713, d. 1765 — BLAIR, poet, author of " The Grave," b. 1700, 
d. 1746— BRADLEY, astronomer, d. 1762.— C. VINER, lawyer, b. 1680, d. 
1756. — Christ. PITT, poet, b. 1699, d. 1748.— MONTESQUIEU, miscel- 
laneous writer, b. 1689, and MOSHEIM, ecclesiastical historian, b. 1694 

(both died in 1755) W. MAITLAND, historian, d. 1757.— DE MOIVRE,- 

mathematician, d. 1754.— MAUPERTUIS, mathematician. 

1741. Carthagena is attacked by Admiral Vernon. 
Battle of Molwitz gained by Frederic II. — Bavaria, 

Saxony, Spain, and France, declare themselves 
against Maria Theresa. — Prague is taken by the 
French and Bavarians. 
Elizabeth, the youngest daughter of Peter the 
Great, ascends the throne of Russia. 

Deaths of Rollin, poet, and J. B. Rousseau, lyric poet.— Foundation of the Royal 
Military Academy at Woolwich — HANDEL publishes his "Messiah " (b. 
1684, d. 1759).— Garrick first appears as an actor. 

1742. The elector of Bavaria is chosen emperor, and 

takes the name of CHARLES VII. 

Peace between Austria and Prussia signed at 
Breslau : Silesia is given up to Prussia. De- 
fensive alliance betiveen England and Prussia. 

Prague is evacuated by the French under Belleisle. 

Fielding publishes his first novel, " Joseph Andrews."— Deaths of Halley and 
Bentley. 

1743. War in Germany between the British, Hungarians, 

French, and Austrians. 
Battle of Dettingen {at which George II. was pre- 
sent) gained by the earl of Stair over the French 
under De Noailles. 

Death of Cardinal Fleury, 



—1747.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 195 

A.C. 

1744. Anson completes his voyage round the world, having 

captured the Manilla galleon. 
Frederic II. renews the war against Austria and 
takes Prague, but is forced to retreat. 

Death of Alexander Pope the poet.— Akenside publishes his "Pleasures of 
the Imagination." 

1745. REBELLION IN SCOTLAND: Charles 

Edward, grandson of James II. of England, gains 
the battle of Prestonpans. 

Louishurg and Cape Breton are taken by the English 
from the French.— Death of Sir Robert Walpole. 

Death of Charles VII. : his son, Joseph 11. , re- 
nounces his father's claims to the succession. 

FRANCIS I. (of Lorraine), grand duke of Tuscany, 
and husband of Maria Theresa, is elected em- 
peror. — Maximilian Joseph L, elector of Ba- 
varia. 

Quadruple alliance between Britain, Austria, Hol- 
land, and Poland. 

Battle of Fontenoy in Flanders, gained by Marshal 
Saxe over the English and the Dutch. 

Peace of Dresden between Prussia, Poland, Austria, 
and Saxony. 

Successes of Don Philip against the king of Sar- 
dinia. 

The electric shock discovered at Leyden.— Death of Jonathan Swift. 

1746. Charles Edward {the young Pretender) defeats the 

English under Hawley at Falkirk: two months 
after he is defeated at Culloden by the duke of 
Cumberland, and obliged to leave Scotland. Lords 
Balmerino, Kilmarnock, and Lovat, are executed; 
they are the last persons who suffered the punish- 
ment of beheading in Great Britain. 

Ferdinand VL, king of Spain. 

Frederic V., king of Denmark. 

Count Saxe takes Brussels and Antwerp, and de- 
feats the allies at Roucoux. 

Madras is taken from the English by La Bourdon- 
naye, 

1747. Invasion of Holland by the French: re-establish- 

ment of the stadtholdership in favour of William 
IV., prince of Nassau-Dietz. 
o 2 



196 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1748— 

A.C. 

The French under Marshal Saxe gain the battle 
of Yal or Laffeldt over the allies commanded by 
Cumberland. — The fortress of Bergen-op-Zoom 
is taken by the French under Count Lowen- 
dahl. 

Naval successes of Admirals Anson and Warren, and 
of Commodore Fox. — The French fleet is defeated 
by Hawke, 

Kouli-Khan is murdered : revolution in Persia. 

Klopstock publishes his " Messiah."— Gray publishes his first ode, on " Eton 
College." — Deaths of Le Sage, Barbeyrac, and Archbishop Potter. 

1748. PEACE OP AIX-LA-CHAPELLE : end of 

the war of the Austrian succession, — Mutual 
restitution of all conquests made during the war 
both in Europe and in the East and West 
Indies. — Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla, are 
given up to Don Philip, infant of Spain, and 
son-in-law of Louis XV. 
Dupleix, the French governor, defends Pondicherry 
against Admiral Boscawen. 

Deaths of the poets Thomson and Watt?.— Montesquieu publishes his " Spirit of 
the Laws."— Tobias Smollett publishes his first novel, " Roderick Random." 
Euler publishes his " Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum." 

1749. Halifax in Nova Scotia is founded by the British. 
League of the Pope, the Venetians, &c., against the 

Algerines. 

The Royal Dublin Society is founded. 

1750. Commercial treaty between Great Britain and Spain. 
Joseph I., king of Portugal. 

Westminster Bridge finished — Discovery of the city of Pompeii. 

The Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, and the Royal Society of Gottingen, are 
founded.— Samuel Johnson commences the publication of the " Rambler." 
— AKENSIDE (b. 1721 d. 1770), SHENSTONE (b. 1714, d. 1763), 
COLLINS (b. (1720, d. 1766), and Dr. Edward YOUNG (b. 1681, d. 1765), 
poets.— Gilbert WEST (b. 1706, d. 1756), Lord George LYTTLETON (b. 
1709, d. 1773), MALLET, D. (b. 1700, d. 1765), VOLTAIRE (b. 1694, d. 

1778), poets and miscellaneous writers Archbishop SECKER (b. 1693, d. 

1768), Dr J. LELAND, (writer against Deism, b. 1691, d. 1766), Dr. 
JORTIN (historian, b. 1698, d. 1770), Jonathan EDWARDS (American), 
metaphysician (b. 1703, d. 175S), and Dr. Nathaniel LARDNER (b. 1684, 
d. 1768), theologians.— VATTEL, writer on Law of Nations, b. 1714. d. 

1767 R. SIMSON, mathematician, b. 1710, d. 1761 — James FERGUSON, 

mechanist and astronomer, b. 1710, d. 1764.— John HARRISON, mecha- 
nician, inventor of chronometers, b. 1693, d. 1776— LINN^US, the 
naturalist, b. 1707, d. 1778. — MUSCHENBROCK, physician and natural 

philosopher, b. 1692, d. 1761 ALGAROTTI, an Italian critic, b. 1712, d. 

1764 John MASON, author of" Self-Knowledge," b. 1706, d. 1763— James 

HERVEY, author of" Theron^nd Aspasia," &c., b. 1714, d, 1758. — Lady 
W. MONTAGUE (b. 1690, d. 1762), Lord CHESTERFIELD (b. 1694, d. 
1773), DODSLE Y, the books(41er (b. 1703, d. 1764), miscellaneous writers. 
—RICHARDSON, the novelist, b. 1689, d. 1761.— FIELDING, dramatist 
and novelist, b. 1707, d. 1754.— Dr. STUKELY, antiquarian, b. 1687, d. 
1765 _N. HOOKE, Dr. BIRCH, W. GUTHRIE, historians. — HO- 
GARTH, painter, b. 1698, d, 1764.-.ROUBILLIAC, and RYSBRACH, 
sculptors.— GEMINIANI, musician. 



—1756.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 197 

A.C. 

1751. Capture and defence of Arcot by Clive. 
Adolphus Frederic, of the house of Holstein Got- 

torp, king of Sweden. 

The " Encyclopedia " is begun by Diderot and D'Alembert. 

1752. Neio style introduced in Britain; September 2nd is 

reckoned I4ith. 
Khorassan is separated from Persia 

Franklin invents the lightning conductor — Death of Bp. Butler, the eminent 
divine and moral philosopher, 

1/53. The British Museum is established in Montague House.— Death of Bp. Berkeley, 
the metaphysician. 

1754. Dispute between the English and the French about 

the frontiers of Canada. Jumonville, a French 
officer, is assassinated ; to avenge his murder the 
French seize on Fort Necessity. Expedition wider 
Major Washington, icho bravely repulses a French 
attack. 

Othman III., emperor of the Turks. 

Great eruption of ^tna. — Great earthquake at 
Constantinoj^le and Cairo. 

Hume publishes the first vol. of his Hist, of Eng. : completed 1761. — Deaths of 
Wolf, and Fielding the novelist. 

1755. Defeat of Braddock near Fort Du Quesne. 
Pascal Paoli heads the malcontents of Corsica. 
Lisbon is nearly destroyed by an earthquake ; 

30,000 persons are killed. — Victory of General 
Johnson over Dieskau in Canada. 

Publication of Johnson's " Dictionary."— Deaths of Montesquieu and Mosheim. 

1756. THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR. France, the 

Empire, Sweden, Russia, Austria, and the elec- 
tor of Saxony, unite themselves against Frederic 
the Great, whose only ally is England. Battle 
of Lowositz gained by the Prussians. Capitu- 
lation of the Saxons at Pirna. 

William Pitt, aftericards Lord Chatham, is appointed 
secretary of state. 

Naval fight between Admiral Byng and La Galis- 
sonniere. — Capture of Port Mahon in the island 
of 3Iinorca by the duke of Richelieu. 

Surajah Dowlah takes Ccdcutta, and shuts up 146 
British soldiers in the ^^ Black Hole,^^ of whom 
123 died in one night. 

Home publishes his tragedy of " Douglas."— Publication of Simson's " Euclid." 
o 3 



198 compendium: of chronology. [1757— 

A.C. 

1757. Victory of Clive at Plassey, and conquest of Bengal : 

foundation of the present British Empire in India, 
Admiral Byng is sentenced to he shot for misconduct. 
Fort William Henry in Canada is taken by the 

French under Montcalm, 
Battles of Prague and Keichenberg gained by Fre- 
deric the Great over tbe Austrians. — Dauhn, 
the Austrian general, repulses the king of Prussia 
at Kolin. — The French take Verdun and Bre- 
men : capitulation of Closterseven. — The Prus- 
sians defeat the French and Austrians at Rosbach 
and Leuthen. The king of Prussia becomes 
master of Silesia. 
Damiens attempts to assassinate Louis XV. 
The Russians take Memel, and gain the battle of 

Gros Jagersdorff. 
Mustapha III., emperor of the Turks. 

Death of Colly Gibber, poet laureate, succeeded by Whitehead. — Invention of 
achromatic telescopes by Dollond. (See 1729.) 

1758. Senegal and Goree are taken hy the English. — Cape 

Breton, Louishurg, and Fort Du Quesne, are 
taken hy the English : they are repulsed at Ticon- 
derago. — Naval successes of O shorn, Hawke, and 
Anson. — De Lolly captures some British settle- 
ments on the coast of Coromandel, 

Ferdinand of Brunswick is victorious over the 
French at Crefeld. — Battle of Zorndorf gained 
by the Prussians over the Russians. — Dauhn 
surprises and defeats the army of Frederick at 
Hochkirchen. 

Pope CLEMENT XIII. {Charles Rezzonico). 

1759. Defeat of the French at Quebec by General Wolfe, 

who is killed in the action : Montcalm, the French 

general, is also killed, 
Guadaloupe surrenders to the English. — The French 

admiral La Clue is defeated off Gibraltar by Bos- 

cawen. — Marshal Conjlans is defeated hy Haicke 

off Belleisle, 
General Lolly is defeated at Wondiwash by Colonel 

Coote, — Sural is token. 
The French under the duke of Broglio are victorious 



—1761.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 199 

AC. 

at Berghen, near Frankfort, but are defeated 
at Minclen. — Bloody battle of Kunnersdorf lost 
by Frederic 11. 

Charles III., king of Spain. 

Frederic IV., king of the Two Sicilies. 

The Jesuits are expelled from Portugal. 

Death of Handel — The book " De I'Esprit," by Helvetius, a materialist, is con- 
demned and burnt — Harrison finishes the chronometer for which 20,000/. 
reward is given — Adam Smith publishes his " Theory of Moral Sentiments," 
and Robertson his " Historj' of Scotland." 

1760. Montreal and all Canada surrender to the English. 
George 3I]Ii^ king of Great Britain, succeeds his 

grandfather George II. 

George II. married the Princess Caroline of Anspach, and had 2 sons and 5 
daughters : Frederic, prince of Wales, died in 1751 ; William, duke of 
Cimiberland, died in 1765 ; Anne, married the prince of Orange ; Amelia, 
died in 1786; Caroline, died in 1757; Mary, married the prince of Hesse 
Cassel ; Louisa, married the king of Denmark. 

Capture of Tliur of s squadron {who had taken Carrick- 
fergus) hy Captain Elliott near the Isle of Man. 

Battle of Leignitz gained by Frederic II. over the 
Austrian general Laudohn. — Capture of Berlin 
by the Austrians and Russians. — The king of 
Prussia defeats the Austrians under Dauhn at 
Torgau. 

Hyder Ally, sultan of Mysore. 

Dr. Samuel JOHNSON, lexicographer and critic, b. 1709, d. 1782. — Oliver 
GOLDSMITH, poet and miscellaneous writer, b. 1728, d. 1774. — Laurence 
STERNE, miscellaneous writer, b. 1713, d. 1768 David HUME, meta- 
physician and historian, b. 1711, d. 1776 Tobias SMOLLETT, continuator 

of Hume's " History of England," and novelist, b. 1721, d. 1771 John 

CAMPBELL, historian and biographer (" Lives of the Admirals "), d. 1775. 
— EULER, mathematician, b. 1707, d. 1782 — Benjamin FRANKLIN, ex- 
perimental philosopher, b. 1706, d. 1790. — BUFFON, naturalist, b. 1707 
d. 1788. — HALLER (Swiss), physician, b. 1708, d. 1777. — MENDELS- 
SOHN, Jewish philosopher, b. 1729. — Bp. WARBURTON (b. 1698. 
d. 1779) and Soame JENYNS (b. 1704, d. 1786), theological writers.— Bp 
NEWTON ("Diss, on Prophecy"), b.J704, d. 1782. — Bp. LOWTH, 
Hebrew critic, b. 1710, d. 1786 — Lord KAMES, critic, b. 1096, d. 1782.— 
METASTASIO (b. 1698, d. 1782), CHURCHILL (b. 1730, d. 1764), GRAY 
(b. 1716, d. 1771), GRAINGER (b. 1723, d. 1767), poets. — GESNER (of 
Zurich) painter and pastoral poet. b. 1730. d. 1788. — Jean Jacques ROUS- 
SEAU, miscellaneous writer, b. 1712, d. 1778. _ WINCKLEMANN, anti- 
quarian, b. 1718, assassinated 1768. — D'ANVILLE, geographer, b. 1697, 
d. 1782. — GOLDONI (Italian), comic dramatist, b. 1707, d. 1793.— 
GARRICK, the actor, b. 1716, d. 1779— Anthony Raphael MENGS (Bohe- 
mian), painter, b. 1726, d. 1779.— JOMELLI (b. 1714, d. 1774) and Dr. ARNE 
(b. 1704, d. 1778), musicians. — Colman the elder publishes his first drama. 
B. 1733, d. 1794. 

1761. Pondicherry is taken hy the English, and also Belle- 

isle. 
Family compact of the house of Bourbon con- 
cluded at Paris by the duke of Choiseul, prime 
minister. 

Expedition to explore Arabia sent by the Danish government: Carsten Niebuhr, 
geographer, 

o 4 



200 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l762— 



A.C. 



1762. Martinico and Havannah are taken by the English, 

also the Philippine Islands. 

Death of Elizabeth Petrowna, empress of Russia. 
Peter III. of the house of Holstein Gottorp 
succeeds her ; he is dethroned and assassinated, 
and his consort Catherine II. ascends the throne. 

Execution of John Galas at Toulouse. 

Condemnation of " Emile" and its author : Rousseau takes refuge in Neufchatel. 
— Deaths of Bradley the astronomer, and of Lady Mary Wortley Montague 
(born 1690J. 

1763. PEACE OP PARIS between England, France, 

and Spain. France gives up to England Canada 
and all its dependencies. Cape Breton, and several 
islands in the West Indies. Cuba and Havannah 
are restored to Spain, and the Spaniards in return 
cede Florida to the English. 
Treaty of Hubertsburgh between Russia, Prussia, 
and the elector of Saxony : it restores the affairs 
of Germany to the same state in which they had 
been before the seven years' war. 

1764. Stamp Act in North America: commencement of the 

contest between the American colonies and Great 
Britain. 
Expulsion of the Jesuits from France. 

Election of Stanislaus Poniatowski, last king of 

Poland: troubles relative to the dissidents or 

dissenters. 
Surajah Doiolah, the soubah of Bengal, is defeated 

at Buxar by Munro. 
Byron^s voyage round the world and discoveries in 

the South Seas. 

Dr. R. Chandler's travels in Asia Minor and Greece (d. 1810).— Dr. Thomas Reid 
publishes his " Inquiry into the Human Mind." — Hannah More publishes 
her first tragedy. 

1765. JOSEPH II., emperor of Germany. 

1766. The American Stamp Act is repealed. 
Christian VII., king of Denmark. 

The Jesuits are expelled from Denmark and Bohemia. 
Mesmer publishes his " Theory of Animal Magnetism." 

1767. The colonies in North America cease from importing 

English goods. 
The Jesuits are expelled from Spain, Genoa, and Venice. 
Wallis and Carterefs discoveries in the South Seas : 

Otaheite discovered by Wallis. 



—1771.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 201 

A.C. 

Publication of the "Nautical Almanack" commenced by Dr. Maskelyne.— . 
Carsten Niebuhr publishes his "Travels in Arabia."— Invention of the 
spinning-wheel by Hargreaves. 

1768. Beginning of the war between Russia and Turkey. 
Genoa sells Corsica to France : Pascal Paoli takes 

refuge in England. 

The Jesuits are expelled from Naples, Malta, and Parma. — The 
" Dissideyits " of Poland are reinstated in their former liberties. 

James BRUCE (b. 1730, d. 1794) discovers the source of one of the branches of 
the Nile, called the Blue River. — BOUGAINVILLE'S discoveries in the 

South Seas Sir Joshua REYNOLDS is elected first president of the 

Roval Academy of Painting (b. 1723, d. 1792), GAINSBOROUGH and 
C. VERNET, painters. 

1769. The Russians, under Galitzin, defeat the Turks and 

take Choczim. 

Pope CLEMENT XIV. (^Francis Laurence Ganganelli). 

Cook sails to Otaheite (to observe the transit of Venus 

on June 3.), and makes his first discoveries in the 

South Seas. 

James WATT (d. 1819) takes out a patent for improvements in the steam- 
engine. 

1770. The Turkish fleet under Capitan Pacha is destroyed 

in the narrow bay of Chisme by the Russian 
Admirals OrlofF and Spiritoff, who brought their 
fleet round from the Baltic to attack them. — 
Victories of General Romanzow over the Turks 
near the Pruth and the Kukuli. 

Banishment of the French minister Choiseul. 

Botany Bay discovered hy Captain Cook. 

Earthquake at St. Domingo. 

Thomas REID, metaphysician, b. 1709, d. 1796. — Adam SMITH, political eco- 
nomist, b. 1723, d. 1790. — W. ROBERTSON, historian, b. 1721, d. 1793 

LELAND, Thos., historian, b. 1722, d. 1785. — Sir W. BLACKSTONE, 

jurist, b, 1723, d. 1780 Nevil MASKELYNE, astronomer, b. 1732, d. 1811. 

— D'ALEMBERT, mathematician and philosopher, b. 1717, d. 1783.— 
LOGAN, WARTON, WHITEHEAD, GLOVER, LESSING, poets.— 
GROSE, antiquarian.— BROTIER and MICHAELIS. critics. — Bp. 
HORNE and Dr. TOWNSON, theologians. — Sir David DALRYMPLE 
(Lord Hailes), historian and antiquarian. — Thomas SHERIDAN, Richard 
PRICE rfinancier), and DIDEROT (encyclopedist), miscell. writers — 
CONDILLAC, metaphysician, d. 1780.— John HOWARD (b. 1726, d. at 
Cherson, 1790) and Jonas HANWAY, philanthropists,— GLUCK,PICCINI, 
and MOZART, musicians.— Sir R. Arkwright and Smeaton, mechanicians. 

Deaths of the poets Akenside and CHATTERTON (aged 18) ; Gray died in 
1771 Death of George WHITFIELD, the celebrated preacher, b. 1714. 

1771. Louis XV., by an edict, establishes the absolute 

dominion of the monarchy over the parliament. 
Gustavus III., king of Sweden. 
The Russians, under Prince Dolgoruki, force the 

lines of Perekop and conquer the Crimea. 
Stanislaus Poniatowski, king of Poland, is carried 

off by force from Warsaw. 



202 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1772— 

A.C. 

De Lolme of Geneva publishes his " Constitution 
of England." 

1772. FIRST DISMEMBERMENT OP PO- 

LAND by Catherine II., Maria Theresa, and 
Frederic the Great, 
devolution in Sweden ; the authority of the senate 
is diminished, and that of the king increased : 
the constitution is restored to what it was before 
1680. — Execution of Count Struensee, prime 
minister of Sweden, at Copenhagen. 

1773. The Order of the Jesuits is suppressed by Clement XIV. 

Victor Amadeus III., king of Sardinia. 
Insurrection at Boston in America, — Cook's second 
voyage and discoveries, 1772 — 5. 

Alfieri publishes his first tragedy, " Cleopatra." 

1774. LOUIS XVL, grandson of Louis XV., succeeds 

him : Turgot his prime minister. 

Romanzow crosses the Danube : peace of Kainargi 
between Russia and Turkey ; the Crimea is 
declared independent of Turkey. — Abdhul- 
Achmet, emperor of the Turks. 

The port of Boston is shut up by the British. — 
Warren Hastings, first British governor-general 
of India. — New Caledonia discovered by Cook. 

Eddystone light-house (the present) completed by Smeaton — Goethe publishes 
his " Werter. "—Death of Goldsmith. 

1775. Beginning of hostilities between England and North 

America : the American congress gives the com- 
mand of their army to Washington. Battle of 
Bunker\9 hill. 
The Zaparog Cossacks are expelled by Catherine II. 
of Russia. 

Pope PIUS VL {Angelo Braschi). 

R. B. Sheridan publishes his first drama, " The Rivals." 

1776. The United States of America declare their inde- 

pendence {July 4.). They comprised 11 States at 

first ; South Carolina and Maryland were added 

'in 1781. — Washington defeats the English at 

Trenton on the Delaware. 

Weishaupt founds the secret order of the Illuminati. 

Adam Smith publishes his " Wealth of Nations," whence dates the science of 

political economy Gibbon puVjlishes the 1st vol. of his "Decline and 

Fall of the Roman Empire," completed in 1788. — Death of Hume, the 
historian. 



—1780.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOaY. 203 

A.C. 

1777. Philadelphia is taken by the English under Howe. 

Gates, the American general, compels the English 
under Burgoyne to surrender at Saratoga ( Oct. 
16.). — Death of Joseph I., king of Portugal: 
Maria, his daughter, and Peter III., jointly, 
succeed. — Death of the Elector Maximilian- 
Joseph I. of Bavaria ; succeeded by Charles 
Theodore. — Necker, minister of the finances in 
France. 

Death of Haller, Swiss physician and philosopher. 

1778. Alliance between France and the United States of 

America. 
War between France and England : naval battle of 

Ushant between Admiral Keppel and U Orvilliers. 

— The Sandwich Islands discovered by Cook. 
War of the succession of Bavaria. 
Foundation of Cherson on the Black Sea by the 

Russians. 

Deaths of Voltaire, J. J. Rousseau, Linnteus, and ihe French tragic actor 
Lekain. 

1779. Spain and Holland declare themselves in favour of 

the United States of America. — Peace of Tes- 
chen, in Silesia, between Austria and Prussia. 
SIEGE OP GIBRALTAR by the Spaniards ; 
it is defended by General Elliot. — Captain Cook 
is killed at Owyhee. — Great eruption of Vesu- 
vius. 

Deaths of the 1st earl of Chatham, Garrick, and Bp. Warburton. 

1780. Death of Maria Theresa: her son Joseph II. suc^ 

ceeds her. 

War of the English against Hyder Ally, sultan of 
Mysore. — Admiral Rodney defeats the Spanish 
fleet near Cape St. Vincent. — Charlestown sur- 
renders to the British. — Cornwallis defeats the 
Americans at Camden-town. — Rochambeau is sent 
to America with 6,000 French soldiers. — JVar 
between England and Holland. 

Naval and Military Bible Society established. 

CONDORCET, natural philosopher, b. 1743, d. 1794. —WARING, Dr. E., 
mathematician, b. 1735, d. 1798. —LAVOISIER (b. 1743, d. 1794), Dr. 
PRIESTLEY (b. 1733, d. 1804), Dr. Joseph BLACK (b. 1728, d. 1799), and 

H. CAVENDISH (b. 1731, d. 1810), chemical philosophers Dr. James 

HUTTON, geologist, b. 1726, d. 1797.— Dr. PULTENE Y, botanist, b. 1730, 
d. ISOl.—Edward GIBBON, (b. 1737, d. 1794), Abbe RAYNAL (b. 1718, 
d. 1796), Robert ORME (b. 1728, d. ISOI), historians — Dr. E. DARWIN, 
poet and zoologist, b. 1721, d. 1802.-COWPER (b. 1731, d. 1801), MASON, 



204 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l781— 

William (b. 1725, d. 1797), Jas. BEATTIE (b. 1735, d. 1803), KLOPSTOCK 

(b. 1724, d. 1803), ALFIERl (b. 1749, d. 1803), poets SPALLANZANI, 

naturalist. — J. ANDERSON, agriculturist. — Dr. TISSOT, physician 
(Swiss). —LEDYARD, traveller, — Josiah WEDGEWOOD, improver of 
pottery manufacture Sir W. JONES, poet and orientalist, b. 1746, d. 1795. 

— BOSWELL, biog. of Dr. Johnson, b. 1740, d. 1795 ZIMMERMAN 

(" Essay on Solitude "), b. 1728, d. 1795.— Dr. KIPPIS, biographer, b. 1725, 
d. 1795 Dr. G. CAMPBELL (" Philosophy of Rhetoric"), b. 17i;9. d. 1796. 

— James M'PHERSON ("Ossian"), b. 1738, d. 1796 Horace WALPOLE 

(b. 1718, d. 1797), Edmund BURKE (b. 1730, d. 1797), Bp. HURD (b. 1720, 
d. 1808), Dr. BLAIR (b. 1718, d. 1800), MARMONTEL (b. 1728, d. 1799), 
LA HARPE (b. 1739, d. 1803), miscellaneous writers.— WRIGHT, COP- 
LEY, and Angelica KAUFMANN, painters.— BACON, sculptor. 

1781. Cornwallis conquers the tivo Carolinas, and advances 

into Virginia, where he is shut up in Yorktown hy 
the combined forces of Washington, Rochambeau, 
and La Fayette, supported hy a French fleet 
under Count de Grasse, and is obliged to sur- 
render. — Hyder Ally is defeated by Sir Eyre 
Coote. 

W. Herschell discovers the planet Uranus. — Kant publishes his " Critique de 
Raison pure," and Schiller his first tragedy. 

1782. Bombardment of Gibraltar by floating batteries in- 

vented by D"" Argon. — Rodney defeats Count de 
Grasse between the islands of Dominica and 
Sahites ; the French admiral is carried prisoner 
to London. 

THE INDEPENDENCE OP THE 
UNITED STATES is achnowledged by 
Great Britain. 

Tippoo Saib succeeds his father Hyder Ally. — Sir 
Edw, Hughes defeats the French fleet under 
Suffrein in the East Indies. 

Dungannon Convention, and declaration of Irish in- 
dependence. 

Sunday schools first established by Robert Raikes and Dr. Stock in Gloucester. 

1783. Peace of Paris and Versailles, between Great Britain, 

France, Spain, and the United States of America. 

— William Pitt, second son of Lord Chatham, is 
made prime minister at 25 years of age, and, tcith 
only a short interval, retains that office 22 years. 

— Calonne, minister of the finances of Louis 

XVI. 
Catherine of Russia annexes the Crimea to her 
empire. 

Great earthquake in Naples and Sicily ; 40,000 lives lost, and the town of Messina 
nearly destroyed. — The first balloon, constructed in France by MONT- 
GOLFIER (b. 1745, d. 1799), makes its ascent at Paris. 

1784. Peace between Great Britain and Holland. 



—1789.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 205 

A.C. 

Estdblisliment of the Indian Board of Control, 
Turkey gives up to Kussia the Crimea and part of 
Cuban. 

Colman the younger publishes his first drama.— Death of Samuel Johnson. 

1785. Insurrection in Holland: William V., the stadt- 

holder, is deposed. — Alliance between Austria, 
France, and Holland. — Yoyage of discovery of 
La Peyrouse : he is shipwrecked in 1788. 

Death of Whitehead ; succeeded as poet laureate by Warton. 

1786. Death of Frederic the Great; his nephew Frederic 

William II. succeeds him. 

Maria I., sole sovereign of Portugal. 

Marquis of Cornwallis, governor-general of India. — 
Commercial treaty between England and France, 

The Sunday School Society is formed. (^See 1782.) 

The Royal Irish Academy incorporated — Home Tooke publishes his "Diver- 
sions of Purley." 

1787. Warren Hastings is impeached for misdemeanours in 

the government of India by Sheridan and Burke, 
the distinguished orators. 

First assembly of the Notables at Versailles, ac- 
cording to the plan of M. de Calonne, one of 
the French ministers. Banishment of Necker : 
Cardinal de Brienne succeeds him. 

The Prussians, under the duke of Brunswick, in- 
vade Holland, and re-establish the stadtholder- 
ship. 

Turkey declares war against Russia. 

De Saussure ascends Mont Blauc. 

1788. Brienne is dismissed, and succeeded by Necker. 

Second assembly of the Notables at Versailles. — 

Charles IV., king of Spain. 
Austria joins Bussia against the Turks. 
Prince Charles Edward dies at Rome. — Botany Bay 

colonized by the English. — Defensive alliance 

between England and Holland. 

Lagrange publishes his " Mecanique Analytique."— The Abbe BARTHELEMY 
(h. 1715, d. 1795; publishes his " Voyage du Jeunne Anacharsis."— Death of 
Buflbn (aged 81), and Gesner, poet of Zurich. — Cotton is first planted in 
Georgia, 

1789. The abolition of the Slave Trade is proposed in par- 

liament by Wilberforce, 
FRENCH REVOLUTION: States-General 
at Versailles : National Assembly. — Mirabeau, 



206 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l790— 

A.C. 

La Fayette, Maury, Syeyes, Talleyrand, Lan- 
juinais, BaHly, Le due d'Orleans, Eobespierre, 
&c. — Necker is banished (July 11.). The Bas- 
tille is taken, and the governor assassinated 
(July 14.). JSTecker is recalled (July 17.). De- 
claration of the " Kights of Man : " abolition of 
the feudal regime. The princes of the blood 
and chief nobility leave France. Decree for 
dividing France into 83 departments. 

Revolution in the Netherlands. 

Sweden declares war against Russia, and threatens 
Cronstadt. — Selim III., emperor of the Turks. 

— The Austrians, under Laudhon, take Bel- 
grade. 

Herschell's great telescope erected at Slough, and the 1st and 2Dd satellites of 
Saturn discovered — Bowles publishes his " Sonnets," and Lavoisier his 
" Elements of Chemistry." 

1790. Wa?^ in India loith Tippoo Saib. 

Monastic establishments and titles of nobility are 
suppressed in France. General Confederation 
at Paris in the Champ de Mars. Introduction 
of the paper money under the name of " assig- 
nats." 

LEOPOLD II., grand duke of Tuscany, succeeds 
his brother Joseph II. as emperor. 

Alternate naval victories of the Russians and Swedes 
in the Baltic. — The Russians under Suwarrow 
take Ismail (in December) : 30,000 Ottomans 
are killed and 10,000 taken prisoners. 

Mutiny of the Bounty ; Captain BliglCs boat-voyage ; 
the mutineers colonize Pitcairn's Island, 

Deaths of Franklin the philosopher, of Adam Smith, of Howard the philanthro- 
pist, and of Warton (succeeded as poet laureate by Henry James Pye) — 
J. C. F. von SCHILLER, poet and historian, b.l759, d. 1805.— KANT, meta- 
physician, b. 1724, d. 1804.— HERDER, philosopher and philologer, b. 1744, 
d. 1803.— LAGRANGE, mathemat.and astron., b.l736,d. 1813.— MESSIER 
and LALANDE, astronomers.— GALVANI (b. 1737, d. 1798), CAVALLO 
(b. 1749, d. 1809), nat. philosophers. — AT WOOD, G., mechanician.— 
LAVATER, physiognomist, b. 1741, d. 1801.— DOLOMIEU, mineralogist. 

— GMELIN, chemist, — J. Bapt. MUNOZ (Spanish), MALLET, P. H., 
(Swiss), Von MULLER, Joseph MILNER ("Church Hist."), FER- 
GUSON (Adam), historians.— MA LONE, critic— GOETHE (b. 1749, d. 
ISSi), WIELAND (b. 1733, d. 1813), DELILLE (b. 1738, d. 1813), Robert 
BURNS (b. 1759, d. 1796), Charlotte SMITH, Charles DIBDIN, CUM- 
BERLAND (dram.), and Arthur MURPHY, poets.— O'KEEFE, comedian. 

— Gilbert WAKEFIELD and C. J. HEYNE, classical critics. — Home 
TOOKE, philologist.— General VALLANCY, C. TOWNLEY, BRAND, 
STRUTT, Jacob BRYANT, antiquarians.— Dr. PALEY (b. 1743, d. 1805), 
Bp. HORSLEY (b. 1733, d. 1806), and Bp. PORTEUS (b. 1731, d. 1808), 
theologians — BARRY and OPIE, painters— JULIEN, sculptor.— CIMA- 
ROSA and ARNOLD, musicians. 



—1792.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 207 



A.C. 



1791. Death of Mirabeau. The king of France and his 

family escape from Paris, but are intercepted at 
Yarennes. Avignon and Venaissin are annexed 
to France. Louis XVI. accepts the constitution 
of 1791, presented to him by the Constituent 
Assembly. Legislative Assembly. — Convention 
of Pilnitz between Austria and Prussia in favour 
of Louis XVI. 

New Constitution of Poland (May 3.). 

Revolution in Hayti. — Toussaint I'Ouverture be- 
comes the leader, and expels the French. 

Riots at Birmingham, 

Discoveries of Galvani published. — First steam-engine in Dublin erected by 
Henry Jiickson. 

1792. FRANCIS II., emperor of Germany on the death 

of his father, Leopold II. 

Gustavus III., king of Sweden, is assassinated by 
Ankerstroom ; his son Gustavus IV. succeeds 
him, under the regency of the duke of Suder- 
mania. 

Eussia overturns the new constitution of Poland. — 
Peace of Jassy between Russia and Turkey; 
the Dniester is made the frontier. The Russians 
found Odessa. 

Earl Macartney is sent on an embassy to China ; he 
returns in 1794. 

Seringajmtam is invested hy Lord Cornwallis, and 
Tijypoo Saih submits. — Sir John Shore, governor- 
general of India. 
s France declares war against Austria. The Prus- 
sians, under the duke of Brunswick, invade 
France, and take Longwy and Verdun: they 
are repulsed at Valmy by Kellermann. Savoy 
is occupied by Montesquiou. Capture of Spires, 
Worms, and Mayence, by Custine. — Victory of 
Jemmapes gained by Dumouriez over the Aus- 
trians. — Insurrection of the suburbs St. Antoine 
and St. Marceau. Attack on the Tuileries : the 
Swiss guards are massacred : Massacre of Sep- 
tember. Third national assembly, called The 
Convention. Abolition of Royalty. 

PRANCE IS DECLARED A REPUBLIC 



208 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [l793— 

A.C. 

(Sep. 21.). Kobespierre, Danton, St. Just, Col- 
lot d'Herbois, Tallien, &c. 

First application of gas to the purpose of illumination, made by Murdoch in Corn- 
wall.— Dugald Stewart publishes his "Philosophy of the Human Mind." — 
Deaths of the musician Mozart, of Bp. Home, of Sir Richard Arkwright, 
the mechanist, of lords Rodney and North, and of Sir Joshua Reynolds (suc- 
ceeded as president of the Royal Academy by B. West). 

1793. LOUIS XVI. IS BEHEADED on the 21st 
of January, and his consort, Marie Antoinette, 
on the 15th of October, and the duke of Orleans 
Nov. 6th. Lyons declares for Louis XVII. 
(February 28th). — The convention declares war 
against England, Holland, and Spain. First 
coalition against France of all Europe (Sweden, 
Denmark, and Turkey excepted), directed by 
England. Defeat of Dumouriez (in March) at 
Neerwinden : he and the duke of Chartres (Louis 
Philippe) j oin the Austrians. The Austrians take 
Conde, Valenciennes, &c., and the Prussians 
Mayence. 

Erection of the Revolutionary Tribunal, and the 
Committee of Public Safety. Eeign of Terror 
under Robespierre. 

Insurrection of La Vendee under D'Elbee, La- 
rochejaquelin, Stofflet, Bonchamp, &c. ; the Ven- 
deans gain the battle of Saumur, &c. — Brissot, 
and the chiefs of the Girondist party, are guillo- 
tined. Tyranny of the Mountainists or Jacobins. 
Marat is assassinated. The Christian era and 
Christian religion are renounced : the Republican 
calendar and the worship of " Reason " are sub- 
stituted. 

Toulon puts itself under the protection of the English 
and Spanish fleets under Lord Hood and Don 
Langara {Aug.). 

The duke of York is defeated hy Houchard at 
Hondscote (^Sep.). 

Lyons is taken by the Republicans (Oct.). 

Dugommier compels the English to evacuate Toulon 
{in Dec. ) : Bonaparte distinguished himself under 
him as an officer of artillery. 

Second partition of Poland between Russia and 
Prussia. 



—1795.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 209 

A.C. 

Massacre of tlie Whites at St. Domingo. 
The Alien Bill is passed in England {Jan. 4.). 

Deaths of Charles Bonnet of Geneva, a naturalist, and of the historian Robertson. 

1794. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended {May). Trials 

of Hardy, Tooke, Thelwell, ^c.^for treason. 

Battle of Fleurus gained over the prince of Coburg 
by Jourdan and Marceau (June 26.). General 
Sherer retakes the fortresses of Landrecies, 
Conde, and Valenciennes. Kleber takes Maes- 
tricht (Nov. 4.). Dugommier, victorious in the 
Pyrenees, is killed near St. Sebastian. Perignon, 
his successor, takes Figuiere and Rosas. General 
Moncey victorious in Spanish Navarre. 

Downfal and execution of Robespierre (July). 

The French fleet, under Villoret Joyeuse, is defeated 
off Ushant by Admiral Hoiue (June). — Howe 
takes possession of Corsica. — Battle of Nimeguen 
between the French and the English under the 
duke of York. 

New revolution in Poland excited by Kosciusko. 
Battle of Warsaw : the suburb of Prague is 
taken by Suwarrow. Warsaw capitulates (Nov. 
9.): downfal of Polish liberty. — Execution of 
Hebert, Danton, Camille Desmoulins, Mal- 
herbes, Lavoisier, Madame Elizabeth Andre 
Chenier, &c. 

First meeting of the Church Missionary Society (^Nov. 4»). 

Paley publishes his " Evidences of Christianity." — Thomas Payne publishes his 
" Age of Reason."— Deaths of Condorcet, of Lavoisier the chemist, of Gibbon 
the historian, of Colman the elder, the dramatist, and of James Bruce, the 
traveller. 

1795. Holland is overrun by the French under Pichegru. 

The " Batavian republic " is established. The 
stadtholder takes refuge in England. — Belgium 
is annexed to France. — Lyons is bombarded, 
laid in ruins, and all its loyal inhabitants massa- 
cred (May). — The royalists landed at Quiberon 
are defeated by Hoche (June). — The Convention 
employs Bonaparte (Oct.) to destroy the " sec- 
tions " of the Parisians. 
LOUIS XVII. dies in prison at Paris ( June) : 
his uncle, then residing at Verona, takes the title 
oi LOUIS XVIIL 



210 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1796— 

A.C. 

Executive Directory formed, (Nov. 5.). 
I Lord Bridport defeats the French fleet at U Orient. 
The Cape of Good Hope is taken from the Dutch by 

the British under Craig, Clarke, and Elphinstone; 

and Ceylon hy General J, Stuart and Commodore 

Ranier, 
Great disorders in Ireland. — Battle of the Diamond, 

in Armagh, and formation of the first Orange 

lodge, 
Mr. Hasting^ trial ends in his acquittal, 
PINAL PAIITITI9N OF POLAND be- 
tween Russia, Austria, and Prussia. 
First expedition of Mungo Park into tlie interior of 

Africa. 

W. Roscoe publishes his " Life of Lorenzo di Medici."— The Shakspeare forgeries 

by Ireland are published Deaths of Sir William JONES, of James 

BOSWELL, and of ZIMMERMAN.— Polytechnic schools established. 

1796. The Frencli, under Bonaparte, overrun and plunder 

the north of Italy. Bonaparte gains the battles 
of Montenotti (April), Lodi (May), Areola and 
Rivoli (Nov.), &c. The French generals Mo- 
reau and Jourdan enter Germany, and are 
ultimately repulsed by the Archduke Charles. 
Famous retreat of Moreau to the Rhine. 

The British evacuate Corsica, which is seized hy the 
French, 

Unsuccessful expedition of the French against Ireland 
under General Hoche. — Death of Henry Flood. 

Death of Catherine II. : her son, Paul I., succeeds 
her. 

Denmark abolishes the slave-trade before any other 
European nation. 

Laplace publishes his " Mecanique Celeste." — Invention of Lithography by 
Alois SENNEFELDER Hahnemann announces the principle of Homoe- 
opathy Discovery of VACCINATION by Dr. JENNER, an Englishman 

(b. 1749, d. 1823) : the cure became general in 1799 Deaths of Robert 

Burns, the poet, and of Dr. T. Reid. 

1797. Mutiny of the British fleets at Portsmouth and the 

Nore. — The Scots'" Militia Bill is passed. — Sir 
John Jervis {afterwards Earl St. Vincent) defeats 
the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent. Nelson 
distinguishes himself in this engagement. — The 
Dutch fleet near Camperdown is defeated by 
Admiral Duncan, 



— 1798. J COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 211 

A.C. 

Admiral Hervey captures the island of Trinidad. 
Bass's Straits discovered hy Surgeon Bass of the 

*' Reliance.''^ 
Mantua surrenders to tlie French (Feb.), and 

Yenice is occupied (May). 
Peace of Campo Formio : the Emperor Francis 11. 

gives up to the French Belgium and Lombardy, 

and receives for himself the whole territory of 

the republic of Yenice. 
Death of Frederic William II., king of Prussia : 

his son Frederic William III. succeeds him. 
Formation of the Cisalpine republic, and of the 

Ligurian republic of Genoa. 
Feth- Ally-Khan, shah of Persia. 
John Adams, president of the United States. 

Lacroix publishes his "Differential and integral Calculus." — Stereotyping is 
said to have been invented by Ambrose Didot of Paris ; others ascribe it 
to Mr. Tilloch : it is said to have been suggested by W. Ged of Edinburgh 

in 1735 Deaths of Edmund Burke, Horace Walpole, and Joseph Milner, 

the historian, 

1 798. Second coalition against France, of England, Eussia, 
Naples, Sicily, Turkey, and Austria. Prussia, 
Holland, and Belgium are neutral. 

The papal government is suppressed by the French : 
the pope, Pius YL, quits Rome (Feb. 26.), and 
is carried prisoner to France, where he dies next 
year. — Pome is captured by the king of Naples, 
but soon recovered by the French. 

REBELLION IN IRELAND : it is finally 
suppressed by Marquis Cormoallis, lord lieutenant. 
— Unsuccessful expedition of the French against 
Ireland ; Humbert, their general, lands at Killala, 
and surrenders after the battle of Ballinamuck. 

Expedition of the French into Egypt under General 
Bonaparte and Admiral Brueys. They take 
Malta from the knights, defeat the Turks at the 
Pyramids, and enter Cairo. 

BATTLE OP THE NILE GAINED BY 
LORD NELSON over the French: Admiral 
Brueys is hilled {August 1.). — General Stuart 
takes Minorca. 

Marquis of Wellesley, governor-general of India. 

P 2 



212 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1799— 

A,C. 

The Swiss are finally defeated, and their inde- 
pendence abolished (Sep.). 

The king of Sardinia gives up Piedmont to France, 
and retires to Cagliari. 

Deaths of Dr. Edward Waring, mathematician, and of Galvani. 

1799. Union with Ireland proposed in the British parlia- 

ment and rejected hy the Commons of Ireland. 

Seringapatam is taken by General Harris and Sir 
David Baird ; Tippoo Saib, sultan of Mysore, is 
defeated and killed by the English; the entire 
peninsula of India is subjected to their authority. 

Expedition of Bonaparte in Syria : capture of Gaza 
and Jaffa. Bonaparte is obliged to raise the siege 
of Acre by the exertions of Sir Sydney Smith; he 
returns to France, after defeating a Turkish 
force at Aboukir. 

Lucien Bonaparte, president of the council of the 
Five Hundred. Abolition of the Directory, and 
of the Constitution of the Year III. Bonaparte, 
Cambaceres, and Lebrun are named consuls 
(Dec). 

BONAPARTE FIRST CONSUL OP THE 
REPUBLIC. 

Brilliant success of the Russian general Suwarrow : 
he recovers from the French the north of Italy. 
— Massena defeats Korsakoff at Zurich. 

Maximilian- Joseph II., elector of Bavaria. 

The British troops (under Abercrombie at first, then 
under the duke of York^ are defeated by General 
Brune, and compelled to evacuate Holland. — The 
English take Surinam from the Dutch. 

Death of Washington. 

Death of Pope Pius VI. in captivity at Valence (Aug."). — Dr. 
Carey establishes the Baptist mission at Serampore. 

Campbell publishes his " Pleasures of Hope." — Humboldt's " Travels in Ame- 
rica," to 1804 Dr. Clarke's " Travels in Greece and Asia," to 1802. 

1800. UNION OP IRELAND AND GREAT 

BRITAIN under the same parliament. 
The emperor of Russia recalls his troops from 

Italy. — Bonaparte crosses the Alps and takes 

Milan. 
BATTLE OP MARENGO; in which Bona- 



-1801.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 213 

^.c. 

parte defeats the Austrians (June 14.) : they re- 
th-e beyond the Mincio. — Bonaparte at Paris 
(July) : explosion of the infernal machine (Dec. 
24.). 

Battle of Hohenlinden (Dec. 3.), gained by Moreau 
over the archduke. 

Battle of Heliopolis gained by Kleber, who is 
assassinated at Cairo. 

Malta is taken hy the English. 

Pope PIUS VII. {Barnabas Chiaramonti). 

Death of the poet Cowper— Sir William HERSCHELL, astronomer, b. 1738, d. 
1822.— LA PLACE (b. 1749, d. 1827), and DELAMBRE (b. 1749, d. 1822), 
mathematicians and astronomers — BODE, astronomer, b. 1747, d. 1827. — 
H. ANDREWS, astronomer. — MONGE, inventor of Descriptive Geometry, 
b. 1746, d. 1818. —John PLAYFAIR, mathematician and geologist, b. 1749, 

d. 1819— LACROIX, and Charles BUTTON, mathematicians Dugald 

STEWART, metaphysician, b. 1753. d. 1828.— Bishop WATSON, (" Apol. 
for Bible," b. 1737, d. 1816), and Robert HALL, (b. 1764, d. 1831), divines. 
— Gi-anville SHARP, critic ar,d philanthropist — Richard PORSON, clas- 
sical critic, b. 1759, d. 1808 Joseph WHITE, orientalist.— Dr. John LEY- 
DEN, poet and linguist LANGLES, orientalist.— W. BELSHAM, his- 
torian and essayist, b. 1752, d. 1827. — W. MITFORD, " Hist, of Greece," 

b. 1734, d. 1827 A. F. TYTLER (lord Woodhouselee), historian, b. 1747, 

d. 1813— VOLNEY, historian and traveller, b. 1755, d. 1820.— J. P. 
CURRAN, (b. 1750,d. 1817), H. GRATTAN (b. 1750, d. 1820), and Richard 

Brinsley SHERIDAN (dramatist, b. 1751, d. 1816), distinguished orators 

Jas. GRAHAME, and W. HAYLEY, poets— HOLCROFT, IFFLAND 
(German), COLMAN, jun., Mrs. INCHBALD, dramatists. — Hannah 
MORE, Countess de GENLIS, Madame COTTIN, Baroness DE STALL, 

Mrs. RADCLIFFE, H. MACKENZIE, novelists, &c Mrs. BARBAULD, 

and Bernardin de ST. PIERRE, miscellaneous writers — Arthur YOUNG, 
agriculturist — Sir Joseph BANKS, naturalist," b. 1743, d. 1820. — George 
SHAW,naturalist.—SONNIN I, traveller and naturalist.— WILLDENOW, 
botanist. —WERNER, mineralogist. —Major RENNELL, geographer.— 
DENON, antiquarian.-Dr.R. ANDERSON, biographer— Dr. E. CART- 
WRIGHT, inventor of weaving machines.— Dr. C. BURNEY (" Hist, 
of Music "), b. 1726, d. 1814.— Joseph HAYDN (h. 1732, d. 1809), BEETH- 
OVEN (b. 1770, d. 1827), CHERUBINI (b. 1760, d. 1842), PAISIELLO, 
and CORRL musicians — Benjamin WEST, NORTHCOTE, STOT- 
HARD, T. MORLAND, DAVID, and FUSELI, painters. — CANOVA 
and NOLLEKENS, sculptors.— J. P. KEMBLE, TALMA, Mrs. SID- 
DONS, actors. 



1801. 

1801. First meeting of the imperial parliament of Great 
Britain and Ireland. — Pitt resigns, after having 
been prime minister 18 years: Addington succeeds 
him. — Battle of Alejcandria gained over Me-nou 
hy the English under Sir Ralph Abercrombie, ivho 
is hilled : the French capitulate to General Hut- 
chinson, and are sent back to France. 

Battle of Copenhagen : the Danish fleet is taken and 
destroyed by Nelson (April 3.). 

Peace of Luneville between France and Germany 



214 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l802— 

A.C, 

(Feb.) : France obtains all the left bank of tlie 

Ilhine. 
The Emperor Paul of Eussia is dethroned and put 

to death : his son Alexander I. succeeds him. 
JeiFerson, president of the United States. 

The planet Ceres discovered by Piazzi Death of Lavater. 

1802. Peace of Amiens between England, France, Hol- 

land, and Spain. — The Cape of Good Hope re- 
stored to the Dutch. — Peace between France 
and Turkey. The Roman Catholic religion is 
re-established in France by the Concordat. — 
Bonaparte is elected chief consul for 10 years, 
and afterwards for life. — Institution of the 
Legion of Honour. 

Toussaint I'Ouverture is taken by the French at 
Hayti. 

The prince of Orange renounces the office of stadt™ 
holder. 

The planet Pallas discovered by Olbers. — The " Edinburgh Review " com- 
menced by Francis Jeffrey and others. 

1803. Execution of Colonel Despard for high treason. 
Fresh hostilities hetiveen France and England. — The 

French under Alortier seize Hanover, 

General Arthur Wellesley {afterwards duke of Wel- 
lington) enters the Mahratta states 

BATTLE OF ASSAYE, in which Wellesley 
defeats the forces of Scindia, ivhich were ten times 
greater than his oivn. — The Great Mogul puts 
himself under the protection of General Lake. 

France sells Louisiana to the United States. 

Evacuation of St. Domingo by the French : Roch- 
ambeau capitulates to Dessalines, but is obliged 
to surrender to Admiral Duckworth. St. Do- 
mingo becomes an independent state under the 
ancient name of Hayti. 

Act of Mediation by Bonaparte in Switzerland: 
19 cantons are formed. 

St. Lucia, Tohago, Demerara, §'c., are taken by the 
English. 

Insurrection in Dublin headed by Robert Emmet, in 
which Lord Kihvarden is killed. 



—1805.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 215 

A.C. 

Phrenology is invented by Dr. Gall Congreve rockets are invented by Sir W. 

Congreve — The percussion principle for fire-arms is discovered by Alex. J. 
Forsyth, d. 1843 — Deaths of Klopstock, Herder, Alfieri, La Harpe, and 
Beattie. 

1804. Conspiracy of Pichegru, Cadoudal, and Moreau, 

against Bonaparte (Feb.). Pichegru is strangled 

in prison ; Moreau retires to America. — The 

Duke D'Enghien is shot by order of Bonaparte, 

(21 March). 
NAPOLEON IS PHOCLAIMED EM- 

PEHOR OF THE FRENCH (May 18.) ; 

the pope assists at his coronation at Paris (Dec. 

2.). — Fouche, minister of police. — Death of M. 

Necker, at Copet, in Switzerland. 
Francis II., of Germany, takes the title of Francis 

I., emperor of Austria. — Insurrection of the 

Servians against the Porte headed by Czerni 

George. 
Dessalines, emperor of Hayti, as James I. 
Pitt is reappointed 'prime minister, — The English 

take possession of Surinam. — War with Spain. 
Establishment of the British and Foreign Bible Society/ (^March 7.)« 
The planet Juno is discovered by Harding.— Deaths of Dr. Priestley, and Kant, 

philosophers, and of Bryant, antiquarian. 

1805. Napoleon assumes the title of king of Italy. — Third 

coalition against France, consisting of Great 
Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden. — Battle 
of Elchingen gained by Ney. — The Austrian 
general Mack, with 25,000 men, surrenders to 
the French at Ulm. 

NAPOLEON DEFEATS THE AUSTRI- 
ANS AND RUSSIANS AT AUSTSR- 
LITZ (Dec. 2.). — Peace of Presburg between 
France and Austria : Austria cedes Venice, the 
Tyrol, &c. 

Maximilian-Joseph II., elector of Bavaria, takes 
the title of king, as does also the elector of 
Wirtemburg. — New Batavian constitution : 
Schimmelpennink, grand pensionary. 

The camp at Boulogne, destined for the invasion of 
England, is broken up. 

LORD NELSON DEFEATS THE 
FLEETS OF FRANCS AND SPAIN 
AT TRAFALGAR {Oct. 21.), takes 20 sail, 

P 4 



216 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1806— 

A.C. 

and is killed in the engagement. — Sir Richard 
Strachan captures 4 more of the combined jieet at 
Ferrol. 

Mungo Park makes a second journey into Africa, and is killed at Boussa. — 
Deaths of Schiller and Paley. 

1806. Joseph Bonaparte is made king of the Two Sicilies 

(March). — Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland. — 
Confederation of the Rhine : dissolution of the 
Germanic empire. — Fourth coalition against 
France, consisting of England, Russia, Prussia, 
Saxony, and Sweden.— THE PRUSBIAMS 
AHE DEFEATED BY HAPOLEON 
AT JENA (Oct. 14.) : Napoleon in person de- 
feats Prince Hohenlohe, and Davoust defeats the 
duke of Brunswick on the same day at Auer- 
stadt. — The different Prussian armies and fort- 
resses successively capitulate. — Hanover, which 
had been occupied by the Prussians^ is occupied 
by the French. — Mortier occupies Hamburgh. — 
Murat enters Warsaw. 

Indecisive battle of Pultusk between Napoleon and 
the Russians (Dec. 26.). 

Death of William Pitt {Jan. 23.); Lord Grenville, 
prime minister. — Napoleon excludes all British 
manufacturers from the Continent by the decree of 
Berlin {Nov. 21.), and commands all British sub- 
jects to be seized and all British property to be 
confiscated. — Sir John Stuart defeats the French 
under Regnier at Maida in Calabria {July). — 
The Cape of Good Hope is taken by Sir David 
Baird and Sir H. Popham. {See 1802). — Buenos 
Ayres is taken by General Beresford and Sir H. 
Popham, but is soon after retaken by the Spaniards. 
— Deaths of Charles James Fox {Sept. 13.), Earl 
Macartney, and Lord Thurloio. 

The Ottoman Porte declares war against Russia. 

Murder ofDessalines; emperor of Hayti: Christophe 
succeeds him. 

Deaths of Bishop Horsley, Charlotte Smith, Henry Klrke White (aged 21), and 
Barry the painter. 

1807. Napoleon defeats the Russians and Prussians at 

Eylau (Feb.), and at Friedland (June). — Dantzic 



—1808.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 217 

A.C. 

is taken by Lefebvre (May). — Peace op Tilsit 
(June) between France, Russia, and Prussia. — 
Formation of the duchy of Warsaw in favour of 
the king of Saxony. 

Napoleo7i, by the decree of Milan (Dec, 17.), prohibits 
all communication between Great Britain and the 
continent. 

Copenhagen is bombarded, and the Danish fleet sur- 
rendered to the British under General Lord Cath- 
cart and Admiral Lord Gambier (Sept. 7.). — The 
British fleet under Admiral Duckivorth passes 
the Dardanelles and threatens Constantinople. — 
General Auchmuty takes Monte Video. — General 
Whitelocli is defeated at Buenos Ayres. 

The British troops under General Fraser take Alex- 
andria, but soon evacuate Egypt. 

THE SLAVE-TRADE IS ABOLISHED 
BY THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT.— 
The duke of Portland, prime minister. — Lord 
Minto, governor-general of India. — Death of the 
cardinal of York, the last descendant of the 
Stuarts, born in 1725. 

The partition of Portugal is projected by Napoleon. 
— Junot advances upon Lisbon. • — The prince 
regent and royal family withdraw to Brazil 
(Nov. 29.). The French occupy Portugal. 

Revolution at Constantinople : Selim III. is de- 
joosed by the Janissaries, and his nephew Mus- 
tapha IV. succeeds him. 

The Russian fleet defeats that of the Turks at 
Lemnos. 

Partition of Hayti : Petion is elected president of 
one part of the island at Port-au-Prince. 

The first steam-vessel is started by Fulton on the Hudson river in America 

Gas-lamps first used in London, introduced by F. A. Winsor.— Lord Byron 
publishes his "Hours of Idleness." — The planet Vesta is discovered by 
Gibers. 

Deaths of Lalande, G. Attwood, and Opie the painter. 

1808. The French invade Spain: Murat enters Madrid: 
Charles IV. abdicates in favour of his son Fer- 
dinand VII., who is dethroned by Napoleon, 
and imprisoned with his brothers in the castle of 
Valencay. — Joseph Bonaparte is made king of 



218 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l809— 

A.C. 

Spain (June) : Murat succeds him as king of 
Naples, — Gallant defence of Saragossa by Pa- 
lafox, wlio repulses the French. — Battle of 
Baylen (July 20.) : Dupont, with 14,000 French 
troops, surrenders to Castanos. — Joseph Bona- 
parte abandons Madrid, and retires to Burgos 
(Aug. 1.). 

The Portuguese arm against the French, and solicit 
aid from Great Britain. 

Battle of Vimeira : Sir A. Wellesley defeats the 
Frejich under Junot. — Convention of Cintra: the 
French evacuate Portugal. — The Russian fleet 
in the Tagus surrenders to Sir Charles Cottoji. 

Conference at Erfurth between the Emperors Alex- 
ander and Napoleon (Sep. 27.). — Napoleon enters 
Spain (Nov.). 

Russia and Denmark make war upon Sweden. 
Russia conquers Finland. — Frederic VL, king 
of Denmark. 

The Sultan Mustapha is deposed, and Mahomet VI. 
succeeds him. 

Deaths of Bp. Hurd, Madame Cottin, Home the dramatist, Porson, and Angelica 
Kaufmann. 

1809. Retreat of Sir Johyi Moore from the interior of 
Spain: battle of Corunna (Jan. 16.), in which 
the French under Soult are repulsed^ and Sir 
John Moore hilled. — The British forces re-emhark 
for England. 

Spencer Perceval^ prime minister. 

Fifth coalition against France, of England, Austria, 
Spain, and Portugal. — The Austrians under the 
Archduke Charles are defeated by Napoleon at 
Eckmuhl and Ratisbon. — Vienna surrenders 
(May 13.). — Napoleon crosses the Danube : 
battles of Aspern and Esslingen, where he is 
repulsed by the Archduke. — MAPOLEON 
DEFEATS THE AUSTRIANS AT 
WAGRAM (July 6. and 7.).— Armistice of 
Znaym. — Peace of Schoenbrunn (Oct. 14.). 

Saragossa surrenders to the French under Lannes 
(Feb. 19.). 

Passage of the Douro at Oporto hy Sir A, Wellesley, 



—1810.] COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. 219 

A.C. 

and retreat of Soult into Gallicia. — Battle of 
Talavera {July 27.), in which the French, under 
Jourdan, Victor, and Sebastiani, are defeated hy 
Sir A. Wellesley, icho is in consequence created 
Viscount Wellington. 

Expedition under the earl of Chatham and Sir 
Richard Strachan to the island of Walcheren. — - 
Flushing is taken, hut is soon after abandoned, 
and the island of Walcheren evacuated after the 
troops had suffered much from disease {Nov. 24.). 

The French fleet in the Basque Roads is destroyed 
by Lords Gambier and Cochrane, and that in the 
hay of Rosas by Lord Collingwood. — Lord CoU 
lingwood and General Oswald take possession 
of the Ionian Islands. — Cayenne and French 
Guiana, Martinico, and Senegal, are taken by the 
British. — A Russian flotilla in the Baltic is cap- 
tured by Sir James Saumarez. 

The 50th anniversary of George III.^s reign is cele- 
brated as a jitbilee ( Oct. 25.). 

Gustavus TV., king of Sweden, abdicates the crown : 
his uncle the duke of Sudermania succeeds him 
as Charles XIII. — Finland is ceded to Russia 
(Sep. 17.). 

The states of the pope are annexed to France. 
Pius VII. excommunicates Bonaparte, and is 
detained a prisoner at Savona. 

James Madison, president of the United States. 

The " Quarterly Review " is commenced : Wra. Gifford, editor.— Deaths of Bp. 
Porteus, and Hadyn the composer. 

1810. Napoleon divorces the Empress Josephine (Jan. 16.), 
and marries the Archduchess Maria Louisa of 
Austria (Ap. 1.). 
Louis Bonaparte abdicates the throne of Holland 
(July 3.). — Holland, Hamburgh, Bremen, Lubec, 
Oldenburg, and parts of Westphalia and Berg, 
are annexed to France. — Hanover is annexed to 
the kingdom of Westphalia. — Napoleon orders all 
British merchandize on the continent to be burned. 
Death of the crown prince of Sweden : Bernadotte 
is adopted by Charles XIII. as his son and sue- 



220 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1811— 

A.C. 

cessor, and proclaimed (Nov. 5.). — Sweden de- 
clares ivar against Great Britain, 

Soult conquers all Andalusia except Cadiz, which 
baffles the attempts of Victor. — Ciudad Roderigo 
and Almeida are taken by the French. — Massena 
invades Portugal : Wellington retires to the lines of 
Torres Vedras, having defeated the French in the 
battle of Busaco {Sep. 27.). — First meeting of 
the cortes in Spain since the usurpation of Bona- 
parte (Sep. 28.). — Revolt of the Spanish colonies 
in South America : republic of Venezuela. 

Guadalowpe, the last of the French West India 
islands, surrenders to General Beckwith and Ad- 
miral Cochrane, — The islands of Bourhon and 
the Mauritius are taken by an expedition sent from 
India by Lord Minto. — Death of the Princess 
Amelia and of Lord Collingioood. 

The Russians conquer from the Turks all the right 
bank of the Danube. 

Foundation of the university of Berlin The polarization of light is discovered 

byMALUS,ofPans,b. 1775, d. 1812— HEGEL, philosopher.b. 1770, d. 1831. 

— Dr. Thomas BROWN, metaphysician, b. 1777, d. 1820 CARNOT (b. 

1753, d. 1823) and LEGENDRE (d. 1832), mathematicians. — PIAZZI 
(b. 1746, d. 1826) and Dr. S. Vince, astronomers. — Sir John LESLIE 
(b. 17C6, d. 1832), mathematician and natural philosopher.— Dr. WOLLAS- 
TON (b. 1766, d. 1828) and VOLTA (b. 1745, d. 1826), natural philosophers. 

— F. A. WINSOR, introducer of gas lights. — John RENNIE, engineer.-. 
JACQUARD, mechanist — HAUY, mineralogist. — THORNTON, bo- 
tanist. 

B. G. NIEBUHR (b. 1776, d. 1831), Wm. ROSCOE (d. 1831), Archdeacon 
COXE, Sir Richard MUSGRAVE, Malcolm LAING, Sir N. W. WRAX- 
ALL, DARU, and T. MAURICE, historians. — Dr. R. MORRISON, 
Chinese scholar and missionary, d. 1834. — Dr. William MAGEE, b. 1765 
("Dissert, on Atonement" in 1809), d. 1831.— Dr. Thomas Fanshaw MID- 
DLETON, biblical critic, b. 1769, d. 1831.— Rev. Thomas SCOTT (b. 1747, 
d. 1821) and Dr. Adam CLARKE (b. 1762, d. 1832), scripture commentators. 

— SirW. GELL, Claudius J. RICH, and Sir W. DRUMMOND, archse- 
ologists.- BURCKHARDT and Dr. Edward CLARKE, travellers.— 
MALTE BRUN, geographer — BLOOMFIELD, CRABBE, and Vincenzo 
RIONTL poets — Wm. GIFFORD, poet and critic, d. 1826. — Ugo FOS- 
COLO, Italian dramatist. &c.— Rev. R. C. MATURIN, M. G. LEWIS, the 
German LAFONTAINE, Mrs. BRUNTON, and Miss EDGEWORTH, 
novelists.— Sir Egerton BRYDGES, miscell. writer. — Sir Samuel RO- 
MILLY, distinguished lawyer— Drs. ABERNETHY and WILLIS, phy- 
sicians — Edward BIRD, painter. — FLAXMAN, sculptor. 

Deaths of Dr. Chandler and Dr. Maskelyne. 

1811. Suchet takes Tortosa by capitulation (Jan. 1.), 
Tarragona (June 28.) and Montserrat (Aug. 19.) 
by force ; gains a victory over the Spanish 
general, Blake, at Murviedro (the ancient Sa- 
guntum) ; and conquers the province of Va- 
lencia. 
Massena retreats from Torres Vedras. — Badajos 



—1812.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 221 

surrenders to the French {March 11.) : Lord Wel- 
lington attempts to besiege it ; SouU advances to 
its relief, and is defeated hy General Beresford at 
Alhuera {May 16.). — Massena is defeated at Fu- 
entes d^ Honor e, and is succeeded hy Marmont. — 
The siege of Badajos is abandoned, — The French 
under Victor are defeated by General Graham at 
Barrosa {March 6.). 

The regency of England is entrusted to the prince of 
Wales {in Feb.) during the temporary derangement 
of George III, — A Danish force of nearly 4000 
men attacks the island of Anhalt, and is repulsed 
hy 150 British under Captain Maurice {March 
27.). — A brilliant comet visible in England {Sep. 
1.). — Biots at Nottingham by weavers, who destroy 
several articles of machinery. 

Birth of Napoleon's son (March 20.), whom he styles 
king of Rome. 

A Turkish army capitulates to KutusofF. — Massacre 
of 1600 Mamelukes in Cairo by order of Me- 
hemetAli (Mar. 1.). — Feudal rights are abolished 
in Spain. — Eruption of a volcano in the sea off 
the island of St. Michael. — Conflagrations in 
the Tyrol, by which 64 villages are destroyed. 

Deaths of James Grahame, the poet ; Pallas, the traveller ; Robert Raikes, 
founder of Sunday schools j and Dr. Leyden, poet and linguist. 

1812. Ciudad Bodrigo is stormed (Jan. 19.) by Lord Wel- 
lington {who is created duke of Ciudad Bodrigo); 
and Badajos {Ap. 6.). — Sir Stapleton Cotton 
defeats the French cavalry at Villa Franca 
{Ap. 10.). 

Battle of Salamanca gained by Wellington {July 22.) ; 
he enters Madrid {Aug. 12.), but is compelled to 
raise the siege of Burgos {in Oct.), and retire to 
the frontiers of Portugal. 

Spencer Perceval {prime minister) is assassinated in 
the House of Commons by Bellingham {May 11.) : 
Lord Liverpool succeeds him. 

The United States declare tear against Great Britain 
{June 18.). 

Peace of Bucharest between the Eussians and the 



222 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l813— 

Turks (May 28.). — The Pruth is made the 
common boundary, Bessarabia being ceded to 
Eussia. — War is declared by Napoleon against 
Eussia (June 12.). — Battles of Smolensko (Aug. 
17.), and of Moskwa or Borodino (Sep. 17.), lost 
by the Eussians. 

NAPOLEON ENTERS MOSCOW ; THE 
RUSSIANS SET IT ON FIRE the same 
day (Sep. 14.). — Eetreat of the French army : 
passage of the Beresina, in which they lose 
20,000 men (Nov. 26-28.). — Napoleon reaches 
Paris (Dec. 18.). 

Earthquake at Caraccas. — Dreadful eruption of a 
volcano at St. Vincent. 

Lord Byron publishes the first two cantos of " Childe Harold."— Niebuhr pub- 
lishes his " Roman History," 1811-2. 

Deaths of Heyne the classical scholar, opponent of Wolfe ; Home Tooke, phi- 
lologist; General Vallancey, Irish antiquarian; Malone, critic; Malus, 
experimental philosopher. 

1813. Sixth great coalition against France, of Great 
Britain, Eussia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden. 
— Battles of Lutzen (May 2.) and Bautzen 
(May 21.) gained by Napoleon. — Battle of Dres- 
den (Aug. 26. and 27.) gained by Napoleon, in 
which Moreau is mortally wounded. 

BATTLE 0¥ LEIPSIC (Oct. 18. and 19.), in 
which the Austrians, Eussians, and Prussians 
defeat Napoleon, w^ho escapes to Mayence. 

Eevolution in Holland : the French evacuate it, 
and the prince of Orange is restored (Dec. 1.). 

Suchet compels Sir John Murray to abandon the 
siege of Tarragona. 

BATTLE Q¥ YITTO'RIA {June 2\.\ in ivhich 
Jourdan is totally defeated by Lord Wellington, 
who is thence made a field-marshal : he defeats 
Soult at the Pyrenees {July 2d>.). —Capture of 
St. Sebastian by General Graham {Aug. 31.). 
Passage of the Bidassoa {Oct. 17.).— Pampeliina 
capitulates {Oct. 31.). — Battle of the Nivelle 
{Nov. 10.), where Soult is defeated. 

Lord Hastings, governor-general of India, 

The Spanish cortes abolish the Inquisition in Spain. 

Moore publishes his " Melodies : " they are set to music by Sir John Stevensoii. 

—Deaths of H. J. Pye, poet laureate (succeeded by Southey) ; of Wieland, 

Delille, Granville Sharp, and Lagrange. 



—1814.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 223 

A.C. 

1814. France is invaded on the south hy Wellington ^ ivho 
defeats Soult at Orthes {Feb. 27.). — The duke of 
Augouleme joins him : Bordeaux opens its gates 
to him, and proclaims Louis XVIII. — Wellington 
defeats Soult at Tarbes {Mar. 20.) a7id at Tou- 
louse {Ap. 10.). — General Graham fails in an 
attempt to storm Berg en-op- Zoom. 

The allied armies of Kussia and Germany invade 
France on tlie north : Paris is occupied by the 
Russians and Prussians (Mar. 31.). — Napoleon 
is deposed (Ap. 3.)^ and his dynasty declared at 
an end : he retires to Elba (Ap. 28.). 

RESTORATION OF THE BOURBON 
DYNASTY.— Treaty of Paris : the boundaries 
of France are reduced to what they were on 
1st of January, 1792. — Great Britain restores 
the French colonies, retaining Malta, Tobago, St. 
Lucia, and the Mauritius. — Louis XVIII. gives 
the French the constitutional charta. 

The Congress of Vienna opened (Nov. 3.). — 
Belgium is reunited to Holland, and the prince 
of Orange is styled king of the Netherlands. 
— Hanover is declared a kingdom. — Tuscany, 
which had been occupied by Murat, is restored 
to Ferdinand III. — Nice and Genoa are given 
to the king of Sardinia. — Parma and Placentia 
are given to Maria Louisa. — The duchy of 
Saxony is ceded to Prussia. 

Sweden acquires Norway in exchange for Pome- 
rania, &c., by the treaty of Kiel. — Ferdinand 
VII. of Spain sets aside the constitution of the 

COrteS, and revives the Inquisition. 
The republic of the Ionian islands is placed under 
the protection of Great Britain. — The United 
States malie an unsuccessful attempt to reduce 
Canada. — The British under General Ross gain 
the battle of Bladensburg and take Washington 
{Aug. 24.). — General Ross is defeated and killed 
in an attack on Baltimore {Sep. 12.). — Peace of 
Ghent {Dec. 24.), between Britain and the United 
States, 



224 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l815— 

A.C. 

Pope Pius VII. re-establishes the Order of Jesuits. — Death of 

Joanna Southcote the impostor. 
Wordsworth publishes his " Excursion." — Deaths of Dr, Barney, and of Charles 

Dibdin, fanaous for his naval songs. 

1815. Battle of New Orleans: the English are repulsed 
by the Americans under Jackson, Jan. 8. 

Napoleon quits Elba, lands at Cannes (Mar. 1.), 
and re-ascends the imperial throne (Mar. 20.). 
— Coalition of Vienna (Mar. 25.). — Napoleon 
passes the Sambre, and defeats the Prussians 
at Ligny (June 16.). — The same day Ney at- 
tacks the English, &c., at Quatre Bras, where 
the duke of Brunswick is killed. 

BATTLE OF WATEHLOO {June 18.) : Na- 
poleon is completely defeated by the British, Hano- 
verians, 8fc., under Wellington, assisted by the 
Prussians under Blucher. — The allied armies 
(July 7.) and Louis XVIII. (July 8.) enter 
Paris for the second time. — Napoleon surrenders 
to the British at Rochefort (July 15.), and is 
exiled to St. Helena. — Executions of Ney and 
Labeydoyere : escape of Lavalette. — Ministry 
of Talleyrand ; then of Eichelieu. — Treaty 
between France and the Allies (Nov. 20.) : the 
north of France to be occupied by 150,000 of 
the allied troops for 5 years. — " Holy Alliance" 
between Russia, Prussia, and Austria (Sep. 26.). 

Joachim Murat, king of Naples, is defeated by the 
Austrians at Tolentino (May 2.) : Ferdinand IV. 
enters Naples (June) : Murat makes a descent at 
Pizzo (Oct. 9.), is taken prisoner, tried, and shot. 

The Congress of Vienna acknowledges the inde- 
pendence and neutrality of Switzerland, com- 
prising 22 cantons. — The Lombardo -Venetian 
kingdom is given to Austria. — The duchy of 
Warsaw, under the name of the kingdom of 
Poland, is given to E-ussia, with the exception 
of Cracow. — New Germanic confederation (June 
8.). — Swedish Pomerania is given to Prussia, 
and Denmark receives instead the duchy of 
Lauenburg. 

BELZONI sets out on his travels to Egypt.— Deaths of Carsten Niebuhr, the 



—1818.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 225 

A.C. 

CopS' VaiSer^' ^''"''"*' ^^""^'^^P^^' i Dr. Claudius Buchanan ; and J. S. 

1816. The Princess Charlotte is married to Prince Leopold 
of Saxe Cohurg— Spa-Fields' riot, by the distressed 
manufacturers. 

Lord Exmouth bombards Algiers. 

The storthing abolishes nobility in Norway. — 
New Germanic confederation finally arranged.-— 
Maria, queen of Portugal, dies in Brazil : John 
VI., her son, succeeds her. 

The united provinces of La Plata assert their in- 
dependence. 

The Jesuits are expelled from Prussia. ^ Pius VII. issues a hull 

against Bible Societies. 
^^^nH^hi?^^^^^' 'netaphysician.-Sir James MACKINTOSH, statesman 

safetf lamn't' Sr'^T * YonvrP'r^ P^X^' 'Chemist, inventor ofX 

Wm CORRFTT '--f-'r '^"^ ?/^ ^^c^^«' ^"^^"^ ^"^ ph.ranthropt.t.1: 
Dr ril MRsTr ' Pol'''cal writer. -Sir John MALCOLM (Persia) and 
JUr. GILLIES (Greece, &c.), historians.- Fred, von SCHLEGEL, historian 
of literature and Augustus W. von SCHLEGEL. poet, phill^ and 
S?r w"" srnTT'^nT^;^J.?T'?^i'^EY, Jas. HOGG, Reg^naM HEBER. 
air W. SCOTT, Robert SOUTHEY Wrr WORHSWORTH Th-^o 
CAMPBELL, Lord BYRON, Thos.' Mod^^lY^^^fl^l^-^' 
novelist Dr. NARES, critic. - Dr. CHANNING, Sir R. PHILLIPS 

KhmmmVov'^^'^^^^^^'^,'- '^''' S^^^' ^ilcei: writers. -rS 
BELI^JIl H AAm V^'n^'^" rehg.on.-PESTALOZZI, LANCASTER. 
ai^i^L,, and HAMILTON, founders of systems of education M'ADAM 

r.fRi^Ktrj!TSisrh"^ 

1817. The marquis of Hastings destroys the Mahratta 

power, and renders British influence universal in 
India.— Death of the Princess Charlotte, aged 22. 

— Habeas Corpus Act suspended {Feb. 21.). 

Waterloo bridge opened {June 18.). 
General Bolivar, supreme head of the government 
of Venezuela.— James Monroe, president of the 
United States. —Death of Kosciusko. — Czerni 
George is executed by order of the Sultan. 

Moore publishes his " Lai la Rookh."- Deaths of Werner, the mineralogist- 
JiTnyrStilU^i^f''^''^"^''' ^^^'^^"le de Stael, the novelist; and of Heinrich 

1818. The dukes of Clarence, Kent, and Cambridge, and 

the Princess Elizabeth, are married. — Death of 

Queen Charlotte. 
Voyages of Buchan and Ross in search of an Arctic 

passage. 
The army of occupation is withdrawn from France. 
Q 



226 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l819— 

A.C. 

— France joins the Holy Alliance. —Death of 
Charles XIII., king of Sweden : Bernadotte, 
under the name of Charles XIV., succeeds him. 

Chili is declared independent of Spain : victory of 
General San Martin over the Spaniards near 
Maypo. 

Death of Petion, president of the republic of Hayti : 
he is succeeded by General Boyer. 

Heunion of the Lutheran and other reformed forms of worship in 

several parts of Germany. 
Deaths of Monge, and of Burckhardt the traveller. 

1819. Birth of Princess Victoria {May 24.), daughter of 

Edward duke of Kent^ Ath son of George III. 
Dispersion of the Manchester reform meeting {Aug. 

16.). 

Southwark bridge opened. 

New South Shetland discovered. — First voyage of 
Captain Parry to the Arctic Seas ; Barrow's 
Straits discovered. — First passage of the Atlantic 
by steam effected by the " Savannah " from New 
York to Liverpool. 

Union of the republics of Venezuela and New 
Granada under the name of the Bepublic of 
Columbia. 

Death of Blucher. — Kotzebue the poet is assassinated at Mannheim by Sand 

Death of Jas. Watt, improver of the steam-engine ; of M. Laing, Playifair, 
Edw. Bird, and of Dr. Wolcot (" Peter Pindar"). 

1820. ^RtOtgC lU., king of Great Britain on the death of 

his father George III., in the 59th year of his 
reign. — Cato Street conspiracy in London. 

Revolution in Spain by the army intended for 
America : Ferdinand VII. swears to the con- 
stitution of 1812 : abolition of the Inquisition. — Revo- 
lution in Portugal : proclamation of the consti- 
tution of the cortes at Oporto and Lisbon. 

Assassination of the duke of Berri. — Birth of the 
duke of Bordeaux. 

Insurrections in Naples and Piedmont suppressed 
by Austria : general desire for liberty throughout 
Italy. 

Suicide of Christophe (see 1806) : Boyer becomes 
ruler of the whole island of Hayti. 



— 1S23.J CO^MrEKDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 227 

A.C. 

Deaths of H. Andrews, astronomer ; Sir Joseph Bunks ; Hayley, W. ; Dr. T. 
Brown ; Benj. West ; and Volney. — Sir T. Laurence, pres. ot royal academy. 
— Belzoni publishes his " Travels in Eg^pt." 

1821. Commencement of the Greek Revolutionary War 

under Ypsilanti : revolt of the Morea ; massacre 

of the Greeks at Constantinople. 
The Floridas are ceded by Spain to the United 

States of America. 
Napoleon dies at St. Helena (May 5.) : he was 

born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, August 15. 1769. 
George IV. is crowned at Westminster Abbey {July 

19.), and visits Ireland and Hanover. — Death of 

Queen Caroline. 

Mechanics' Institutions are established in England (See 1841), and adopted in 
France, Germany, &c Death of C. A. Stothard, painter : published monu- 
mental etfigies of Gt. Britain in 1810, sqq. , 

1822. The Greeks declare themselves independent : 40,000 

Greeks, who had revolted from the Turks, are 
massacred in the island of Scio. 

Independence of Mexico : Iturbide, emperor. 

Civil war in Spain : the anti-constitutionalists are 
successful : army of the faith under Urgel. — 
The prince royal of Portugal, Don Pedro, is 
elected constitutional emperor of Brazil. 

Death of Lord Londonderry {late Lord Castlereagli) : 
Canning succeds as foreign secretary. 

Deaths of Canova, the sculptor ; Delambre, mathematician and astronomer ; 
Sir W. Herschell, the astronomer ; Shelley, the poet (drowned) ; Dr. E. D. 
Clarke, the traveller; C. J. Rich, the antiquarian ; and Bp. Middleton, critic. 

1823. Austria, Pussia, and Prussia recall their ambas- 

sadors from Spain, in consequence of the proceed- 
ings of the cortes. — Louis XVIII. declares war 
against Spain : the French army, under the duke 
of Angouleme, passes the Bidassoa : the Spanish 
constitution, and the acts of the cortes, are 
abolished ; absolutism is restored. — The Spanish 
constitutional general, Piego, is executed at 
Madrid. 

Victories of Marco Bozzaris over the Turks. 

Free trade system is commenced in England by Hus- 
kisson. — Lord Amherst, governor-general of India. 
— British consular agents are sent to the new 
South American States. 

Pope LEO Xll. {Hannibal delta Genga). 
Q 2 



/ 



228 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1824— 

A.C. 

Deaths of R. Bloomfield ; Carnot ; C. Hutton ; Ricardo, political economist ; 
Belzoni, traveller ; John P, Kemble, actor ; Nollekens, sculptor ; and Dr. 
Jenner. 

1824. The great Erie canal, 393 miles in length, connect- 

ing the waters of the great western lakes with the 
Atlantic Ocean at New York, is opened. 

Burmese war : Rangoon is taken by the British. — 
The first stone of " London Bridge " laid. — The 
London Mechanic^ Institution is opened. 

Denham and Clapperton^s exploring expedition to 
Central Africa (1823-4). — Parry^s third voyage 
of discovery to Prince Regents Inlet, ^c, 

CHARLES X, king of France^ on the death of 
his brother, Louis XVIII. 

Bolivar, dictator at Peru. — Iturbide (expelled in 
1823) lands in Mexico, and is shot. 

Ipsara is taken by the Turks, and retaken by the 
Greeks with great slaughter. 

Lord Byron dies at Missolonghi. — Death of Bowdich, the traveller, in Africa. 

1825. Death of Ferdinand IV., king of the Two Sicilies : 

his son, Francis I., succeeds him. 

Lewis, king of Bavaria, succeeds his father Maxi- 
milian Joseph. 

Alexander I., emperor of Russia, dies at Tagan- 
rok : his brother, Nicholas I., succeeds him. 

The Burmese are defeated by General Campbell near 
Prome. — Great Britain acknowledges the South 
American repid)lics, and forms treaties with them. 
— Great commercial panic in London and through- 
out England. 

First voyage by steam from England to India, by 
Captain Johnston. — ClappertorHs second exploring 
expedition to Africa, 1825-7. 

The Egyptian army, under Ibrahim Pasha, lands 
in the Morea, and commits the greatest excesses. 

Algiers is nearly desolated by an earthquake, which 
continued at intervals for 5 days ; Blida is 
totally destroyed, with a population of 15,000. 

John Quincy Adams, president of the United 
States. 

Upper Peru is detached from the government of 
Buenos Ayres, and formed into a new republic^ 



—1827.] COMPENDIUM OF CHROl^OLOGY. 229 

A.C. 

named " Bolivia," in honour of Bolivar, its 
liberator. 

Deaths of Denon, of David and Fuseli, painters, of Mrs. Barbauld, and of Rev. 
C. Wolfe. 

1826. Revolt of Bhurtpore : it is besieged and taken hy the 

British under Lord Comhermere(^Stapleton Cotton), 
— Peace xmth the Burmese, loho pay 1,500,000/., 
and cede several provinces. — Opening of the sus- 
pension bridge, constructed by Telford, over the 
Menai Strait, near Bangor {Jan. 30.). 

Death of John VI., king of Portugal and emperor 
of Brazil : he is succeeded, as emperor of Brazil, 
by Don Pedro, who grants a liberal constitution 
to Portugal, and abdicates that throne in favour 
of his daughter, Donna Maria da Gloria, 7 years 
old. 

A British force of 5,000 men is sent to Lisbon to aid 
the Portuguese government against the absolutists. 

Missolonghi is taken by Ibrahim Pasha, and Athens 
by Beschid Pasha. — Revolt of the Janissaries in 
Constantinople, 15,000 of them are slaughtered, 
and the corps is abolished, and a new army is 
organised on the European model. 

Poets: DIBDIN, Thos., dramatist, T. H. BAYLEY, Mrs. HEMANS, L, E. 
LANDON, and COLERIDGE.— Historians: MAC CRIE, SISMONDI, 

HEEREN James MILL, historian and political economist POISSON, 

and Dr. O. GREGORY, mathematicians and natural philosophers. — John 

FOSTER, essayist DALTON, chemist, author of the "Atomic Theory." 

Sir Astley COOPER, and Sir Charles BELL, anatomists.— WILBER- 
FORCE, Zach. MACAULAY, and CLARKSON, philanthropists.— 
PAGANINI, violinist. 

Deaths of Volta of Como, inventor of the voltaic pile ; Piazzi ; Malte Brun ; 

Bishop Heber ; W. Gifford; Flaxman; and Weber A. G. Laing, the 

traveller, is killed in Africa. 

1827. Canning, prime minister: Wellington, Peel, and six 

other cabinet ministers resign. — Treaty of London 
between England, France, and Russia, for the 
pacification of Greece. — Canning dies, and is sue- 
ceeded by Goderich: Wellington, commander-in- 
chief. 

BATTLE OF NAVARINO {Oct. 20.). The 
Tur co-Egyptian fleet of 110 sail is nearly de- 
stroyed by the British, French, and Russian fleets, 
under the command of Admiral Codrington. 

Parry's unsuccessful attempt to reach the North Pole 
over the ice. 

a 3 



230 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l828— 



A.C. 



Death of the musical composer Beethoven ; of Laplace, and Bode, astronomers, 
and of Pestalozzi.— Sir. W. Scott is made known to be the author of the 
" Waverley Novels." 

1828. The duke of Wellington, prime minister. — Sir R. Peel 

home secretary. — Lord W. Bentinck, governor- 
general of India. — Corporation and Test Acts 
repealed. — The London University is opened. 

Capo d'lstrla assumes the presidency of Greece. — 
Russia declares war against Turkey (April 26.). 
— Capture of Yarna (Oct. 15.). 

Don Miguel usurps the throne of Portugal. 

The Morea is evacuated by the Egyptian army 
under Ibrahim Pasha, pursuant to the convention 
between Sir E. Codrington and Mehemet Ali. 

Champollion is sent into Egypt to make archaeological discoveries Deaths of 

Dr. Gall, Archdeacon Coxp, Dugald Stewart, and Dr. Wollaston, natural 
philosopher, inventor of the Camera Lucida. 

1829. York Minster is set on fire by Jonathan Martin {a 

maniac), and the interior nearly destroyed. 
The Roman Catholic Emancipation Bill is passed. — 

Irish Association formed under O^ Connell for the 

Repeal of the Union. 
The Russians take Silistria, cross the Balkan (July), 

and advance to Adrianople. — Treaty of Adrian- 

ople (Septc 14.): the independence of Greece is 

acknowledged by Turkey. 
Santa Anna defeats the Spanish troops, and obliges 

them to evacuate Mexico. 
Andrew Jackson, president of the United States. 

Pope PIUS VIII. {Francis Xavier Castiglioni). 
Deaths of Dr. Young ; Sir H. Davy ; Davu, poet and historian ; F. von Schlegel, 
" Hist, of Literature." 

1830. ^gEilliam IV. {the duke of Clarence) succeeds his 

brother, George IV., as king of Great Britain. 

The Liverpool and Manchester railroad (the earliest) 
is opened: Huskisson is killed by an accident on 
this occasion.— Eaid Grey, prime minister. 

Algiers is taken by the French, the dey deposed, 
and the territory made a French province. — 
Charles X., king of France, dissolves the new 
Chamber of Deputies before it had met, changes 
the law of elections, and suppresses the liberty 
of the press. 

THREE DAYS' REVOLUTION OF JULY 



—1832.] COMPENDIUM OF CHROJNOLOGY. 231 

A.C. 

(27-29) : expulsion of the king and royal family 
from France. 

L O UIS PHILIPPE, duke of Orleans, king of the 
French. 

Belgian revolution commences at Brussels. — Revo- 
lution in Brunswick : Duke Charles is expelled, 
and succeeded by his brother, Duke William. — 
Eevolutions at Dresden and Cassel. — Eevolution 
in the Papal States suppressed by the Austrian 
forces. 

Commencement of the Polish revolution at War- 
saw. 

Revolution in Switzerland : the aristocratic govern- 
ment is changed into the democratic. 

The Salic law is abrogated by Ferdinand of Spain 
in favour of his daughter, which excludes from 
the throne his brother Don Carlos. — Ferdinand 
II., king of Naples. — Death of Bolivar. 

ARNOLD, historian — Sir David WILKIE, painter Basil HALL, Thomas 

HOOD, Theodore HOOK, miscellaneous writers. — Deaths of the Countess 
de Genlis, Sir Thomas Laurence, W. Hazlitt, and Major Rennell, geo- 
grapher. 

1831. Warsaw capitulates to the Russians (Sept. 8.). 

First ajipearance of clwlera in Great Britain at 
Sunderland {Oct. 26.). — London Bridge opened 
{Aug. 1.). — R. Lander discovers the course of the 
Niger : he is killed in Africa in 1833 or 1834. 

Leopold of Saxe Coburg is chosen king of the 
Belgians. 

Deaths of Hegel, Archbishop Magee, Rev. Robert Hall, W. Roscoe, B. G. Nie- 
buhr, H. Mackenzie, Dr. Abernethy, Northcote and Jackson, painters, and 
Mrs. Siddons, the actress. 

lb 62. The English Reform Bill is passed. 

The cholera carries off great numbers in France 
and Great Britain. — The citadel of Antwerp, de- 
fended by General Chasse, surrenders to the 
French (Dec. 24.). — The duchess of Berri lands 
in France (May 1.), and is arrested at Nantes 
(Nov. 7.). 

The kingdom of Poland is declared an integral part 
of the Russian empire. — Creation of a third 
estate in Russia. 

The prince Otho of Bavaria is elected king of 

Q 4 



232 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l833— 

A.C. 

Greece by the national assembly. — Ibrahim 
Pasha takes Acre and defeats the Tm^ks in 
Syria (July). 
Death of the duke of Reichstadt, Napoleon's son^ 
aged 21. 

Deaths of Sir Walter Scott, Crabbe, Goethe, Cuvier, Bentham, Dr. Bell, Dr. A. 
Clarke, Sir J. Mackintosh, Legendre, ChampoUion the archBeologist, Say, 
Spurzheim, and Pugin, the architect. 

1833. The Chinese and Indian trade is thrown open to all 

British subjects, who are allowed to settle and pos- 
sess land in India. — First admission of the natives 
to the magistracy. 

Death of Ferdinand YIL, king of Spain : Isabella, 
his daughter, then 3 years old, succeeds him, 
under the regency of Christina, her mother. — 
Insurrection in Biscay : Don Carlos, brother of 
Ferdinand YII., is proclaimed king by the in- 
surgents : the war continues 7 years. 

Smyrna falls into the hands of Ibrahim Pasha, son 
of Mehemet Ali : the sultan solicits the aid of 
Russia, and abandons Syria to the viceroy of 
Egypt. 

Deaths of W. Wilberforce, Hannah More, Sir J. Stevenson, and Edmund Ke^, 
the actor. 

1834. Lord Melbourne, prime minister {July 18.). 
ABOLITION OF SLAVSHY in the British 

colonies: an indemnification of 20,000,000/. is 
granted to the planters of the West Indies, — The 
Poor Law Amendment Bill is passed, — The 
British houses of Parliament are destroyed by 
fire. — Sir Robert Peel, prime minister {Dec. 26.). 
Don Miguel withdraws from Portugal, and Don 
Pedro and his daughter. Donna Maria, the young 
queen, enter Lisbon. — Death of Feth- Ali- Shah, 
king of Persia : his eldest son, Mirza Mehemet 
Khan, succeeds him. — Death of General La 
Fayette. 

Deatlis of S. T, Coleridge, the poet; Stothard, the painter; Charles Lamb; and 
Dr. Doyle, R. C. Bishop of Kildare. 

1835. Municipal Corporations' Reform Bill is passed: 

David Solomons, the first Jew sheriff of the 
city of London. 



—1837.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 233 

A.C. 

The Bi'itish legion auxiliary to the queen of Spain is 
formed under General Evans. 

Expedition to explore the Euphrates under Colonel 
Chesney, 1835-6. 

Death of Francis I.^ emperor of Austria : his eldest 
son, Ferdinand L, succeeds him. — Fieschi at- 
tempts to assassinate Louis PhiHppe. — Great 
fire at New York: property valued at 20,000,000 
dollars is destroyed. 

Mendelssohn publishes his oratorio of " Paulus."— Deaths of Mrs.Hemans; 
Hogg, the poet; Mc Crie, the historian; Humboldt, the philologist; Mal- 
thus, \\ m. Cobbett ; Mathews, and Banister, actors. 

1836. Ferdinand Augustus, duke of Saxe Coburg (cousin 

to Queen Victoria), is married to Donna Maria, 
queen of Portugal. — The Portuguese constitution 
of 1820 is proclaimed at Lisbon, and accepted 
by the queen. Donna Maria (Sept. 9.). — The 
Spanish constitution of 1812 is proclaimed at 
Madrid, and accepted by the queen regent 
(August 12.). — Espartero gains the battle of 
Bilboa (Dec. 25.). 

The British legion twice victorious at St. Sebastian, 
— The British Association for the advancement 
of science holds its first meeting at Bristol. — Lord 
Auckland, governor-general of India, — Silver 
groats are issued. 

Louis Napoleon attempts an insurrection at Stras- 
burg, is arrested and sent off to America. — 
Death of Charles X. (ex-king of France) at 
Gratz. 

Deaths of Gillies and Mill, historians ; Sir W. Gell ; G. Colman, jun. j Sir Chas. 
Wilkins, orientalist ; Westall, R., painter. 

1837. UiCtOria, queen of England, on the death of her 

uncle, William IV. — The duke of Cumberland, 
Ernest Augiistus, becomes king of Hanover in 
consequence of the Salic law; he abrogates the 
free constitution granted by his brother, William 
IV., and restores the old form of government. 

Battle of Irun, gained by the British legion in Spain 
{May 17.). 

The first electric telegraph in England, founded oi 
Oersted's discovery, is invented by Wheatstone, 



234 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1838— 

A.C, 

Insurrectionary idiots in Canada suppressed hy Sir F. 

Head. 
Yan Buren, president of the United States : that 

republic recognises the independence of Texas. 

1838. The Royal Exchange is burnt, — The earl of Durham, 

governor-general of Canada and high commissioner 
for the redress of grievances. — Battle of Prescott 
in Upper Canada: defeat of the Insurgents. — 
Fresh insurrection in Lower Canada suppressed 
hy Sir J. Colborne. — Queen Victoria is crowned 
at Westminster Abbey {June 28.). — The Great 
Western steam-ship arrives at New York in 15 
days from Bristol, the first steamer that crossed 
the Atlantic by the power of steam alone. — The 
London and Birmingham railway is opened 
throughout. — Slavery is abolished by the Anglo- 
Indian government. — Treaty of commerce between 
England and Turkey. 

Deaths of Talleyrand ; of L. E. Landon, Ashe, and Attwood, musicians ; Nath. 
Bowditch, American mathematician. 

1839. Aden, on the Bed Sea, is occupied by the British. — 

Captain Elliot, British superintendent at Canton, 
is arrested by the Chinese government, and cargoes 
of opium destroyed to the value of ?>, 000,0001. — 
The citadel of Ghiznee, in Cabid, is stormed and 
captured by the Anglo-Indian army under Sir J. 
Keane, and Shah Soojah is invested with the sove- 
reignty of the Affghans. 
Abdul Medjid, emperor of the Turks. — Don Carlos 
seeks refuge in France. — The Pope prohibits 
the traffic in human beings by the subjects of 
Roman Catholic states. — Christian VIII. , king 
of Denmark, son of Frederic VI. 

Invention of Daguerreotype — Deaths of T. H. Bayley, Sir W. Beechey, Joseph 
Lancaster, and Gait, the novelist. 

1840. Queen Victoria is married to Prince Albert of Saxe 

Coburg-Gotha {Feb. 10.); on the Mh of August 
he is appointed, by statute, regent and guardian 
during the minority of the heir to the crown in the 
event of the queen^s death. — Edward Oxford, a 
lunatic, fires two pistols at the queen {June 10.). 



-1841.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 235 

__ Birth of the princess royal, Victoria Adelaide 
Mary Louisa {Nov. 21.). 

The emperor of China prohibits all commerce ivith 
the English (Jan. 2). — Canton is blockaded by 
the British. 

Sidon is taken by the allies under Commodore Napier. 
St. Jean d'Acre is bombarded and taken by the 
allied fleet under Admiral Stopford.— New Zea- 
land is declared a British territory.— The uniform 
penny postage comes into operation. 

The body of Napoleon is removed from St. Helena 
by permission of the British government, and is 
deposited in the Hotel des Invalides at Paris. — 
Louis Napoleon makes a descent on France near 
Bonloo-ne, and is arrested. — Death of Lucien 
Bonaparte. 

Frederic William IV., king of Prussia.— William I., 
of Holland, abdicates, and is succeeded by his 
son William II. — The Spanish ministry, nomi- 
nated by Espartero, is appointed by the queen 
regent ; a few days after she resigns her autho- 
ritv. 

Deaths o'f Poisson ; Sir R. Phillips; Madame D'Arblay; Paganinij and C. O. 
JMiiller, classical historian. 

1841. Canton capitulates to the Anglo-Indian army wider 
Sir H. Gough: the Chinese are obliged to pay 
6,000,000 dollars {May \n.).—Amoy is taken by 
the British {Aug. 27.). 

General rising of the Affghans, under Akbar Khan, 
against the British at Cabul : Sir Alexander 
Burnes and Sir W. Macnaughten are murdered. 

Birth of Albert Edward, prince of Wales, heir ap- 
parent to the croivn {Nov. 9.). — The Great 
Western railway is opened from London to Bristol: 
it cost about 5,000,000/. 

The Niger expedition to plant a colony in Central 
Africa fails through the unhealthiness of the 
climate. 

Victoria land is discovered by Captain Ross. 

Espartero is nominated by the cortes regent of 
Spain during the minority of Queen Isabella II. 



236 COMPENDIUM OF CHKONOLOGY. [1842— 

A.C. 

Insurrection in favour of Christina, begun by 
General O'Donnell. — Tyler succeeds to the pre- 
sidency of the United States on the death of 
President Harrison. 

The Protestant bishopric of Jerusalem is founded. 

Deaths of De Candolle, the botanist ; Dr. Olinthus Gregory ; De Saussure, the 

naturalist; Dr. G. Birkbeck, founder of mechanics' institutions (see 1821); 

Sir F. Chantrey ; Sir Astley Cooper, anatomist ; T. Dibdin, dramatist ; 

Theodore Hook ; and Sir David Wilkie. 

1842. The Anglo-Indian troops, consisting of nearly 5,000 
fighting men, evacuate Cahul under a convention, 
hut are attacked hy the Affghans in the Khoord 
pass {Jan.), and massacred, together with the camp 
folloivers, in all about 13,000 persons. — Loj^d 
Ellenhorough, governor-general of India. — Gen- 
eral Sale defeats Akhhar Khan before Jellalabad 
{April). — General Nott defeats the Affghans be- 
fore the ivalls of Candahar and takes Ghiznee, 
and General Pollock enters Cabul {Sept.), and 
demolishes its fortifications : the British troops 
evacuate Affghanistan in December. 

Peace of Nankin {Aug. 29.), between the British and 
the Chinese, the Chinese agreeing to pay 2 1,000,000 
dollars in the course of 3 years, to throw open the 
ports of Canton, Amoy, Foo-chow-foo, Ningpo, 
and Shanghai, and to cede Hong-kong to the 
British. — Prince Albert lays the first stone of the 
New Exchange in the city of London. — John 
Francis fires a pistol at Queen Victoria {May 30.): 
he is transported for life. — Death of the marquis 
of Wellesley. 

Anti-liberal revolution in Portugal ; the charter of 
Don Pedro (1826) is proclaimed. — Insurrection 
at Barcelona, in Spain, against the government 
of the regent Espartero: Barcelona is bombarded, 
and the insurrectionists disarmed (Dec. 4.). 

The emperor of Russia publishes a ukase for the 
amelioration of the condition of the serf popu- 
lation of the empire. 

The Marquesas islands are occupied by the French. 
— Death of the duke of Orleans, the eldest son 
of Louis Philippe. — The town of Cape Haytien, 



__1S44.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 237 

in St. Domingo, is destroyed by an earthquake : 
10,000 persons are killed. 

1843. Sir Charles J. Napier defeats the Ameers of Scinde 
and takes Gwalior; annexes the province to British 
India, and is appointed first governor of it.— 1 he 
navigation of the Indus is rendered free to ail 

nations, ,,^ /^ -i f^K \ 

Birth of Princess Alice Maude Mary {Aprd 25.).— 
Queen Victoria lands at Treport, on a visit to 
the king of the French {Sept, 2.); and at Ostend, 
on a visit to the king of the Belgians {^Sept. 13.). 
Thames Tunnel is opened for foot passengers : it 
was completed in about 9 years, and at a cost oj 

446 OOOZ. Numerous meetings held in different 

parts of Ireland for the Repeal of the Union. 
Kevolution in Spain: Espartero is defeated, and 
takes refuge in England.— Isabella II. declared 
to be of age by the Cortes. — Kevolution at 
Athens: Otho assents to the dismissal of his 
Bavarian ministers, and to the re-estabhshment 
of the National Assembly.— Revolution m Hayti: 
the President Boyer is driven from the island.— 
Pomarree, queen of Otaheite, places herselt 
under the protection of the French (Sept. 9.). 
They seize the island in November. 

Meeting of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at 
Fdmhurah (May 18.); the moderator, and a majority of the 
mSeZfprotfst against the interference of the civil power with 
Iherfghi^and privileges of the church: formation of the Free 
Presbyterian Church of Scotland. . n „„ j 

announces his theory of Quaternions. 

1844. Birth of Prince Alfred Ernest Albert {Aug. 6.).— 
The new Royal Exchange, London, is opened by 
Queen Victoria{Oct. 28.).— The Emperor Nicholas 
L of Russia visits London {June I.).— The king 
of the French lands at Portsmouth on a visit to 
Queen Victoria {Oct. S.l-Sir Henry Harding e, 



238 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [l845— 

A.C. 

governor-general of India. — Trial of O^Connell 
and his chief associates. 
Tangier and Mogadore are bombarded by the 
Frencb under Joinville.— Death of the duke of 
Angouleme. — Death of Joseph Napoleon. — 
Death of Charles XIV. (Bernadotte), kmg of 
Sweden : his son Oscar succeeds him. 

Exhibition of the Holy Coat at Treves : first letter of Bong e on the 
subject, which led to the formation of the German Catholic 
Church. 

Deaths of J. Abercrombie, physician and mental philosopher ; John Dalton, 
chemist ; Thomas CAMPBELL, the poet ; Beckford, author of" Vathek ," 
Captain Basil Hall ; Thorwaldsen ; Mrs. Hofland, novelist ; John Stirling, 
essayist. 

1845. Battle of Moodkee{^Dec. 18.); the Sikhs are defeated ; 

Sir Robert Sale is mortally wounded, and General 
Mac Caskill is killed. — Battle of Ferozeshah 
{T)ec. 21. and 22.) : the Sikhs are defeated hy the 
British, commanded hy the governor-general, with 
whom were Sir Hugh Gough, Sir Harry Smith, 
Sir John Littler, and Major General Gilbert. 

Sir John Franklin sets out on his ill-fated voyage 
{^May 24.). — Disturbance in Ireland: the bands 
of Molly Maguires attack the tax-collectors. — 
Establishment of the Irish Board of National 
Education. 

The United States declare war against Mexico. — 
Polk, president U. S. — Death of General Jack- 
son. 

Disturbance is Switzerland; alliance of Lucerne, 
and other Roman Catholic Cantons, to place 
education in the hands of the Jesuits, &c. 

Disease of the potatoes throughout the greater part 
of Europe. 

Completion of Lord Rosse'smonstertelescope.— Deaths of Augustus von Schlegel, 
critic and poet ; Thomas Hood ; Royer CoUard ; Sir T. F. Buxton ; and Bp. 
Alexander of Jerusalem. 

1846. The Sikhs are defeated hy Sir Harry Smith at 

Aliwal (Jan. 28.). 
BATTLE OF SOBRAOM {Feb. 10.): the Sikhs 
are totally defeated at the Sutlege by Sir Hugh 
Gough. — Treaty of Lahore, signed by the Maha- 
rajah and the British {Mar. 9.). — Tlie governor- 
general and Sir H. Gough are created Viscount 
Hardinge and Baron Gough. 



—1848.] COMrENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 239 

A.C. 

Resignation of Sir Robert Peel ; he is succeeded by 
Lord John Russell as prime minister. — Birth of 
the Princess Helena Augusta Victoria {May 25.). 

Insurrection in Portugal : Saldanha defeats the 
insurgents at Torres Vedras. — Isabella II. of 
Spain is married to her cousin Don Francisco, 
duke of Cadiz ; on the same day the duke of 
Montpensier marries Ferdinanda, the infanta of 
Spain. — Louis Napoleon escapes from the castle 
of Ham. — Cracow is seized by the Austrians. 

Insurrection of the Protestants of Geneva against 
the council : the council is deposed, and a pro- 
visional government established : fight in the 
city. — Ultimately the leagued Eoman Catholic 
cantons submit to the diet. 

General Riche, president of the republic of Hayti. 

Pope PIUS IX. {Mastei Ferreti). 

Death of Bessel the astronomer. — Msedler of Dorpat publishes his discovery of 
the "Central Sun." — Invention of gun-cotton by Professor Schcenbein of 

Basle, and by Dr. Boettinger Deaths of Haydon the painter; Robert Plumer 

Ward, essayist and novelist; and Thomas Clarkson, whose life was spent in 
labouring to efTect the extinction of the slave-trade. 

1 847. Earl Dalhousie, governor-general of India. — O' Con- 

nell makes his last speech in parliament : he dies 
at Genoa , aged 73. — Dreadful famine and pesti- 
lence in Ireland, the parliament grant 10,000,000/. 
for the relief of the Irish. 

The Kaffir loar begins. 

The Mexicans are defeated at Bueno -Vista by 
General Taylor (Feb. 22.); and by General Scott 
(Ap.l8.). 

Discovery of the gold region in California. 

Espartero is restored to Spain. — Death of Palafox, 
the hero of Saragossa. — Death of the Arch- 
duchess Maria Louisa, second wife of Napoleon. 

Discovery of the planet Neptune by Galle of Berlin ; its existence and approx- 
imate position had been previously determined by Le Verrier and by Adam?. 
Deaths of Dr. Dibdin; Dr. Chalmers; Mendelssohn, the musician: and 
Jacobs, the philologist. 

1848. Renewal of the Sikh war.— -Lieut. Edwardes, with a 

small force, defeats the army of Moolraj. — General 
Whish is obliged to raise the siege of Mooltan, 
Shere Singh is defeated {Nov. 22.) ajid driven out 
of Ramnugger by Lord Gough and General 
Thackwell, 



240 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [lS48— 

A.C. 

Meeting of the confederated " Young Irelanders " in 
Dublin. — Arrest of Mitchell, editor of the ^' United 
Irishman ;" he is transported for 14 years {May 
26.). — Duffy, Martin, Meagher, Doheny, ^c, are 
arrested (July 8.). — Insurrection headed by Wm. 
Smith O'Brien at Ballingarry near Clonmel, 
suppressed by the police (in July): O^Brien is 
arrested at Thurles, and is sentenced to death at 
Clonmel (Oct, 9.). 

The Chartist Convention at London : Jones, Williams, 
S^c, arrested (June 6.), 

Birth of the Princess Louisa Carolina Alberta 
(March 18.). 

Death of Christian VIII., king of Denmark (Jan. 
20.) : his son Frederick VII. succeeds him. — 
Revolt of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein 
(March 25.). — The Prussians support the duchies. 

KEVOLUTION AT PARIS (Feb. 22-24.). 
Louis Philippe is dethroned, and takes refuge 
in England. — French republic : a provisional 
government is appointed, which resigns (May 6.) 
to an executive commission, composed of MM. 
Arago, Gamier-Pages, Marie, Lamar tine, Ledru 
Rollin. — Election of Louis Napoleon as a mem- 
ber of the National Assembly for the department 
of the Seine and 3 other departments. — Insur- 
rection in Paris against the troops and national 
guard (June 23-26.) suppressed with great loss 
of life by Generals Cavaignac and Lamoriciere : 
the archbishop of Paris is mortally wounded. 

LOUIS NAPOLEON PRESIDENT OP 
THE REPUBLIC : ELECTED DEC. IL 

Insurrection at Milan fMar. 17.): the Austrians 
evacuate it (Mar. 26.). — Venice is proclaimed a 
republic (Mar. 23.). — Insurrection at Vienna : 
the emperor is obliged to quit the capital, but is 
restored by Prince Windischgratz. — The Hun- 
garians assert their independence (April 1.). 
Prague is bombarded (June 18.). — The Hun- 
garians defeat Jellachich, ban of Croatia (Sep. 
29.). 



—1849.] COMPENDIUM OF CHEONOLOGY. 241 

A.C. 

Revolt of Sicily : the king of Naples gives a consti- 
tution to his people and expels the Jesuits. Great 

fighting at Naples between the troops and the 
national guard (May 15.). — Messina is twice 
bombarded ; and taken (Sep. 7.). 

Insurrection at Rome : Pius IX. escapes in dis- 
guise from Rome to Gasta (Nov. 24.). — Tuscany 
receives a new constitution (Feb.) 

Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, espouses the cause 
of Italian freedom, and goes to war with the 
Austrians, who are defeated at Goito (May 29.). 
— The Sardinian army is driven back to Milan, 
and there capitulates to Marshal Radetski 
(Aug. 4,). 

Revolution at Munich : abdication of Ludwig, or 
Louis I., king of Bavaria, in favour of his son, 
Maximilian II. — Insurrection at Berlin (Mar. 
18.) ; it is declared in a state of siege (Nov. 12.). 

The Jesuits are expelled from Austria. — Abdication of 

the Emperor Ferdinand I. (Dec. 2.) : his nephew, 
Francis Joseph, succeeds him. 
The cholera again appears in Great Britain. 

Deaths of John Quincy Adams, American statesman ; Chateaubriand ; Isaac Dis- 
raeli ("Curiosities of Literature"); Berzelius, chemist ; Dmizetti, musician ; 
George Stephenson, who first applied steam to railroads: born 1781, near 
Newcastle ; Miss Herschell, astronomer. 

1849. Lord Gough defeats the Sikhs at Chilliamcallah 
(Jan. 13.). Unconditional surrender of the citadel 
of Mooltan, with its garrison, hy the deiDan Mool- 
raj {Jan. 22.). 

LORD GOUGH GAINS THE DECISIVE 
BATTLE OF GOOJERAT {Feb. 21.).— 
Sir Charles Napier is appointed commander-in- 
chief in India {Mar. 6.). The Punjab is annexed 
to the British dominions {Mar. 30.). — Moolraj is 
transported for life for murder {July 31.). 

The sentence of death passed on Wm. Smith O'Brien, 
Meagher, M^Manus, and G'Donoghue, is com- 
muted into transportation. 

Queen Victorians first visit to Ireland : she lands at 

Cove {Aug. 3.), which she names Queenstown, and 

enters Dublin {Aug. 6.). — Death of Adelaide, queen 

dowager {Dec. 2.). — Public prayers for the re- 

R 



242 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1850— 

A.C. 

movalofthe cholera (^Sep. 16.). — The Encumbered 
Estates' Commission opened in Dublin (^Oct. 24.). 

The Austrians are defeated by the Hungarians at 
Gran (Ap. 17.), and evacuate Pesth. Kossuth 
is made governor of Hungary (May 14.). The 
Hungarians defeated by Marshal Haynau at 
Temeswar (Aug. 9.). Gorgey surrenders to the 
Russians (Aug. 13.). Komorn, defended by 
Klapka, holds out till Sep. 28. 

The Sardinian army is defeated by Kadetski at 
Novara (Mar. 23.). Charles Albert abdicates in 
favour of his son, Victor Emmanuel II., who 
concludes a treaty at Milan (Aug. 6.). 

The pope formally dethroned, and a republic pro- 
claimed at Rome (Feb. 8,). The French, under 
Marshal Oudinot, occupy Civita Vecchia (Ap. 
26.) : Rome capitulates to them (June 30.). The 
papal government re-established (July 15.). Re- 
public proclaimed at Florence : the grand duke 
escapes to Gaeta (in Feb. ), and, through Austrian 
intervention, returns (July 23.). 

Palermo is taken by the Neapolitans, and Sicily 
submits. — Venice surrenders to the Austrians 
(Aug. 22.). 

Riots in Montreal: the houses of assembly burned 
{Ap. 26.). — Solouque (Faustin I.) proclaimed 
emperor of Hayti (Aug. 26.). 

William 11. of Holland dies (Mar. 17.); he is suc- 
ceeded by William III. Deaths of Charles 
Albert, ex-king of Sardinia, at Oporto (July 18.) ; 
and of Mehemet Ali, aged 80 ; he is succeeded 
by Ibrahim Pasha, his son. 

Deaths of Maria Edgeworth and Horace Smith, novelists ; Bernard Barton, poet; 
Pat. F. Tytler, historian ; Hartley Coleridge, Lord Carnarvon, Horace 
Twiss, miscellaneous writers ; Sir J. Brunei, engineer of the Thames-tunnel ; 
Madame Catalan!, vocalist ; Prince Hohenlohj' pretender to miraculous 
powers. 

1850. Birth of Prince Arthur Patrick Albert {May 1.). — 
Patens assaidt on the queen {June 21. y — Marshal 
Haynau assaulted by Barclay'' s draymen in Lon- 
don {Sep. 4.). — Great hail-storm in Dublin {April 
18.). — Deaths of the duke of Cambridge and Sir 
Robert Peel. 



—1851.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 243 

AC. 

Embassy from the king of Nepaul to Queen Victoria, 
— Sir Charles Napier resigns his command in 
India {July 2.). — Discovery of the north-west pas- 
sage hy Captain M^Clure (^Oct. 26.). — Submarine 
telegraph laid from Dover to Calais {Aug. 28.). — 
Britannia tubular bridge opened {Oct. 21.). 

The po]oe returns to Rome (Ap. 12.). — Synod of Thurles, 

opened {July 22.).— PAPAL AGGRESSION on England hy 
the estahlishment there of a Romish hierarchy by bull of Sep. 24. 
Judgment of the privy council in the case of the bishop of Exeter 
against the Rev. Mr. Gorham. 

The Russians defeated by the Circassians (Jan. 3.). 
— The Schleswig-Holsteiners defeated by the 
Danes at Idstedt (July 25.) and at Frederick- 
stadt (Oct. 6.). — The Haytians defeated by the 
Dominicans (Oct. 9.). 

Deaths of Wordsworth, the poet (succeeded by Alfred Tennyson as poet lau- 
reate) ; Gay Lussac, the aeronaut ; Miss Jane Porter, novelist ; Neander, 
church historian ; Lord Jeffrey, critic ; and W. Westall, landscape painter. 

1851. Great Exhibition in London^ opened by the Queen in 
person {May 1.), closed by Prince Albert { Oct. 15.). 
— Ecclesiasticcd Titles' Bill passed. — Deaths of 
Lord Langdale, the earl of Derby, and Richard 
Lalor Sheil. 

The Kaffir loar continues: Lieut.~Col. Fordyce is 
killed in an attack on Water-Kloof {Nov. 6.). — 
Tlie British destroy the town of Lagos, in Western 
Africa {Dec. 26.). — Great concourse to the gold- 
diggings in Australia. 

Schleswig-Holstein submits to terms imposed by 
the Austrians and Prussians, and is delivered up 
to the Danes (Feb. 9.). — Revolution in Portugal, 
headed by the duke of Saldanha. — War between 
Brazil and Buenos Ayres. — The rebellion in 
China begins. 

War between the French and Algerines. — The 
National Assembly is dissolved by Louis Napo- 
leon (Dec. 2.), and 200 persons arrested. Barri- 
cades are erected in Paris on the 4th, but are 
destroyed by the troops. — Louis Napoleon re- 
elected president of the republic by 6,798,479 
votes. 

Deaths of the king of Hanover (who is succeeded 

R 2 



244 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [1852— 

A.C. 

by his son, George Frederick) ; of Don Manuel 
Godoy (the " Prince of Peace ") at Paris, aged 
87 ; and of Marshal Soult, aged 82. 

Eclipse of the sun (July 28.)- — Deaths of Audubon, the naturalist ; Dr. Pye Smith, 
biblical critic ; CErsted, Danish natural philosopher ; Daguerre, inventor of 
Daguerreotype; Dr. Llngard, historian; J. F, Cooper, American novelist ; 
Mrs. Shelley, miscellaneous writer; Turner, landscape-painter. 

1852. JVar of the British with the Burmese. Commodore 
Lambert destroys the stockades in Rangoon river 
{Jan. 10.). Martaban stormed (Ap. 8.). Ban- 
goon taken {Ap. 14.). 

Sir Colin Campbell repulses the Hill Tribes near 
Peshaicur. 

General Cathcart is sent to replace Sir Harry Smith 
in the command at the Cape of Good Hope. 

The Ministry are defeated on Lord Palmerston^s 
amendment to the Militia Bill, and resign next 
day (20 Feb.^. Lord Derby prime minister. ■ — 
Party riots at Stockport {June 29.). — Dissolution 
of parliament {July 1.). General elections begin 
{July 6.). Election riots at Six-mile-bridge {July 
22.\ — Resignation of the Derby ministry {Dec. 
20.). 

Jndustrial Exhibition at Cork opened {June 10.). 
First pillar of the Sydenham Crystal Palace 
planted {Aug. 5.). Shock of an earthquake felt 
in Dublin and Wales {Nov. 9.). 

Great Jlre at Montreal {July 8.): 1100 houses de- 
stroyed. 

Death of the DUKE OF WELLINGTON at 
Walmer Castle {Sep. 14.). His public funeral 
{Nov. 18.) — Deaths of Sir David Baird and Sir 
H. J. Fust. 

The dictator Posas is defeated by the Brazilian 
forces under Urquiza, who enters Buenos Ayres 
in triumph on Feb. 19. — Pevolution in Buenos 
Ayres in October. — The first railway in Brazil, 
opened by the emperor in person (July 29.). 

Caravajal is defeated and taken prisoner in Mexico 
by General Harney, U. S. 

PROCLAMATION OP THE EMPIRE 
IN FRANCE (Dec. 2.). Deaths of Prince 
Schwartzenberg of Austria ; Castanos, duke of 



-1854.] COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 245 

Baylen ; and Daniel Webster, secretary of state, 

U.S. 

Deaths of Thomas Moore, the poet ; Mantell, the geologist; Dr. Herbert Mayo, 
physician ; Finden, the engraver. 

1853. Birth of Prince Leopold G. D. Frederick, Queen 
Victoria's fourth son {Ap. 1.).— Opening of the 
Dublin Exhibition May \2. ; closed Oct. 31. — 
JEiicampment at Chobham formed June 13. ; broken 
up Aug. 20. — Grand review of the fleet at Spit- 
head Aug. II. — Queen Victoria visits Ireland 
Aug. 29. — Uniform penny receipt stamp intro- 
duced Oct. 10. — Deaths of Viscount Melbourne 
{Jan. 29.); Lord Saltoun (Aug. 18.); Sir Charles 
Napier, conqueror of Scinde {Aug. 29.), aged 71. 

The first railway {the Great Feninsular) opened 

in India. 

The Russians cross the Pruth (July 2.). — Meeting 
of the emperors of Russia and Austria at Olmutz 
(Sep. 24.). — The Russians defeated by the Turks 
at Oltenitza (Nov. 4.). — They destroy the town 
of Sinope, and the Turkish flotilla there (Nov. 

30.). Death of Marshal Haynau at Vienna 

(Mar. 14.). 

Maria II., queen of Portugal, dies (Nov. 15.).— 
End of the siege of Buenos Ayres, and disper- 
sion of Urquiza's army. — The city of Shiraz, in 
Persia, destroyed by an earthquake: 12,000 
lives lost. — Cumana nearly destroyed by an 
earthquake. — Industrial Exhibition at New 
York opened (July 14.). — Genoa and Turin 
Railway opened throughout (Dec. 15.). 

New Protestant church of the Waldenses at Turin consecrated 

A coLetTi'sible'in Great Britain and Ireland in June-Deaths of Ludwig Tieck 
(at Berlin), poet and critic ; Arago, natural philosopher ; S'r W Betham, 
Irish antiquarian ; Onslow, musical composer ; Lady Sale ; and Mrs. Opie. 

1854. Battle of Citate, near Kalafat (Jan 6.), where the 
Russians are attacked and defeated by Achmet 
and Ismail Pashas. Diplomatic relations between 
Great Britain and Russia suspended {Feb. 4.).— 
Giurgevo is abandoned by the Turks (Feb. 19.). 
The first detachment of British troops {the Cold- 
stream and Grenadier Guards) leave Southampton 



246 COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. [lS54— 

for Turkey {Feb. 22.), —The Baltic fleet sails 
from Spithead {March 11.). The emperor of 
Russia rejects the propositions of the Four Powers 
{Mar. 12.). GortschakofF defeated in an attack 
on Tiirtukai (Mar. 15.). He crosses the Da- 
nube, and effects a juncture with Liiders in 
the Dobrudscha (Mar. 23.). — Rupture between 
Greece and Turkey (Mar. 27.). — Cutting out of 
two Russian vessels at Hango {April 20.).— Bom- 
bardment of Odessa {Ap. 22.). 

Day of Humiliation and Prayer jmblicly observed 
{Ap. 26.). 

The Russians repulsed at Czernavoda (Ap. 25,). — 
Assault on the outworks of Silistria (Ap. 28.). 

— Sali Pasha defeats the Russians at Nicopolis. 

— Brahestadt bombarded (Ap. 30.). Uleaborg 
destroyed (Ap. 31.). — Assaults on the town of 
Silistria (May 11. 21. and 29.). — The Russians 
defeated at Karakal (May 30.), and at Slatina 
^31.), — Silistria is reinforced by 5000 Turks 
(June 5.). — Successful sorties (8. and 13. June). 
Final assault (June 29.), and abandonment of 
the siege by the Russians. — Victory of the Turks 
at Kama, near Giurgevo (July 7.), and at Olte- 
nitza (July 8.). 

Unsuccessful attack by the allied squadrons on Petro- 
paulowski, in Siberia^ from July 29. to Aug. 4. 

Insurrection at Madrid, headed by General O'Don- 
nell (July 17.). Barricades and fighting in the 
streets (July 18. and 19.). 

Attack by the Baltic fleet on Bomarsund, in Aland, 
which surrenders {Aug. 15.). Destruction of Kola, 
in Lapland, by the British {Aug. 24.). — Omar 
Pasha enters Bucharest (Aug. 22.). Tlie allied 
forces embark from Turkey for the Crimea {Sep, 
IL), and land there {Sep. 14.). — 77icy attack 
and force the Russian position on the Alma {Sep. 
20.), disperse a Russian convoy at Mackenzie's 
Farm {Sep. 25.), and take possession of Balaklava 
{Sep. 26.) — Opening of the batteries, and naval 
attack on Sebastopol {Oct. 17.). — The Russians 



1854. J COMPENDIUM OF CHRONOLOGY. 247 

A.C. 

seize the Turkish redoubts near Balaklava : their 
cavalry defeated by the British : charge and heavy 
loss of the cavalry of the light brigade (^Oct. 25.). 
— The Russians repulsed in an attack on Sir de 
Lacy Evans'' division {the 2nd) Oct. 26. — French 
new batteries opened {Nov. 1.). — The Russians 
attack the British at Inkerman {Nov. 5.), and are 
repulsed with heavy loss. — Tempest in the Black, 
Sea, loss of ''The Prince;' S^c. {Nov. 14.). 
Destructive fire and explosion at Newcastle- on- Tyne 
{Oct. 6.). 



INDEX, No. 1, 



CONTAINING 



THE EVENTS THAT OCCURRED BEFORE THE BIRTH 
OF CHRIST. 



N.B. F. atter the name of a place, signifies Foundation -, B. Battle; C. Capture; P. Peace; 
T. Treaty; S. Siege. 



A. 


B.C. 


iEschylus 


475. 444 


A aron 


- 1471 


^sopus 


•• 578 


Abdon 


- 1140 


iEtna 


- 425 


Abednego 


- 580 


Afranius 


- 49 


Abel- 


- 3876 


Afranius, L., poet 


- 50 


Abihu 


- 1492 


Agamemnon - 


- 1184 


Abijah 


- 958 


Agathocles - 


317. 309. 289 


Abimelech - 


- 1249 


Agesilaus - 396. 395. 394. 361 


Abiram 


- 1471 


Agis 


244. 228 


Abner 


- 1048 


Agrarian law 


- 484. 134. 59 


Abram 


- 1096 


Agrigentum, C. 


- 262 


Abraham 


•- 1092 


Agrippa Sylvius 


- 915 


Absalom 


- 1021 


Agrippa 


23. 20 


Academic School 


- 400 


Ahab 


-918. 910. 898 


Accius 


- 150 


Ahasuerus - 


-530. 464. 462 


Achaean League 


281. 251 


Ahaziah 


-898. 885. 884 


Achan 


- 1451 


Ahaz 


- 742 


AchiUes 


- 1184 


Ajax 


- 1184 


Actium, B.- 


- 31 


Alba, F. 


- 1184 


Adam 


- 4004 


Alba, C. 


- 665 


Adherbal - 


- 249 


Alba, Lake - 


- 397 


Adherbal - 


117. 112 


Albula 


- 915 


Adrastus 


1263. 1226 


Alcseus 


- 612 


Agates, B. - 


- 241 


Alcamenes - 


- 340 


JEgos Potamos, B. - 


- 405 


Alcibiades - 


415. 412. 404 


^lius Gallus 


- 24 


Alcmseon 


- 752 


^milius, Paulus 


- 216 


Alcmaeonids - 


612. 548 


^milius, Lepidus 


- 201 


Alcman 


- 665 


^milius, Paulus 


- 168 


Alexander of Pherae - 364 


^neas 

^olic Migration 


- 1184 

- 1124 




335. 


sat «jt;u. ooo. 

334. 333. 332. 


^schines 


- 340 


331. 


327. 323. 



250 



INDEX, NO. 1. 



Alexander ^gus 


- 311 


Son of Cassander 297. 




294 


Balas 


- 150 


Jannseus 


106. 79 




- 80 


- ui s^^y\}i - 


Alexandra - 


79. 70 


Alexandria, F. 


- 332 


Alexandrian library - 


- 48 


Alexandria, C 


- 47 


Alimentus - 


- 200 


Allia, B. 


- 387 


Alyattes 


617. 585 


Amasis 


570. 525 


Amaziah 


- 839 


Amazons 


- 1213 


Amenophis II. 


- 1491 


Amon 


- 643 


Amos 


- 758 


Amphictj'ons 


1522. 346 


Ampbipolis, B. 


.. 422 


Amphipolis, C. 


- 358 


Amyrtseus - 


- 413 


Anacharsis - 


- 594 


Anacreon 


- 537 


Anaximander 


- 571 


Anaximenes - 


- 571 


Ancus Martins 


- 640 


Andocides - 


- 400 


Andriscus 


- 148 


Andronicus, Livius - 


- 240 


Anicius 


- 168 


Antalcidas, P. 


.. 387 


Antenor 


- 1184 


Antigonus -316 


. 311. 301 


II., Doson 


- 222 


r\-P T-iiA rmn 


- 109 
)bulus II. 




38. 


Gona,tas - 


277. 268 


Antioch, P. - 


- 300 


Antiocli, Era of 


- 49 


Antiochus Soter 280 


. 262. 261 


Theos - 


261. 246 


thr Clrr'\f """ '^'' "^ "^'' 


203. 196. 


191. 190. 




187 




175. 171. 




170. 


168. 166. 




. 162 




Sidetes - 


138. 128 


Antipater 


- 297 


Antipas 


4 


Antiphon 


■ 400 


Antisthenes - 


- 400 



Autium, C. - - 466. 457 

Antonius, L. - - - 40 

Antony 44. 43. 42. 34. 32. 30 

Anxur, C - - - 403 

Apelles - - " 340 

Apocrypha - - - 135 

Apollonius, geometrician - 250 

Apollonius Rhodius, poet - 200 

Appius Claudius - - 449 

Aquae Sextise - - 102 

Aquillius - - - 99 

Arabia - - - 24 

Arabs - - - 1892 

Aratus, poet - - 300 
Aratus - 251. 244. 228 

Arbaces - - - 820 

Arbela, B. - - - 331 

Arcesilaus ™ - - 300 

Archelaus - - - 4 

Archelaus, philosopher - 548 

Archilochus - - - 683 

Archimedes - 250. 212 

Archons, perpetual - - 1070 

Archons, decennial - - 752 

Archons, annual - - 683 

Ardys - - - 678 

Areopagus - - 1556. 461 

Areta - - - 377 

Arginusse, B. - - 406 

Argon - - - 1223 

Argonautic expedition - 1263 

Argos - _ - 1856 

Argus - - - 1263 

Aridasus, Philip - - 323 

Arion - - - 625 

Aristarchus - - - 300 

Aristides - - - 483 

Aristippus - - - 400 
Aristobulus - 109. 107. 106 

Aristobulus II. - - 70 

Aristogiton - - - 488 

Aristonicus - 130. 129 

Aristophanes - - 444 

Aristotle - - . 340 

Aristoxenus - - - 340 

Arogus or Arses - 338. 336 

Arphaxad - - - 657 

Arsaces I. - - - 250 

Artabanus - - - 465 

Artaphernes - - - 490 
Artaxerxes I. 464. 463. 424 

Artaxerxes II. Mnemon 405. 374. 

361. 359 

Arundelian Marbles 1582. 264 

Asa - - - - 955 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED B. C. 



251 



Ascanius 


. 




, 


B.C. 

- 1184 


Boii - 


_ 


B.C. 

- 224 


Asculum, B. 






- 


- 90 


Brasidas 


. 


- 422 


Asher 


_ 




_ 


- 1747 


Brennus 


- 


387. 279 


Asinius PoUio 




. 


4 


Brutus, the Elder 


. 


- 509 


Aspasia 


. 




- 


- 444 


Brutus 


- 


B5. 44. 42 


A sshur 


. 




- 


- 2221 


Bucephala, F. 


- 


- 327 


Assyria 


- 




. 2221. 2069 1 


Byzantium, F. 


- 


- 658 


Assyrian empire 




- 


820. 606 


Byzantium, S. 


- 


- 339 


Astyages 


- 




- 


585. 571 








Atlialiah 


- 




. 


884. 878 


C. 






Athens, F. 


. 




- 


- 1556 


Cadmus 


- 


- 1519 


Athens, C 




479 


404, 


318. 307. 


Csecilius 


- 


200. 167 










296. 268. 


Csepio 


. 


- 140 


Athletes 


- 




- 


- 186 


Caepio, Servilius 


. 


106. 105 


Atlas 






- 


- 1582 


Cffisar, Julius 100 


80. 59. 58. 56. 


Attains I. 


. 




- 


241. 197 


55. 50. 49. 48. 


47. 46. 45. 44. 


Attains II. 


. 




_ 


- 159 


Cain- 


_ 


" 4003 


Attains III. 


. 




- 


- 133 


Calatinus, Atilius 


- 


- 254 


Angnstus 


63. 


44. 


42. 41. 36. 32. 


Caleb 


- 


- 1530 




31. 


29. 


27. 24. 17. 15. 


Calendar corrected 


-■ 


- 46. 8 




10. 


8. 


5. 




Callicrates - 


_ 


- 444 


Aulns 


. 




- 


- 109 


Callicratidas - 


_ 


- 406 


Anlus Hirtins 




. 


- 50 


Callimachus, archit. 


- 


- 400 


AuritsB 


- 




. 


- 2084 


Callimachus, historian 


- 250 


Azariah 


- 




- 


952. 810 


Callinus 


- 


- 740 












Cambyses 536. 530. 


525. 522 






B. 






Camillus 


_ 


393. 388 


Baasha 


- 




- 


- 954 


Candaules 


- 


735. 716 


Babel 


_ 




. 


- 2247 


Cannse, B. - 


_ 


- 216 


Babylon, F. 


- 




- 


■• 2221 


Cantabrians - 


_ 


- 20 


Babylon, C. 




538. 516 


331. 312 


Canuleius 


- 


- 442 


Bacchanalia 


_ 




- 


- 186 


Captivity, Jewish 


- 


606. 598 


Bacchides 


- 




- 


- 161 


Capua, F. 


- 


- 469 


Bacchylides 


- 






- 475 


Capua, C. 


- 


420. 211 


Bagoas 


- 






338. 336 


Caranus 


- 


- 814 


Baladan 


. 




747 


715. 712 


Carbo 


- 


113. 87 


Balak 


. 






- 1451 


Carchemish, B. 


- 


- 606 


Barak 


- 






- 1296 


Carneades - 


200 


. 155. 129 


Bathyllus 


- 






4 


Carthage, F. - 


- 


- 869 


Belesis 


- 




825 


820. 767 


Carthage, C. - 


. 


- 146 


Belochus 


_ 






- 1433 


Carthage, rebuilt 


_ 


- 123 


Belshazzar 


- 






555. 538 


Carthagena, F. 


_ 


- 228 


Belus 


- 






- 2221 


Carthagena, C. 


- 


- 210 


Beneventnm 


L, B. 






- 275 


Carthaginians 


-409 


. 395. 339 


Benhadad 


_ 






- 839 


Carvilius, Sp. 


. 


- 231 


Benjamin 


- 






- 1732 


Cassander 318. 316. 311. 


304. 301. 


Berenice 


- 






- 246 






297, 


Berosus 


. 






- 300 


Cassius, Spurius 


- 


484. 483 


Bessus 


. 






- 330 


Cassius 


- 


- 107 


Bias - 


_ 






- 603 


Cassius 


- 


44. 42 


Bibulus 


- 






- 59 


Castor 


- 


- 1263 


Bidpai 


^ 






- 1022 


Catiline's conspiracy - 


- 63 


Bilhah 


- 






- 1451 


Cato the Elder 


> 


184. 149 


Bion- 


_ 






- 300 


Cato Uticensis 


. 


- 46 


Bithynia 


- 






- 74 


Catullus, poet 


- 


30 



252 




INDEX, 


NO. 1. 










B C 




B.C. 


Catulus, Lutatius 


. 


- 


241 


Corsebus 


- 776 


Caudine Forks 


_, 


- 


321 


Coronea, B. - 


- 447 


Cebes 


_. 


„ 


400 


Cossus, Cornelius 


- 434 


Cecrops 


_ 


- 


1556 


Cotta 


- 70 


Celsus 


_ 


- 


4 


Crantor 


- 340 


Censorship - 


- 


- 


440 


Crassus 


- 130 


Chabrias 


. 


- 


377 


Crassus - 73. 70. 


56. 55. 53 


Chseronea, B. 


- 


- 


328 


Crassus, the Younger 


- 30 


Chares 


_ 


- 


300 


Crates 


- 300 


Chaldea 


_ 


. 


2221 


Creation of the World 


- 4004 


Charilaus r 


_ 


> 


878 


Cremera 


- 475 


Charon 


. 


_ 


480 


Creon 


- 483 


Charops 


_ 


- 


752 


Critolaus 


- 155 


Chedorlaomer 


_ 




1913 


Croesus 


560. 546 


Cheops 


. 




1082 


Ctesias 


- 400 


Chilon 


_ 




603 


Ctesibius 


- 250 


Chinese Empire 


- 




2221 


Ctesilaus 


- 340 


Chiniladon - 


- 




647 


Cunaxa, B. - 


- 401 


Cicero 106. 79. 70. 63. 58. 


52.51.43 


Curiatii 


- 667 


Cimbri 


-109 


. 105 


. 102 


Curius Dentatus 


- 275 


Cimmerians - 


„ 


635 


617 


Cursor, Papirius 


- 325 


Cimon - 466. 461 


.456 


.449 


Cursor, the Younger - 


- 272 


Cincinnatus - 


. 


_ 


456 


Curtius 


- 362 


Cinna 


_ 


- 


87 


Cushites 


- 1619 


Citium, S. - 


_ 


. 


449 


Cyaxares 635. 611. 606 


585. 571 


Claudius Pulcher 


- 


- 


249 


Cybele 


- 204 


Claudius Nero 


_ 


. 


207 


Cycle, Lunar - 


- 432 


Claudius 


_ 


_ 


143 


Cylon 


- 612 


Cleanthes 


_ 


- 


250 


Cynic School- 


- 400 


Cleobulus 


. 


_ 


603 


Cynoscephalse, B. - 


- 197 


Cleombrotus - 


- 


- 


371 


Cyrene 


- 96 


Cleombrotus - 


_ 


„ 


244 


Cyrus the Great 546. 538. 


536. 530 


Cleomenes III. 


- 


- 


228 


Cyrus II. 


- 401 


Cleon 


- 


.. 


422 






Cleopatra 


- 


- 


117 


D. 




Cleopatra 


. 


51. 34. 30 


Dactyli, Idsei 


- 1453 


Cleosthenes - 


. 


- 


884 


Daedalus 


- 1304 


Clepsydrse - 


. 


- 


159 


Damon 


- 400 


Clodian Law- 


- 


- 


58 


Dan - 


- 1748 


Clodius 


_ 


. 


52 


Daniel - 603. 570. 


555. 537 


Cnidus, B. - 


_ 


_ 


394 


Dardanus 


- 1490 


Codrus 


_ 


_ 


1070 


Darius the Mede 


571. 538 




- 


- 


509 




504. 486 


Collatinus 




Colossus of Rhodes 


. 


300 


. 224 


Nothus 


- 424 


Comedies 


_ 


_ 


240 


Ochus 


- 361 


Comitia tributa 


. 


469 


. 339 


Codomanus - 336. 


334. 330 


Confucius 


- 


~ 


520 


Dathan 


- 1471 


Conon 


_ 


406 


.394 


Datis 


- 490 


Conon, astronomer 


. 


_ 


250 


David 1063. 1055. 1048. 1047. 1015 


Consuls 


. 


509 


. 367 


Deborah 


- 1296 


Corcyra, F. - 


_ 


- 


703 


Decemviri - 


- 449 


Corinth, F. - 


„ 


_ 


1520 


Decius 


- 340 


Corinth, C. - 


_ 


- 


146 


Decius 


- 295 


Corinthian War 


- 


- 


395 


Dejoces 


- 710 


Coriolanus - 


- 


- 


488 


Delphi 


- 548 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED B. C. 



253 





B.C. 






B.C. 


Deluge of Xoah 


- 2348 


Epicurus 


- 


- 300 


Deluge of Ogyges 


- 1796 


Epigoai 


. 


- 1215 


Deluge of Deucalion - 


- 1529 


Epimenides - 


. 


- 594 


Demetrius Phalereus- 


- 317 


Erasistratus - 


- 


- 300 


Demetrius Poliorcetes 307 


304.296. 


Eratosthenes - 


- 


- 250 




294. 287 


Erectheus 


_ 


1506. 1356 


Demetrius Soter - 162 


161. 150 


Erostratus - 


. 


- 356 


Demetrius Xicator - 


138. 128 


Esarhaddon - 


- 7 


06. 678. 667 


Democrates - 


- 340 


Esau - 


. 


- 1836 


Democritus - 


- 456 


Eteocles 


- 


- 1225 


Demosthenes - 


352. 340 


Euclides, archon 


- 


- 403 


Dentatus, Curios 


- 275 


Euclid 


_ 


- 300 


Dercyliidas - 


- 397 


Eumenes 


- 


- 316 


Deucalion - - 1 


529. 1522 


Eumenes of Pergamos 


262. 241 


Deucalion 


- 1263 


Eumenes U. - 


. 


- 188 


Diana's Temple 


- 356 


Eumolpus 


- 


- 1356 


Dido 


- 869 


Eunus 


- 


- 132 


Dinocrates - 


- 183 


Euripides 


. 


444. 406 


Diodorus 


- 50 


Eurymedon - 


_ 


- 466 


Diogenes the Cynic - 


- 340 


EurVsthenes - 


. 


- 1104 


Diogenes the Stoic - 


- 155 


Eve* - 


. 


- 4003 


Dion - - - 


- 357 


Evilmerodach 


- 


562, 560 


Dionysius the Elder - 


406. 389 


Exodus 


- 


- 1491 


Dionysius II. - 367. 357. 


346. 343 


Ezekiel 


. 


- 594 


Dionysius of Alexandria 


- 285 


Ezra - 


- 


- 444 


Dionysius of Halicamassus - 27 








Dipaenus 


- 509 


F. 






DolabeUa - 


- 99 


Fabii (300) - 


- 


- 475 


Dolon 


- 578 


Fabius Maximus Cunctator - 217 


Domitius J'.nobarbus 


121. 115 


Fabius Maximus 


- 


- 121 


Draco 


- 621 


Fabius Pictor 


_ 


269. 200 


Drepanum, B. 


- 249 


Faliscus 


- 


- 27 


Drusus 


- 91 


Fimbria 


- 


- 85 


Drusus 


- 15. 9 


Flaminius 


- - 


17. 197. 194 


Duilius 


- 260 


naccu5, Yerrius 


- 


4 


E. 

Ecbatana, F. - 




Fulyius Flaccus 


- 


- 125 


- 710 


G. 






Eclipse 


- 585 


Gad - 


- 


1748. 1451 


Edessa, F. - 


- 300 


Gaza, C. 


- 


- 332 


Eglon - - 1394. 1336 


GedaUah 


- 


- 588 


Egypt 


- 2188 


Gellius 


- 


- 73 


Ehud 


- 1.336 


Gerizim, Temple of 


- 


- 332 


F.lah - 


- 930 


Gibeonites - 


_ 


- 1450 


Eleatic Sect - 


- 548 


Gideon 


_ 


- 1249 


Eleusinian Mysteries - 


- 1519 


Gilboa, B. - 


- 


- 1055 


Eli - : 


- 1140 


Glabrio 


. 


- 67 


Elijah - -910 


. 906. 896 


Glaucias 


- 


- 306 


Elis - 


- 1453 


Golden Number 


. 


- 432 


Elon - 


- 1140 


Goliath 


_ 


- 1063 


Ennius 


200. 167 


Gomorrah 


- 


- 1897 


Enoch - - 331 7. 3017 


Gorgias 


- 


- 444 


Epaminondas- 


371. 363 


Gracchus, Tiberius 


. 


134. 133 


Ephori 


- 760 


Gracchus, Caius 


- 


12.3. 121 


Ephyre 


- 1520 


Granicus, B. - 


- 


- 334 



254 



INDEX, NO. 1. 



Gyges 


- 


B.C. 

- 716 


Ictinus 
Idsei Dactyli 


B.C. 

- 444 

- 1453 




H. 




Ilerda, B. - 


- 49 


Hagar 


. 


- 1892 


Imilcon 


- 395 


Haggai 


. 


- 520 


Inachus 


- 1856 


Halys, B. - 


. 


- 746 


Inarus 


463. 455 


Ham - 


2444. 


2221. 2188 


Ionian Colonies 504. 496. 397. 387 


Haman 


- 


- 453 


Ionic Migration 


. 1044 


Hamilear 


-250.237. 228 


Ionic school - 


- 601 


Hanani 


- 


- 952 


Iphicrates 


- 374 


Hannibal 237. 221. 219 


. 218. 217. 


Iphitus 


- 884 


216. 


203. 202. 196. 183 


Ipsus, B. 


- 301 


Hasdrubal - 


- 250. 228. 221 


Ira ^ 


(C. 671.) 685 


Hasdrubal 


_ 


- 207 


Isaac 1896. 


1872. 1760. 1716 


Hazael 


_ 


- 8.39 


Isseus 


- 377 


Hecatompylos 


- 


- 1519 


Isaiah 


- 758 


Hector 


- 


- 1184 


Ishbosheth - 


- 1055. 1048 


Helen 


_ 


1213. 1184 


Ishmael 


- 1892 


Heliodorus - 


. 


- 176 


Isocrates 


- 400 


Helvetia 


_ 


- 113 


Issachar 


- 1747 


Helvetii 


™ 


- 107 


Issus, B. 


- 333 


Heraclidse 


_ 


- 1104 


Isthmian Games 


1326. 582. 196 


Heraclitus 


_ 


- 499 


Italian sect - 


- 548 


Hercules 


, 


' - 1263 


Ithobal 


- 586 


Hermocrates - 


- 


- 409 


Ithome 


(C. 723.) 743 


Hermogenes - 


- 


- 340 






Herodotus 


- 


- 444 


J 




Herod the Great 


- 40. 38. 17. 4 


Jabin 


- 1296 


Hesiod 


- 


- 975 


Jacob 


1836. 1760. 1689 


Hezekiah. 


_ 


750. 727 


Jael - 


- 1296 


Hiero II. 


- 


- 270 


Jair - - 


' 1140 


Hipparchus - 


- 


(510). 488 


Jannseus 


106. 79 


Hipparcbus, astronomer 


- 150 


Janus, Temple of 


235. 29. 24. 10 


Hippias 


- 


(510). 488 


Japhet 


- 2448 


Hippocrates - 


- 


- 444 


Jared 


- 3017 


Hirtius 


- 


- 43 


Jason, Argonaut 


- 1263 


Homer 


- 


- 975 


Jason, high priest 


- 175 


Homer, Junior 


- 


- 250 


Jebusites 


- 1047 


Horace 


- 


65. 27. 8 


Jeconiah 


599. 598 


Horatii 


_ 


- 667 


Jehoram, Israel 


896. 884 


Hortensius, Law of - 


- 287 


Jehoram, Judah 


898. 888 


Hortensius - 


- 


50 


Jehoshaphat 


914. 898 


Hosea 


- 


- 758 


Jehoash or Joash, 


Israel - 839 


Hoshea 


- 


•■ 730 


Jehoahaz, of Israel - - 856 


Hosbeng 


- 


- 2040 


Jehoahaz, of Judah - - 610 


Hyginus 


- 


- 27 


Jehoiachin - 


599. 598 


Hyksos 


- 


- 2084 


Jehoiada 


- 878 


Hyrcanus 


- 13 


5. 109. 107 


Jehoiakim - 


609. 604. 599 


Hyrcanus 


- 


79. 70. 63 


Jehu, prophet 


- 952 


Hystaspes - - 


" 


- 468 


Jehu, king - 
Jemshid 


- 884 

- 2040 




I. 




Jephthah 


- 1140 


Iambic verses 


-• 


- 683 


Jeremiah 


- 588 


Ibsan 


- 


- 1140 


Jericho, C. ~ 


- 1451 


Ibycus 


- 


- 537 


Jeroboam 


- 974 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED B. C. 



255 



Jeroboam II. 


- 


825. 784 


Lollius 


_ 


. 16 


Jerusalem, C. 1047. 


588. 


320.170.63 


Lot - 


_. 


- 1913 


Jerusalem, spared 


- 


- 332 


Lucilius 


- 


- 148 


Jeshua 


- 


- 520 


Lucullus 


„ 


72. 69. 67 


Joab 


- 


- 1021 


Lucretius 


. 


- 50 


Joash, of Judali 


_ 


884. 878 


Ludi Sa^culares 


_ 


- 456 


Joash, of Israel 


- 


- 839 


Lutatius Catulus 


_ 


- 241 


Job - 


- 


- 1531 


Lycophron - 


- 


- 250 


Jocasta 


- 


- 1266 


Lycurgus 


- 


898. 884 


Joel - 


- 


769. 758 


Lysander 


405 


. 404. 395 


Johanan 


- 


- 367 


Lysimachus - 311. 301 


. 287. 284 


John the Baptist 


- 


6 


Lysippus 


. 


- 340 


Joiada 


- 


- 409 


Lysias 


_ 


- 400 


Jonah 


- 


- 862 








Jonathan 


- 


161. 144 


M. 






Joseph 174,5. 1 


728 


1701. 1635 


jMaccabees - 


. 


166. 161 


Joseph 


- 


2 


Macedon 


. 


814. 168 


Joshua 


- 


1451. 1443 


Macer 


- 


4 


Joshua 


_ 


- 367 


Macertoninus 


. 


- 150 


Josiah 


643. 624. 610 


Msecenas 


- 


- 27. 8 


Jothara 


- 


- 758 


Machanidas - 


_ 


- 207 


Juba 


. 


- 46 


Magnesia, B. 


_ 


- 190 


Judah 


_ 


- 1752 


Malachi 


_ 


- 430 


Judas Macc;ibffius 


- 


166. 161 


Manasseh 


_ 


- 1457 


Jugurtha 112. 111. 109. 107. 106 


Manasseh, king 


_ 


- 698 








Manasseh, high priest 


- 276 


K. 






Mancinus 


_ 


- 137 


Korah 


_ 


- 1471 


Manetho 


_ 


- 250 








Manilian law 


_ 


- 66 


L. 






Manlius 


_ 


- 186 


Laban 


- 


- 1760 


Manlius 


- 


- 105 


Laberius, J. D. 


_ 


- 50 


Man ah 


- 


- 1140 


Laborosoarchod 


- 


- 556 


Mantinea, B. 


. 


363. 207 


Lsevinus 


- 


- 280 


Marathon, B. 


- 


- 490 


Lamachus 


_ 


- 415 


Marcellus 


_ 


222. 212 


Lamech 


- 


■■ 2948 


Marcellus 


_ 


- 23 


Laodicea, F. - 


_ 


- 300 


Mardonius - 


_ 


- 479 


Lartius 


- 


- 499 


Mariamne - 


- 


- 40 


Latinus 


- 


1239. 1184 


Marius 111. 107 


102. 


88. 87. 86 


Lavinia 


- 


- 1184 


Marius, younger 


. 


82 


Leah 


_ 


- 1760 


Mary 


_ 


2 


Lectisternium 


_ 


- 399 


Massinissa - 


203 


153. 149 


I.entulus 


_ 


- 73 


Maximus, Valerius 


- 


4 


Leonidas 


. 


- 480 


Medon 


_ 


- 1070 


Leonidas 


_ 


- 244 


Medontidse - 


_" 


- 1070 


Lepidus, M. ^'Emili 


us 


- 201 


Megasthenes 


- 


- 300 


Lepidus 


- 


43. 36 


Mela, Pomponius 


- 


4 


Leucippus 


- 


- 456 


Melchizedek 


. 


- 1913 


Leuctra, B. - 


_ 


- 371 


Meleager 


_ 


- 150 


Levi - 


_ 


- 1752 


Meles 




- 735 


Lilybffium 


- 


- 250 


Meranon 


- 


- 1856 


Livius Andronicus 


. 


- 241 


Menahem 


- 


- 772 


Livius Salinator 


. 


- 207 


Menander 


_ 


- 300 


Livius, Titus 


- 


- 27 


Menelaus 


- 


- 1184 


Lokman 


- 


- 1012 


Menes 


-. 


- 2188 



256 



INDEX, NO. 1. 



Menu 


. 


B.C. 

- 2126 


NsBvius 


_ 


B.C. 

- 228 


Meribah 


. 


- 1451 


Nahor 


_ 


- 2126 


Meshach 


- 


- 580 


Naphtali 


- 


- 1747 


Messala 


. 


- 263 


Naxos, B. - 


- 


- 377 


Messana, F. - 


- 


- 670 


Nazareth 


- 


2 


Messene, F. - 


- 


- 369 


Nearchus 


- 


- 326 


Messenian wars 


743. 685. 465 


Nebuchadnezzar 


606. 604.598.588. 


Messiah 


- 1689. 5. 4. 2 


586. 


580. 572. 570. 562 


Metaurus, B. 


_ 


- 207 


Nechus or Pharaoh Necho617. 610. 


Metellus 


- 


- 250 






606 


Metellus Macertoninus 


- 150 


Nectanebis I. 


- 


374. 364 


Metellus Macedonicus 


148. 146 


Nectanebis II. 


- 


361.350 


Metellus Numidicus 


123. 115. HI. 


Nehemiah - 


- 


- 445 






109. 100 


Nemean games 


- 


1226. 568 


Metellus Creticus 


_ 


- 67 


Nepos, Cornelius 


- 


- 50 


Metellus 


. 


- 46 


Neriglissar - 


- 


560. 556 


Methone, B. - 


. 


- 360 


Nestor 


- 


1263. 1184 


Methone, C. - 


- 


- 352 


Nicsea, F. (in India) 


- 327 


Methuselah - 


_ 


- 3317 


Nicander 


- 


~ 150 


Mettius Fuffetius 


_ 


- 665 


Nicanor 


- 


- 161 


Meton 


_ 


- 432 


Nicetas 


- 


- 400 


Mieah 


_ 


- 758 


Nicias 


- 


- 415 


Micipsa, death of 


- 


- lis 


Nicomedes - 


- 


149. 74 


Miletus, C. - 


- 


- 496 


Nimrod 


- 


- 2221 


Milo, athlete 


_ 


- 504 


Nineveh 2221. 2069. 862. 820. 606 


Milo - 


_ 


- 52 


Ninus 


- 


- 2069 


Miltiades 


- 


490. 486 


No-Amon, C. 


- 


- 688 


Minos I. 


_ 


- 1406 


Noah 


2948. 


2348. 1998 


Minos II. 


- 


- 1304 


Norbanus 


- 


- 83 


Mithridates 111. 86 


. 85. 


84. 80. 72. 


Numantia, C. 


- 


- 133 






66. 63 


Numa Pompilius 


- 


- 715 


Mitylene, S. - 


- 


- 80 








Mizpeh 


- 


- 1096 




0. 




Mizraim 


_ 


- 2188 


Obadiah 


- 


- 588 


Monseses 


« 


- 53 


Obed 


- 


- 1312 


Moschus 


_ 


- 300 


Ochus 


359. 350. 338 


Moeris 


- 


- 2040 


Octavius 63. 44. 


43. 42. 


41. 36. 32. 


Moses 1571. 1531. 1492. 


1471 1451 






31. 29. 27 


Mummius 


- 


- 146 


Octolophus, B. 


- 


- 200 


Munda, B. - 


. 


- 45 


(Edipus 


- 


- 1266 


Musseus 


- 


- 1239 


CEnophyta, B. 


- 


- 456 


Mutina, B. - 


. 


- 43 


(Enotrus 


- 


- 1028 


Mycale, B. - 


- 


- 479 


^^ \r. - 


- 


- 1451 


Mylse, B. - 


- 


- 260 


Oguz Khan - 


- 


- 2084 


Myron 


- 


- 340 


Ogyges 


- 


- 1796 


Myronides - 


- 


- 456 


Old Testament 


- 


- 277 








Olen 


- 


- 2326 


N. 






Olympiad, First 


- 


- 776 


Nabis 


_ 


207. 192 


Olympic games 


145£ 


. 1222. 884 


Nabonadius - 


- 


- 555 


Olynthus, C. 


- 


379. 347 


Nabonassar - 


- 


- 747 


Omri 


- 


- 929 


Nabopolassar 


- 


625, 606 


Onias 


- 


- 276 


Nabuchodonosor 


" 


- 667 


Onias 11. 


- 


217. 175 


Nadab 


- 


- 1490 


Onomarchus - 


- 


- 352 


Nadab, king - 


- 


- 954 


Orcetes 


- 


- 522 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED B. C. 



257 



Orodes 

Oropus 

Orpheus 

Othniel 

Ovid- 



53 

- 155 
.506. 1263 

- 1394 

- 27 



P. 



Pacorus - - - 38 

Pactolus, B. - - - 395 

Pacuvius - - - 150 

Padua, F. - - - 1184 

Pansetius - - - 143 

Panathensean games - - 1506 

Panormus, B. •- - 250 

Panormus, C. - - 254 

Pansa - - - 43 

Papirius Cursor - -325. 309 
Papirius Cursor, the Younger 272 

Paris - - 1213. 1184 

Parmenides - - - 609 

Parthenise - - - 708 

Paterciilus - - - 4 

Patroclus - - - 1184 

Pausanius - - - 336 

Pausias _ . - 340 

Paulus ^miliiis - 216. 168 

Pekah - - - 759 

Pekahiah - - - 761 

Pelasgi - - - 2084 

Pelopidas - - 371. 364 

Pelops - - -1304 

Pelusium, B. - - 171 

Periander - - 625. 603 

Pericles - - 461. 444. 429 

Perinthus, S. - - 339 

Peripatetic school - - 340 

Perseus - - 179. 171. 168 

Perusia - - - 40 

Petreius - - - 49 

Phsedrus - - - 27 

Pbalantus - - - 708 

Phalanx, Maced. - - 360 

Phalaris - - - 571 

Pharaoh Hophra - 594. 570 

Pharaoh Necho - 617. 610. 606 

Pharnabazus - 394. 374 

Pharnaces - - 63. 46 

Pharos at Alexandria - 284 

Pharsalia, B. - - 48 

Pherecydes - - - 571 

Phidias - - - 444 

Phido - - 869. 748 
Philip 360. 358. 356. 352. 347. 346. 
340. 339. 338. 337. 336 



B.C. 

Philip Aridseus - - 323 

Philip II. 220. 214. 212. 203. 202. 
200. 197 
Philippi, B. - - - 42 

Philistines 1336. 1140. 1096. 1093. 
1055 

- 337 

- 250 

- 377 
207. 192. 188. 183 

- 387 



Philistus 

Philo 

Philolaus 

Philopoemen - 

Philoxenus - 

Phocion 

Phocylides - 

Phoebidas 

Phraates 

Phraortes 

Physcon 

Piceni 

Pindar 

Pindenissum, C. 

Piraeus 

Pirithous 

PisistratidsD - 

Pisistratus - 

Piso - 

Piso's law 

Pittacus 

Plague at Athens 

Platsea, B. - 

Platsea, C. 

Plato 

Plautus 

Plautus, poet 

Plebeian magistrates 



- 339 

- 537 

- 382 
35. 30. 23 

- 657 

- 170 

90 

- 475 

- 51 

- 404 

- 1263 

- 510 
560. 530 

65 

- 149 

- 603 

- 430 

- 479 

- 427 
429. 400 

- 145 

- 200 
492. 469 



marriages with patricians, 
442 
qusestorship - 
military tribunes 
consul 
dictator 
censor 
prsetor 
Pontifex Maximus 



Pleistoanax - 
Plotius Tucca 
Polemon 
PoUio 
Pollux 
Polybius 
Polycletus - 
Polycrates - 
Polygnotus - 
Polynices 
Polysperchon 
Pompeius 



406 
397 
367 
356 
351 
334 
300 

- 445 

4 

- 300 

- 39 

- 1263 
168. 167. 150 

- 444 

- 522 

- 444 

- 1225 

- 320 

- 141 



258 



INDEX, NO. 1. 



Pompey 81. 73. 70. 66. 65. 63. 61. 
56. 55. 52. 50. 48 
Pompey, Cneius, and Sextus - 45 
Pompey, Sextus - - 36 

Pomponius Atticus - - 50 

Pomponius Mela - - 4 

Porus - - - 327 

Porus - - - 20 

Posidonius - - - 50 

Potidaa, C. - - 429. 356 

Potiphar - - - 1728 

Praeneste, B. - - - 82 

Praxiteles - - - 340 

Procles - - 1225.1104 

Prodicus - - - 444 

Prometheus - - - 1582 

Propcrtius - - - 27 

Protagoras - - - 444 

Protogenes - - - 340 

Prusias - - 183. 149 

Prytanes - - - 779 

Psammetichus - - 670 

Psammetichus - - 525 

Psammeticlius - - 401 

Psammis - - 600. 594 

Pseudo -Philip - • 143 

Ptolemy Soter 320. 311. 301. 284 

Ceraunus - 287. 284 

Philadelphus 284. 277. 247 

Euergetes - 247. 246 

• Philopator - 227. 217 

Epiphanes -204.203. 181 

Physcon - 170. 117 

Lathyrus - 117. 80 

Apion - - 96 

Auletes - - 51 

XII. - 51. 48 

Publilius - ■• - 469 

Pul - - - 771. 747 

Pulcher, Claudius - - 249 

Pydna, C. - •• 358. B. 168 

Pylades - - - 4 

Pyrrho - - - 300 

Pyrrhus 306. 295. 287. 280. 275. 

273. 272 
Pythagoras - - - 548 

Pythian games - 1263. .591 

Pythias - - - 400 

Q. 

Qusestors, plebeian - - 406 

Quaestors, provincial - - 260 



Rachel 



1760. 1732 





B.C. 


Rameses 


- 1577 


Ramoth Gilead 


- 897 


Raphia, B. - 


- 217 


Regulus 


- 255 


Rehoboam - 


- 975 


Reuben 


- 1752 


Reuben, tribe 


- 1451 


Rhodes, S. - 


- 304 


Rhodes, Colossus, 


300. 224 


Rhcecus 


- 509 


Rome, F. 


- 753 


Rome, C. 


- 387 


Roscius Otho 


- 69 


Roxana 


^ 311 


Rubicon 


- 49 


Rutilus 


356. 351 


S. 




Sabacon 


- 751 


Sabines, rape of 


- 750 


Sacadas 


- 588 


Saguntum, C. 


- 219 


Salamis 


- 1773 


Salamis, B. - 


- 480 


Sallust 


- 50 


Samaria, F.- 


- 929 


Samaria, C. - 


721. 109 


Samaritans - 


- 678 


Samson 


- 1140 



Samuel 1096. 1095. 1063. 1060 

Sanchoniatho - - 1451 

Saosduchinus - - 667 

Sappho - - - 612 

Sarah - - - 1859 

Sardanapalus - - 820 

Sardis, C. - - 635. 546 

Sardis, B. - - - 262 

Sardis, burning of - - 504 

Sargon - - 721. 715 

Saturninus ■• - - 100 
Saul - - 1095. 1093. 1055 

Scamander - - - 1546 

Sceptic School - ■ 300 

Scipio, Cn. C - - 254 
Scipio, Publius 218. 210. 201 
Scipio, Cornelius and Cneius- 212 

Scipio Africanus Major 202. 183 

Scipio Africanus Minor 144. 143. 
129 

Scipio, Lucius • - 190 

Scipio Nasica - - 134 

Scipio - - - 46 

Scopas - - - 352 

Scyllis ~ - - 509 

Scythians - - - 634 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED B. C. 



259 



Seblcus or So 




B.C. 

- 727 


Sosius 




B.C. 

- 38 


Secession, Roman 


- 


- 492 


Sostratus 


_ 


- 284 


Seculares Ludi 


- 


- 456 


Sparta, F. - 


_ 


- 1490 


Seleucidee, era of 


_ 


- 312 


Sparta, C. - 


_ 


222. 188 


Seleucus Nicator 


312. 


301. 300. 


Spartacus 


_ 


- 73 




287. 284. 280 


Sphacteria, C. 


_ 


- 425 


Seleucus Callinicus 


_ 


- 246 


Stesichorus - 


_ 


- 658 


Seleucus Ceraunus 


- 


- 223 


Stoic sect 


_ 


- 200 


Seleucus Philopator 


- 


187. 176 


Strabo 


- 


- 27 


Selinus, destroyed 


- 


- 409 


Straton 


- 


- 250 


Sellasia, B. - 


- 


- 222 


Sulpitius 


- 


- 200 


Semiramis - 


_ 


- 2069 


Sun-dials 


_ 


- 263 


Semiramis - 


_ 


- 1433 


Susa, C. 


_ 


- 331 


Sempronian law 


- 


- 123 


Susarion 


_ 


- 578 


Sempronius - 


- 


- 218 


Sybaris 


- 


- 510 


Sennacherib - 


7] 


L5. 713. 706 


Sylla 111. 92. 90. 88 


.86 


. 84. 82. 81. 


Sentinum, B. 


_ 


- 295 






79. 78 


Septuagint - 


- 


- 277 


Syphax 


- 


- 201 


Sertorius, 


- 


87. 72 


Syracuse, F. - 


- 


- 732 


Servilius Isauricus 


_ 


- 75 


Syracuse, S. - 


_ 


- 395 


Servius Tullius 


- 


- 578 


Syracuse, C. - 


- 


343. 212 


Seth 


- 


- 3874 








Sethon or Sevechus 


- 


- 727 


T. 






Shadrach 


- 


- 580 


Tabernacle - 


- 


1490. 1444 


Shamgar 


- 


- 1336 


Tachos 


. 


364. 361 


Shallum 


. 


- 772 


Tanagra, B. - 


.. 


- 457 


Shalmaneser - 


-729. 724. 721 


Tarentum, F. 


_ 


- 708 


Shem 


- 


- 2446 


Tarentum, C. 


_ 


- 272 


Shepherd kings 


- 


2084. 1825 


Tarquinius Priscus 


- 


- 616 


Shiloh 


- 


- 1689 


Tarquinius Superbus 


534. 509 


Shiloh 


- 


1444. 1141 


Telesinus 


- 


- 82 


Shishak or Sesostris 


- 


1002. 971 


Temple, The 


_ 


1004. 515 


Sicinius Dentatus 


_ 


■ 449 


Terah 


_ 


- 2126 


Siculus 


- 


- 50 


Terence 


_ 


- 159 


Sicyon, F. 


- 


- 2084 


Terentilian law 


- 


- 460 


Sihon 


_ 


- 1451 


Terentius Varro 


. 


- 50 


Silanus 


- 


- 109 


Terpander - 


- 


- 670 


Simeon 


- 


- 1752 


Teucer 


. 


- 1173 


Simon 


_ 


141. 135 


Teutones 


_ 


- 102 


Simon ides 


- 


- 475 


Thales 


_ 


- 603 


Sisenna, L. C. 


- 


- 50 


Thapsus, B. - 


- 


46 


Sisera 


- 


- 1296 


Thebes 1519. 1225. 382. 379. 335 


Sisyphus 


- 


- 1520 


Thebes in Egypt 


- 


- 1002 


Sisyphus 


- 


- 1326 


Theseus - 1263. 


1257. 1213. 


Smerdis 


- 


- 522 


Theocritus - 


- 


- 300 


Smyrna, F. - 


- 


- 1124 


Theodotus - 


- 


- 250 


Socrates 


- 


444. 400 


Theognis 


- 


- 537 


Sodom 


- 


- 1897 


Theophrastus 


- 


- 340 


Sogdianus 


- 


- 424 


Theopompus 


- 


- 760 


Solomon 


- 


- 1015 


Thermopylae 


- 


480. 191 


Solon 


- 


603. 594 


Thespis 


- 


- 562 


Sophocles 


- 


444. 406 


Thimbron 


- 


- 399 


Sophonisba - 


- 


- 203 


Thrasybulus - 


- 


404. 401 


Sosibius 


- 


- 250 


Thrasymenus, B. 


- 


- 217 


Sosigenes 


- 


50. 46 


Thucydides - 


- 


- 444 



s 2 



260 



INDEX, NO. 1. 



Thurii 


B.C. 

- 443 


Volumnia 


B.C. 

- 488 


Tiber 


- 915 


Volero 


- 469 


Tiberius 


- 915 






Tiberius 


- 20. 15. 12. 6 


W. 




TibuUus 


- 27 


War of the Amazons 


- 1213 


Ticinus, B. - 


- 218 


Civil, at Rome - 


88. 50 


Tiglath-pileser 


. 747. 740. 729 


Corinthian 


- 395 


Tigranes 


83. 72 


Jugurthine 


111. 106 


Tigranocerta, C 


= 69 


1st Macedonian- 


- 200 


Timseus 


- 276 


2nd Macedonian 


- 171 


Timoleon 


343.339 


1st Messenian - 


- 743 


Tissaphernes 


412. 396 


2nd Messenian - 


- 685 


Tirhakah 


717. 688 


3rd Messenian - 


- 465 


Tiridates 


- 35 


Mithridatic 


88, 74 


Tirzah 


- 929 


Numantine 


- 141 


Tola 


- 1140 


Peloponnesian - 


- 431 


Trebia, B. - 


- 218 


1st Punic 


- 264 


Tremellius - 


- 143 


2nd Punic 


- 218 


Triumvirate, 1st. 


56 


3rd Punic 


- 149 


Triumvirate, 2nd. 


- 43 


Isi Sacred 


- 448 


Trogus Pompeius 


- 50 


2nd Sacred 


- 357 


Troy 


- 1.546. 1184 


of the Samnites- 


- 343 


Tucca Plotius 


- 50 


Servile, in Sicily 


132. 99 


TuUus Hostilius 


- 672 


Servile, in Italy 


•- 73 


Turks 


- 2084 


Sertorius 


- 78 


Tyre or Tsor, F. 


- 1252 


Social, Greece - 


- 220 


Tyre, S. 


- 586 


Social, Italy 


- 90 


Tyre, C, 


573. 332 


Tarentine 


- 281 


Tyrtseus 


- 685 


1st of Thebes - 


- 1225 






2nd of Thebes - 


- 1216 


U. 




Transalpine Gauls 


- 125 


Ulysses 


- 1184 


X. 
Xanthippus - 




Uzziah 


- 810 


- 255 






Xenophanes - 


- 548 


V. 




Xenophon 


444. 400 


Valerius Maximus 


4 


Xerxes 486. 480. 479. 


465. 424 


Varius, poet - 


4 






Varro 


- 216 


Z. 




Varro, Terentius 


- 67 


Zachariah 


- 772 


Varus, Quintilius 


4 


Zama, B. - 


- 202 


Vashti 


- 462 


Zebulon 


- 1747 


Veii, C. 


- 393 


Zechariah 


- 520 


Velleius Paterculus 


4 


Zedekiah 


- 598 


Ventidius 


- 38 


Zeno 


- 300 


Vercellse, B. - 


" (103.) 102 


Zenodotus 


- 250 


Verres 


- 70 


Zerah 


- 941 


Verrius Flaccus 


4 


Zerubbabel - 


- 520 


Veturia 


- 488 


Zeuxis 


- 444 


Virgil 


70. 41. 27 


Zilpah 


- 1748 


Virginia 


- 447 


Zimri 


- 929 


Viriathus 


145. 140 


Zion 


- 1047 


Viridomarus - 


- 222 


Zipporah 


- 1531 


Vitellius 


- 145 


Zoilus 


- 250 


Vitruvius 


- 27 


Zoroaster 


- 520 



INDEX, No. 2. 



CONTAINING 



THE EVENTS THAT OCCURRED AFTER THE BIRTH 
OF CHRIST. 



A. A.C. 

Abasside dynasty - - 749 

Abbas the Great, - - 1585 

Abbas II. - - - 1666 

Abdallah - - - 683 

Abdalmelek - - 683. 706 

Abdalrahman - - 732 

Abderrahman I. - - 756 

Abderrahman II. ~ - 821 

Abderrahman III. - - 912 

Abdhul-Achmet - - 1774 

Abdul Medjid - - 1839 

Abelard - - 1116.1142 

Abercrombie, Sir R. - 1799. 1801 
Abcrcrombie, Dr. J. - - 1844 

Abernethy, physician 1810. 1831 
Aberration of light - 1659.1737 
Aboukir, B. -• - - 1799 

Abubeker - - 632. 634 

Abulfeda - - - 1322 

Abulfaragius - - 1263 

Academy, French - - 1635 

Academy, Dictionary of - 1694 
Academy of Inscriptions, &c. 1663 
Academy of Sciences, Paris - 1666 
Academy, Royal Irish - 1786 

Academy of Sciences, Peters- 
burg - - - 1724 
Academy, Military, "Woolwich 1741 
Achbar the Great - - 1555 
Achmet I. - 1603. 1617. 1618 
Achmet III. - - 1703. 1730 
Achromatic telescopes 1729. 1757 
Acre, C. 1104. 1191. 1832. 1840 
Acre, S. - - - 1799 



Adams, President U.S. - 1797 
Adams, J. Q., ditto - 1825. 1848 
Adams, astronomer - - 1847 
Addington - - - 1801 
Addison - - 1709. 1710 
Adelaide of Susa - - 1108 
Adelaide, Queen - - 1849 
Adelbert - .. _ io56 
Aden, C. - - - 1839 
Adeodatus, pope - - 672 
Adhed - - - 1171 
Ado - - - - 872 
Adolphus of Nassau - 1292. 1298 
Adolphus, Frederic, of Sweden 1751 
Adrian - 117. 121. 130. 132 
Adrian I. pope 772. 774. 780. 788 
II. - - - 867 

III. - - - 884 

IV. - - - 1154 

V - - - 1276 

VI. - - - 1522 

Adrian Turnebus - - 1559 
Adrianople, B. 313. 378. 1363 

Adrianople, T. - - 1829 

Adrianus, rhetorician - 138 

jEIia Capitolina - - 130 

^lianus - - - 222 

^lius Spartianus - - 300 

^lla- - - - 470 

^milianus - - - 254 

^neas Sylvius - - 1453 
iEtius - 428. 432. 451 
JEtna. See Etna. 

Agabus - - - 45 

Agapetus I, pope - - 535 



s 3 



262 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



Agapetus II. pope 
Agathius, historian ■ 
Agatho, pope 
Agincourt, B. 
Aglabite dynasty 
Agnadello, B. 
Agricola 

Agricola, Rudolphus 
Agrippa 
Agrippa, Herod 



A.C. 

- 946 

- 532 

- 676 

- 1415 
800. 908 

- 1509 
80 

- 1470 

- 20 
37. 40. 44 

Agrippa, Henry Cornelius - 1517 
Agrippina - - - 19 

Agrippina - - 48. 54. 59 

Ailred, Historian - - 1150 

Aix-la-Chapelle, C. - - 882 

Aix-la-Chapelle, P. - 1668. 1748 
Air-pump - - - 1654 

Ajoubite dynastv - - 1193 

Akenside - " 1744. 1750. 1770 
AkbarKhan- - 1841.1842 

Alans - - 406. 417 

Alaric - - 400. 410 

Alaric - - - 507 

Alban's, St., B. - 1455. 1460 

Albemarle, Duke - - 1666 

Albemarle, Earl - - 1712 

Alberoni - 1717. 1718. 1719 
Albert the Bear - 1138.1142 
Albert of Brandenburg - 1525 

Albert of Bremen, bp. 1198. 1201 
Albert of Jerusalem - -1209 

Albert - 1282. 1298. 1308 

Albert of Sweden - - 1389 

Albert II. of Germany 1437. 1438 
Albert, Prince of Saxe-Coburg 1840. 
1842. 1850 
Albert E., Prince of Wales - 1841 
Alberti of Rimini - -1451 

Albertus Magnus - - 1263 

Albigenses - - 1209. 1226 

Albinus - - 196. 197 

Alboin - - - 568 

Albret, Constable d' - - 1415 

Albuera, B. - - - 1811 

Albuquerque- - - 1511 

Alcazar, B. - - - 1579 

Alcmaer, B. - - -1573 

Alcuin - - - 788 

Aldo- - - - 1494 

Alectus - ^ - 286 

Alemanni - - 271. 296 

Alexander I. pope - - 1 09 

II. - - 1061 

-III. 1159. 1162. 1167. 

- 1168. 1176. 1179 



Alexander IV. pope 

vi. 

VII. 

VIII. 



A.C. 

- 1254 

- 1409 
1492. 1498 

- 1655 

- 1689 

Alexander Severus - 222. 232. 235 
Alexander I. of Scotland - 1107 

II. of Scotland - 1214 

III. of Scotland 1249. 

1263 
Alexander de Spina - - 1285 
Alexander of Poland - 1501 
Alexander, bishop of Jeru- 
salem, - - 1841. 1845 
Alexander de Medici - 1527 
Alexander, Natalis - - 1700 
Alexander I. of Russia 1801. 1808. 
1825 
Alexandria, C. - 295. 1807 
Alexandria, B. - - 18C1 
Alexandria, F. - - 1168 
Alexandrian library - - 640 
Alexis Michaelowitch - 1645 
Alexis Czarowitz - - 1718 
Alexius I. - - - 1081 

II. - - 1180. 1183 

. III. - - 1195. 1206 

IV. - - - 1203 

Alexius Ducas, or Mur- 

zuphlus - - 1203. 1204 

Aifieri - 1773. 1780. 1803 

Alfred the Great, 872. 888. 886. 
890. 901 

Algarotti - - - 1750 

. Algebra - - 400. 1412 

Algebraic geometry - - 1637 
Algerines, league against - 1749 

Algiers, bombardment 1682.1816 

Algiers, C - - - 1830 

Alhakem - - - 821 

Alhambra, palace - - 1273 

Alhazen - - - 1100 

All - - - 655.661 

Alice Maud, princess - 1843 

Alien Bill - - - 1793 

Aliwal, B. - - - 1846 

Allatius, Leo - - - 1650 

Alliance, Holy - 1815.1818 

Alliance, Quadruple -■ 1718.1745 

Alma, B. - • - 1854 

Almagro - - - 1527 

Almamun - - 813. 833 

Almanack, Nautical - - 1767 

Almanara, B. - - 1710 

Almanza, B. - - 1707 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



263 



Almanzor 
Almanzor 
Almeida, Francis 
Almeida, C. - 
Almeric I. 
Almohades - 
Almovavidcs - 
Al-Motawakel 
Al-Omra, Emirs 
Alp Arslan - 
Alphonsines - 
Alphonso I. - 

IV. 

VI 



A.C. 

754. 762 
996. 1001 

- 1604 
" 1810 

- 1163. 1171 

- 1120 
1061. 1097. 1120 

- 847 

- 93.5 
1056. 1071, 1072 

- 1252 



- 750 

- 925 
1065„ 1072. 1085. 

1109 

VII. - - 1109 

IX. '- - 1212 

X.- - 1252.1284 

XI. - 1340. 1350 

Alphonso I. of Portugal, 1139. 1172. 
1179 

. V. of Portugal, 1438. 1476 

VI. of Portugal, 1656. 

1667. 1683 
V. of Arragon, 1443. 1458 



Alphonso, Duke 
Al-Rhadi - 
Alva, Duke of, 
Alvares Cabral 
Amadeus III. 

V. - 

VIIL 

Amalasonta - 
Amaury 

Amboise, Cardinal - 
conspiracy of 



1503. 1511 

- 935 
1567. 1573 

- 1500 

- 1108 

- 1285 
1391. 1434 

- 553 
1163. 1171 

- 1498 

- 1560 

- 384 
1760. 1810 



Ambrose, bishop 
Amelia, Princess 
America, discovery of, 1492. 1493. 
1496. 1498. 1499. 1500 
American wars 1775.1783.1814 
American Independence - 1782 
Amerigo Vesputio - - 1499 

Amherst, Lord ■ - 1823 

Amiens, P. - - - 1802 

Ammonius Saccas - - 222 

Amoy, C. - - - 1841 

Amsterdam, F. - - 1345 

Amurath I. 1359. 1361. 1386. 1388 

II. 1422. 1443. 1447. 1451 

III. - - 1574 

IV. - 1623.1638 

Anabaptists - - 1535. 1537 
Anacletus - - - 78 
II. - 1130. 1138 



A C. 

31 



Ananias 

Anastasius I., emperor 491. 507. 512 



II. 

, antipope 

I., pope - 

iii. 

Ancram Muir, B. 
Anderson, James 
,Dr., E. - 

Andragathius 

Andrea, of Russia - 

Andreas 

Andrew II. of Bohemia 

Andrew of Hungary 



121 



Andrew of Hungary 
Andrew del Sarto 
Andrew Doria 
Andrews, H., astron. 
Andrew's, St., University 
Andronicus 
Andronicus Comnenus 
Andronicus II. 
Andronicus III. 
Andrussow, T. 
Angelo, Michael 
Anglerius 
Angles 
Angora, B. - 
Angouleme, Duke, 1814 
Anicetus 
Ankerstroom 
Anna Comnena 
Anne Romanowna - 

of Bohemia 

of Beaujeu 

of Bretagne 

of Hungary 

Boleyn 1527. 

of Cleves 

of Austria 

Queen 

Hyde 

of Russia 

, Princess, 

Annunciation, order of the - 1434 
Anschaire - - - 829 

Anselm 1061. 1084. 1096. 1097. 
1100 
Anson 1740. 1744. 1747. 1758 

Anterus - - - 235 

Anthemius - - 467. 472 

Antioch, C. - 261. 542. 1098 

, destroyed - 525. 59a 



713 

855 

398 

496 

911 

1545 

1780 

1800 

383 

1157 

1340 

1204 

1222. 

1245 

- 1345 

- 1517 

- 1528 
1800. 1820 

1411 
1068. 1071 
1183. 1185 

- 1283 

- 1328 

- 1667 
1503. 1517 

- 1509 

- 449 

- 1402 
1823. 1844 

- 157 

- 1792 

- 1100 

- 988 

- 1399 

- 1483 
1499. 1514 

- 1521 
1533. 1536 

- 1540 
1615. 1643 
1701. 1702 

1701 

- 1730 

- 1760 



S 4 



264 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



A.C. 

Antioch, B. - - - 610 
Antoninus Pius 138. 139. 145 

Antonius de Rusellis - 1453 

Antony - - - 305 

Antwerp, truce - - 1609 

, C. - - 1746. 1832 

Apion - - - 49 

Apollonius Tyaneus - ' 49 

Appian - - - 157 

Aquileia, B. - - 340. 392 

Arabic numerals - - 984 

Arago - - 1848, 1853 

Arblay, Madame d' - - 1840 

Arbogastes - - - 392 

Arbrissel, Robert of - - 1094 

Arbuthnot, Dr. - - 1720 

Arcadius - - 395. 404 
Archangel, passage by sea to, 1553 

Archelaus - - - 6 

Aryon, D' - - - 1782 

Areola, B. - - - 1796 

Arcot, C. - - - 1751 
Arctic exp. - 1818.1819.1845 

Ardoin -_ - - 1002 

Ardres, interview near - 1520 

Arensberg, diet - - 940 

Aretino Guido, mus. - - 1024 

Aretino Leonardo - - 1425 

Argyle - - - 1661 

Argyropylus, John - - 1453 

Ariadne - - 474. 491 
Arians - 325. 358. 365. 525 

Ariminum, council ' - - 359 

Ariosto . - - 1517 

Aristotle's philosophy 1209. 1215. 
1239. 1366 

Arius - - - 325 

Arkwright - - 1770. 1792 

Aries, council - - 314 

Aries, B. - - - 308 

Aries, kingdom - - 879 

Arlington - - - 1669 

Armada, Spanish - - 1588 

Armagnac - - 1393. 1444 
Armagh, archbishopric 472. 1202 

Armagh, C. - - - 1566 

Arminians - - - 1618 

Arminius - - - 1601 

Arminius - - - 9 

Arne, Dr. - - - 1760 

Arnobius . - - 250 

Arnold, or Arnulph - 887. 893 

Arnold of Brescia - 1 1 39. 1 1 54 

Arnold Winkelried - - 1386 

Arnold, Dr. T. - 1830. 1842 



A.C. 

- 1790 
887. 893 

- 1589 

- 1435 

- 138 

- 17 

- 743 
226. 232 

- 1332. 1382 
-508. 515. 542 

1189. 1199. 1202 

- 1509 
1850 
1539 
1562 
1595 

- 1302 
1099. 1177. 1192 

- 1550 

- 1816. 1838 

- 1669 

- 1809 

- 1803 

- 872 

- 1177 

- 1154 



Arnold, musician 

Arnulph, or Arnold 

Arques, B. - 

Arras, T. 

Arrianus 

Artabanus 

Artacazdus - 

Artaxerxes - 

Artevelde 

Arthur, King 

Arthur, Prince 

Arthur, Prince 

Arthur, Patrick, Prince 

Articles, Six - 

Articles, the Thirty- nine 

Articles, Lambeth 

Artois, Count 

Ascalon, B. - 

Ascham, Roger 

Ashe 

Ashley 

Aspern, B. - 

Assaye, B, - 

Asser 

Assize, Justices of 

Asti, C. 

Astronomical tables - - 1252 

Astulphus - 752. 753. 754. 755 

Atabeck-Zenghi - - 1145 

Atahualpa - - - 1533 

Athalaric - - - 533 

Athanasius - - 325. 337 

Atheism punished - - 1619 

Athelstan - - 925. 938 

Athenais - - - 42 1 

Athens, C. - - - 1826 

Athens, Revolution at - 1843 

Athlone, C. - - 1691 

Atra- - - 117.200 

Atticus - - - 157 

Attila 442. 445. 451. 452. 453 

Atterbury, bishop - - 1731 

Atwood, G. - - 1790. 1807 

Atwood, musician - 1816. 1838 
Aubin, St., B. - - 1488 

Auchmuty, General - - 1807 

Auckland, Governor-General 1836 
Audubon - _ - 1851 

Aughrim, B.- - - 1691 

Augsburg, league - - 1686 

Augsburg, P. - - 1555 

Augsburg, diet - 1530. 1547 

Augsburg, Confession - 1530 

Augustine - - 400. 410 

Augustine, the monk - 596 



EVENTS THAT OCCURREU A. C. 




265 


Augnstinian ordei- 


. 


A.C. 

- 1274 


Banister 


_ 


A.C. 

- 1835 


Augustulus, Romulus 


- 475 


Bank of Amsterdam 


. 


- 1609 


Augustus II. - 


1697. 


1704. 1709 


Bank of England 


- 


- 1594 


Aulic Council 


_ 


- 1512 


Banks, Sir J. 




1800. 1820 


Aulus Gellius 


. 


- 100 


Bannockburn, B. 


_ 


- 1314 


Aumale, d', duke of Guise - 1553 


Bannockburn 


_ 


- 1488 


Aumale, B. - 


- 


- 1592 


Barbadoes 


_ 


- 1625 


Aurelian 


- 


270. 273 


Barbarossa - 1516. 


1534. 1535 


Aurelius, Marcus 


- 


161. 171 


Barbaras, Hermolaus 


- 1480 


Aurengzebe 1658. 


1678 


1690. 1707 


Barbauld, Mrs 


. 


1800. 1825 


Auricular confession - 


440. 1215 


Barbeyrac 


_ 


1730. 1747 


Ausonius 


- 


- 375 


Barcelona, bombarded 


- 1842 


Austerlitz, B. 


_ 


- 1805 


Barcelona, C. 


. 


1705. 1714 


Austrian family 


- 


- 1273 


Barchochebas 


_ 


- 131 


Aventinus - 


- 


- 1517 


Barea Soranus 


- 


- 66 


Avicenna 


- 


- 1024 


Barga, Da - 




- 1670 


Avitus 


- 


- 455 


Barkiarok 




- 1092 


Azof, C. 


- 


1697. 1736 


Barnabas 




43. 45 


Azores, discovered - 


- 1431 


Barnet, B. - 




- 1471 








Barneveldt - 




- 1619 


B 






Baronets, created 




- 1611 


Baber 


- 


' 1526 


Barrosa, B. - 




- 1811 


Babington 


_ 


- 1586 


Barometer, invented 




- 1643 


Bacon, Lord - 


1597. 


1605. 1610 


Baronius, cardinal 




- 1601 




1620. 


1621. 1626 


Barricades, day of 




- 1648 


Bacon, Roger 


1252. 


1260. 1263 


Barry, painter 




1790. 1806 


Bacon, sculptor 


- 


- 1780 


Barrow, Isaac 


- 


- 1670 


Badajos, C. - 


- 


1811. 1812 


Barrow's Straits 


_ 


- 1819 


Baffin's Bay - 


. 


- 1616 


Barth, John 




1693 


Bagdad, F. - 


- 


- 762 


Barthelemy, abbe 


- 


- 1788 


Bagdad 1055. 


1392. 


1401. 1637 


Bartholomew Diaz 


- ■ 


- 1486 


Bagdad, C. - 


1258. 


1392. 1638 


Bartholomew, St. 


_ 


- 1572 


Bagnal, Marshal 


- 


- 1598 


Bartolus 


_ 


- 1350 


Bailly 


- 


- 178^ 


Barton, poet - 


- 


~ 1849 


Baird, St. David 


1799, 


1806. 1852 


Basil the Great 


_ 


- 375 


Bajazet I. 1389. 


1396. 


1397. 1402 


Basil or Basle, council 


- 1061 


Bajazet II. - 


- 


1481. 3512 


Basil, council 


- 


- 1431 


Balaklava, C. 


- 


- 1854 


Basil, schism 


- 


1439. 1449 


Balbinus 


_ 


- 238 


Basil, P. 


- 


- 1499 


Balboa, Nugnez 


- 


- 1513 


Basilius 


851. 867. 880 


Baldus 


- 


- 1350 


Basilius, or Basil II. 


975 


.1019.1025 


Baldwin 


- 


- 1060 


Basnage 




- 1710 


Baldwin 


1096. 


1100. 1104 


Basque Roads, B. 


- 


- 1809 


Baldwin IV. - 


- 


1173. 1185 


Bass's Straits 


- 


- 1797 


Baldwin 


1202. 


1204. 1206 


Bassompierre 


- 


- 1629 


Baldwin II. - 


- 


- 1228 


Bastille 


- 


1369. 1789 


Baliol, John - 


1290. 


1292. 1296 


Batavia, F. - 


- 


- 1621 


Baliol, Edward 


_ 


- 1332 


Bath, order of the 


. 


- 1399 


Ballin amuck, B 


_ 


- 1798 


Batou 


- 


- 1237 


Ballingarry - 


- 


- 1848 


Bautzen, B. - 


-- 


- 1813 


Balloon, first - 


- 


- 1783 


Bayard 1503. 1509 


1513. 1524 


Balmerino 


- 


- 1746 


Bayer 


- 


1601. 1603 


Balzac 


_ 


- 1654 


Baylcn, B. - 


- 


- 1808 


Bangor, monaster^ 


Y - 


- 530 


Bavlen, duke of 


- 


- 1852 


Banier 1618." 


1636. 


1639. 1641 


Bayle, Peter 


- 


1680. 1697 



266 



INDEX^ NO. 2. 



Bayley - - 1826. 1839 

Bayonets - - - 1670 

Beaton, cardinal - - 1546 

Beatrix - - - 1272 

Beattie - - 1780. 1803 

Beaumont - - - 1601 

Beckford - - - 1844 

Beckwith, General - - 1810 

Bede- - - - 718 

Bedell, bp. - - - 1640 

Bedford, Duke 1422. 1431. 1435 

Beeehey, Sir W. - 1816. 1839 
Beethoven, musician - 1800. 1827 

Behring _ - - 1728 

Belgrade, S. - - - 1456 

Belgrade, B. - - - 1717 

Belgrade, P. - - 1739 

Belgrade, C. - 1521. 1717. 1789 
1811 
Belisarius - 529. 532. 534. 537. 

540. 549. 558, 559, 560 

Bellarmine - - - 1610 

Belleisle, B. - - - 1759 

Belleisle, C. - - - 1761 

Belleisle, General - - 1742 

Bell ' - - 1816. 1832 

Bell, Sir Charles - 1826. 1842 

Bellingham - - - 1812 

Belsham - - - 1800 

Belzoni - 1815. 1820. 1823 

Benburb, B. - - - 1646 

Benedict, St. - - 529 

Benedict I., pope - - 574 

. II. - 684 (see 682) 

. . III. - - 855 

IV. - - 900 

V. - - 964 

YI. - 972. 974 

VII. - - 975 

VIII. - - 1012 

IX. 1033. 1044. 1046. 

1048 

X. - - - 1058 

XI. - 1303. 1307 

XIT. - - 1334 

. Xm. 1394. 1397. 1409. 

1414 

XIII., properly so 

called - - 1724 

XIV. - - 1740 

Benevento, B. - - 1266 

Bentham - - 1816. 1832 

Bentinck, Lord - - 1828 

Bentivoglio - - - 1630 

Bentley - - 1720. 1742 



Berengaria - - - 1199 

Berengarius - 1050. 1061. 1079 
Berengarius or Berenger I. - 890. 
904. 924 
Berengarius II. - - 962 

Berenger of Provence - 1084 

Beresford, General - 1806. 1811 
Beresina, Passage of - - 1812 

Bergen-op-Zoom, C. - 1747 

Bergen-op-Zoom - - 1814 

Berghen, B. - - - 1759 

Berkeley, bp. - 1730. 1753 

Berlin, University - - 1810 

Berlin, C. - - 1760. 1806 

Bermudas, discovered - 1527 

Bernadotte - 1810. 1818. 1844 
Bernard, king of Italy 810. 818 
Bernard of Menton - - 1008 

Bernard of Clairveaux 1115. 1 140. 
1145. 1147. 1153 
Bernard of Aschersleben - 1180 
Bernard, Duke - - 1638 

Bernardin, Sampson - - 1519 

Bernardin de St. Pierre - 1800 

Bernardins - - - 1115 

Bernini - - - 1670 

Berno - - - 910 

Bernouilli, John - - 1700 

Bernouilli, James - - 1700 

Berold - - - 1027 

Berri, Duke - - - 1820 

Berri, Duchess - - 1832 

Bertha - - - 926 

Bertha - - - 998 

Bertha - - - 1086 

Berthold IV. - - 1178 

Berthold V. - - - 1218 

Bertrade - - - 1088 

Berwick, B. - - - 1333 

Berwick, Duke 1707. 1714. 1734 
Berzelius, chemist - - 1848 

Bessarion, cardinal - - 1460 

Bessel - - - 1846 

Betham - - - 1853 

Bethencourt - - - 1402 

Beza, Theodore - - 1564 

Bhurtpore, C. - - 1826 

Bible, divided into chapters - 1228 

, commentaries on - 1331 

1810 

, Wickliffe's translation 1380 

, Polyglot - 1516. 1650 

, German translation - 1522 

, Cranmer's, or the Great 1530 

, Matthew's - - 1537 



EVENTS THAT OCCURKED A. C. 



267 



Bible, Douay version 


. T. - 


A.C. 

1609 


, Irish translation 


O.T. 


1640 


, Naval and 


Miliary 




Society 


- 


- 


1780 


, British and 


Foreign Society 








1804 


Bidassoa, passage of - 


1813. 


1823 


Bilboa, B. - " 


- 


_ 


1836 


Billingsley, Henry 


- 


- 


1570 


Bills of Exchange 


- 


1160. 


1307 


Birch, Dr. - 


- 


- 


1750 


Bird, painter 


. 


1810. 


1819 


Biren, duke of Courland 


_ 


1730 


Birkbeck, Dr. 


_ 


- 


1841 


Biron 


_ 


_ 


1602 


Bitonto, B. - 


_ 


_ 


1735 


Black, Dr. Joseph 


- 


- 


1780 


Black-hole (Calcutta) 


- 


1756 


Black death - 


1350. 


1361. 


1369 


Black Prince 


1346. 


1356. 


1367 


Blackwater, B. 


- 


- 


1598 


Blackstonc, Sir W. 


- 


. 


1770 


Bladensburg, B. 


_ 


. 


1814 


Blair, poet - 


- 


. 


1740 


Blair, Dr. Hugh 




- 


1780 


Blake 


_ 


1652. 


1654 


Blanc, Mont - 


. 


, 


1787 


Blanche of Castille 


_ 


, 


1226 


Blenheim, B. 


_ 


_ 


1704 


Blida, destroyed 


_ 


. 


1825 


Blois, assembly at 


- 


- 


1588 


Blood, circulation of - 


- 


1628 


Bloody Statute 


- 


- 


1539 


Bloomfield, R. 


- 


1810. 


1823 


Blount, Sir John 


_ 


_ 


1720 


Blucher 


, 


1815. 


1819 


Blues, faction of 


_ 


_ 


491 


Blumenbach - 


. 


- 


1816 


Boadicea 


- 


- 


61 


Bobio, monastery 


- 


- 


614 


Boccaccio 


- 


]350. 


1360 


Bochart 


- 


. 


1650 


Bockholdt, John 


- 


1535. 


1536 


Bode, astronomer 


- 


1800. 


1827 


Bodleian library 


- 


_ 


1598 


Boehmen 


- 


_ 


1620 


Boerhaave - 


. 


_ 


1710 


Boethius 


- 


500. 526 


Bcettinger, Dr. 


. 


- 


1846 


Bogoris 


- 


- 


861 


Bohemian or 


Moi 


avian 




Brethren - 


_ 


_ 


1459 


Boileau, Despreaux 


- 


1680. 


1711 


Boissot 


- 


_ 


1574 


Boleslaus II. of Bohemia 966. 967 



A.C. 

Boleslaus of Poland - - 999 
Boleslaus 11. of Poland - 1058 
Boleslaus III. of Poland 1124, 1139 
Bolingbroke, Lord - - 1710 
bolivar 1817. 1824. 1825. 1830 
Bolivia, republic - - 1825 
Bomarsund, C. - - 1854 
Bombay, ceded - - 1661 
Bonaparte 1793. 1795. 1796. 1798. 
1799. 1800. 1802. 1804. 1805. 1806 
Bonaparte, Lucien - 1799. 1840 
Bonaparte, Louis - 1806. 1810 
Bonaparte, Joseph - 1805.1808 
Bona Ventura - - - 1263 
Bonchamp - - - 1793 
Boniface, Count -• 429. 432 
Boniface or Winfrid - - 736 
Boniface of Tuscany - 828 
Boniface of Montferrat - 1202 
Boniface I. pope - - 419 
IL - - - 530 

IIL - - 606 

IV. - - 608 

V. - - - 619 

VL - - 896 

Vn. - - 974 

VIII 1294. 1300. 1301. 

1303 

IX. - - 1389 

Bonnet, Charles - - 1793 

Bonnivard - - - 1531 

Book of Common Prayer 1548.1551. 
1603. 1661 

Bordeaux, Duke - - 1820 

Borelli - . - 1670 

Borgia, Roderic - - 1492 

Borgia, Caesar - 1493. 1498 

Bornhseved, B. - - 1227 

Borziwoy ™ - _ §94 

Boscawen - - 1748. 1759 

Boson of Provence - - 879 

Bossuet 1680. 1685. 1697. 1704 

Boston - - 1773. 1774 

Boswell - - 1780. 1795 

Bosworth, B.- - - 1485 

Botany Bay - - 1760.1788 

Both well bridge, B. - -1679 

Bougainville- - - 1768 

Bouilland - . _ i650 

Boulogne, C- - - 1544 

Bounty, mutiny of the - 1790 

Bourbon, house of - - 1589 

Bourbon, Duke - - 1527 

Bourbon Island, C. - - 1810 

Bourdaloue - - 1680. 1704 



268 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



Bourdonnaye, La 


. 


_ 


A.C. 

1746 


Brunton, novelist 


A.C. 

' 1810 


Bourges, council 


- 


- 


1528 


Bruyere, La - 


- 1680 


Bouthillier de Kance - 


_ 


1664 


Bryant, antiquarian - 


1790. 1804 


Bouvines, B. - 


- 


- 


1214 


Brydges, Sir E. 


- 1810 


Bowditch, mathematician 


1838 


Bucer, theologian 


- 1540 


Bowdicb, traveller 


. 


. 


1824 


Buchan, traveller 


- 1818 


Bowles 


_ 


1789. 


1850 


Buchanan, Dr. Claudius 


- 1815 


Boyer 


1818. 


1820. 


1843 


Bucharest, P. 


- 1812 


Boyle, Robert 


- 


1680. 


1691 


Buckingham 1625. 


1627. 1628 


Boyne, B. - 


- 


- 


1690 


Buckingham 


- 1669 


Bozzaris, Marco 


- 


- 


1823 


Budseus 


- 1530 


Braddock 


. 


_ 


1754 


Bueno- Vista, B. 


- 1847 


Bradley 


1737 


1740. 


1762 


Buenos Ayres 1806. 1807. 1852. 


Bradwardine 


- 


- 


1348 




1853 


Braganza, duke of 


. 


. 


1640 


BuflPon 


1760. 1788 


Brand 


- 


- 


1790 


Bugenhagen - 


- 1539 


Brandon 


- 


- 


1509 


Bunker's Hill, B. - 


- 1775 


Brazil, discovery of - 


- 


1500 


Burckhardt - 


1810. 1818 


Breda, P. 


- 


- 


1667 


Burgos, S. - 


- 1812 


Bredei 


- 


- 


685 


Burgoyne 


- 1777 


Brehon laws - 


_ 


- 


1606 


Burgundian kingdom 


- 413 


Bremen, C. - 


- 


- 


1757 


Burgundian laws 


- 501 


Brenneville, B. 


_ 


- 


1119 


Burgundians - 


- 490 


Breslau, P. - 


- 


- 


1742 


Burgundy, house of 1263. 1361. 1363 


Bretigni, P. - 


_ 


- 


1360 


Buridan 


- 1322 


Brian Boroimlie, or 


Boru 1001 


1014 


Burke - 1780. 


1787. 1797 


Bridport, Lord 


- 




1795 


Burlamaqui - 


1730. 1748 


Brienne 


_ 


1787. 


1788 


Burmese War 


1824. 1852 


Briggs 


_ 


.. 


1620 


Burnes, Sir Alexander 


- 1841 


Brille, C. - 


- 


- 


1572 


Burnet, Thomas 


- 1680 


Brissot 


_ 


_ 


1793 


Burnet, bp. - 


1690. 1715 


Britain 


- 


- 


426 


Burney, Dr. - 


1800. 1814 


Britain, New- 


_ 


_ 


1700 


Burns, Robert 


1790. 1796 


Britannicus - 


_ 


- 


55 


Busaco, B. - 


- 1810 


Broglio, duke of 


_ 


_ 


1759 


Bushe, C. K. 


- 1843 


Brotier, critic 


_ 


_ 


1770 


Butler, bp. 1736. 


1740. 1752 


Brown, Dr. Thomas - 


1810. 


1820 


Butler, poet - 


- 1673 


Bruce, Robert 


- 


1306. 


1314 


Buy ides, 


- 945 


Bruce, Edward 


- 


- 


1316 


Buxar, B. 


- 1764 


Bruce, traveller 


» 


1768. 


1794 


Buxton, Sir T. E. - 


- 1845 


Brueys, Admiral 


- 


- 


1798 


Byblius, Philo 


- 100 


Brun, Le 


- 


_ 


1670 


Byng, Sir George 


- 1718 


Brun, Malte - 


_ 


1810. 


1826 


Byng, John 


1756, 1757 


Brune, General 


. 


- 


1799 


Byron, Lord 1807. 1812 


1816. 1824 


Brunechilda, or Brunehaut 571 


.596. 


Byron, Commodore - 


- 1764 








614 


Byzantium, S. 


- 195 


Brunei, Sir J. 


_ 


- 


1849 






Brunnen, League 


- 


- 


1315 


C. 




Bruno 


- 


- 


1084 


Cabades 


- 502. 519 


Bruno, Jordano 


_ 


. 


1601 


Cabal administration 


- 1669 


Brunsbury, B. 


, 


_ 


938 


Cabillauds, faction of 


- 1417 


Brussels, C. - 


_ 


- 


1746 


Cabot, Sebastian 


- 1496 


Brunswick, house of- 


1071 


1714 


Cabul, C. 


- 1842 


Brunswick, Dnke 


1787. 


1792. 


1806. 


Cadiz 


- 1587 








1815 


Cadiz, C. - 


- 1596 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



269 



Cadolaus 

Cadoudal 

Coesar Borgia 

Cgesarea, C. - 

Caiaphas 

Cairo, F. 

Cairo, C. - 

Caius, pope - 

Cajetaa 

Calais, C. - 

Calas, John - 

Calatrava, order of ■ 

Calcutta, C. - 

Calderon 

Calendar, reform of 

California 

Caligula 

Calixtines 

Calixtus I. - 

Calixtus II. - 

Calixtus III. - 

Callinicus 

Calmar, union of 

Calmet 

Calonne 

Calpe 

Calvin - 1535. 

Camaldulensian Order 

Cambaceres - 

Cambray, league of - 

Cambray, T. 

Cambridge University 

Cambridge, Duke 

Camden, W. 

Camden-to^vn, B. 

Camerarius 

Camisards (Protestants) 

Camlan, B. - 

Caraoens 

Campanella - 

Campanes 

Campbell, John 

Campbell. Dr. G. - 

Campbell, T. 1799. 

Campbell, General 

Camperdown, B. 

Campo Formio, P. - 

Canada, French colony 

Canada, C. - 

Canaries, discovered 

Candahar, B. 

CandoUe, De, botanist 

Canning 

Cannon first used 

Canonisation - 





A.C. 


_ 


1061 


_ 


1804 


1493. 


1498 


. 


261 


17. 37 1 


. 


969 


- 


1798 


_ 


283 


1517. 


1518 


1347. 


1558 


. 


1762 


. 


1158 


- 


1756 


. 


1650 


1752. 


1582 


- 


1847 


37. 38 i 


- 


1420 


- 


219 


1119 


1122 


1168. 


1455 


.. 


672 


1397. 


1523 


- 


1740 


1783, 


1787 


- 


713 


1540. 


1564 


- 


1023 


- 


1799 


. 


1508 


- 


1529 


_ 


915 


1818. 


1850 


. 


1610 


. 


1780 


. 


1560 


- 


1702 


_ 


542 


- 


1570 


. 


1620 


- 


1043 


- 


1760 


_ 


1780 


1816. 


1844 


1825. 


1852 


_ 


1797 


- 


1797 


- 


1604 


- 


1760 


> 


1402 


- 


1842 


. 


1841 


1822. 


1827 


1346. 


1383 


993. 


1179 



Canon law - - 1140. 1151 

Canossa, castle - - 1077 

Canova, sculptor - 1800. 1822 
Canton, blockaded - - 1840 

Canton, capitulation - - 1841 

Canute 1014. 1016, 1017. 1028 

1036 
Canute II. (Hardicanute) 1039. 

1036. 1041 
Canute VI. - - - 1183 

Cape Breton, C. 1745. 1758. 1763 
Cape of Good Hope 1486. 1497. 
1795. 1802. 1806 
Cape Verde Islands - - 1460 

Capetian dynasty - - 987 

Capitan Pacha - - 1770 

Capitularies - - - 800 

Capo d'Istria- - - 1828 

Cappel, B. - - - 1531 

Caracalla 208.211.212.215.217 
Caracci, Lewis Augustine and Han- 



nibal 
Caractacus - 
Carausius 
Caravajal 
Cardan, Jerome 
Cards invented 
Carey, Dr. - 
Caribbean islands 
Caribert 
Carinus 
Carissimi 
Carioman 
Carloman 
Carlos, Don - 
Carlos, Don - 
Carlovingian dynasty 
Carlowitz, P. 
Carmelite order 
Carnarvon, Lord 
Carnot 

Carolina colonised 
Caroline, Princess 
Caroline books 
Caroline Islands 
Caroline, Queen-consort 
Caroline, Queen - ' 

Carolostadt 1517. 

Carrickfergus, C 
Carteret 
Carthage, C.- 
Carthage, destroyed - 
Carthagena, S. 
Carthusians, order - 
Cartwright - 



- 1601 
51 

- 286 
■ - - 1852 

- 1560 

- 1393 

- 1799 

- 1493 

- 562 

- 282 

- 1660 

- 768 

- 879 
- 1731. 1735 

1830. 1833. 1839 

- 751 

- 1699 
1209. 1274 

- 1849 
1810. 1823 

- 1663 

- 1760 
787. 788 

- 1686 

- 1760 

- 1820 
1519. 1522 

- 1760 

- 1767 

- 439 

- 698 

- 1741 

- 1084 

- 1800 



270 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



Carus - - 282. 284 

Casaubon - - -1601 

Cashel, synod of - - 1172 

Casimir I. - - - 1041 

Casimir III., the Great 1333. 1370 

Casimir IV. - - . 1447 

Cassini 1665. 1667. 1670. 1671 



Cassiodorus - 


_ 


., 


500 


Cassius 


. 


_ 


162 


Cassius, Dion 


_ 


_ 


222 


Cassovia, B. - 


. 


1388. 


1644 


Castanos, General 


., 


1808. 


1852 


Castelvetro - 


» 




1 550 


Castruccio Castracani 


_ 


1328 


Catalani, vocalist 


_ 


_ 


1849 


Catania 


1169. 


1669. 


1693 


Cathcart, Lord 


- 


- 


1807 



Cathcart, General - - 1852 

Catherine of France - - 1422 

of Albret - - 1483 

of Arragon 1509. 1527. 

1533 

Howard - 1540. 1542 

Parr - - 1542 

de Medici - 1560. 1564 

I. - - 1725. 1727 

II. 1762. 1772. 1775. 1783. 

1796 
Catholic league - 1576. 1590 

Catinat - - 1690. 1693 

Cato Street conspiracy - 1820 



Cavaignac - 


- 


-■ 1848 


Cavalerius - 


.. 


1635. 1640 


Cavallo 


_ 


- 1790 


Cave, Dr. W. 


. 


- 1700 


Cavendish 


_ 


- 1588 


Cavendish - 


_ 


- 1780 


Cayenne, C. - 


_ 


- 1809 


Ceadwalla - 


- 


- 686 


Celestine I., pope 


- 


- 422 


II. 


- 


- 1143 


III. 1 


191. 


1192. 1194 


IV. 


_ 


- 1241 


V. - 


_ 


- 1294 


Cellemare 


. 


- 1718 


Centum Gravamina 


. 


- 1522 


Cerignole, B. 


„ 


- 1503 


Cerizoles, B. - 


. 


- 1544 


Cerularius - 


. 


1053. 1054 


Cervantes 


_ 


- 1601 


Cestius G alius 


_ 


65. 66 


Ceuta, C. 


- 


- 1415 


Ceylon, C. - 


_ 


- 1795 


Chalcedon, council of 


- 451 


Chalons-sur-Marne, 


B. 


- 451 



Chalcondylas, Laonicus - 1460 

Chalcondylas, Demetrius - 1499 
Chalmers, Dr. - - 1847 

Champollion- - 1828. 1832 

Chancelour ^ - . 1553 

Chamber of Reunion • - 1680 

Chandler, Dr. - 1764. 1810 

Chauning, Dr. - 1816. 1842 

Chanting introduced - - 602 

Chantrey, sculptor - 1816. 1841 
Chapman ~ - . 1620 

Chardin - - - 1678 

Charibert - - •- 628 

Charlemagne 768. 772. 774. 778. 
779. 781. 785. 794. 800. 801. 803. 
807. 814 
Charles Martel 715. 732. 736. 737 
Charles L the Bald -840.841,875 

II. le Gros - 880. 884 

III. the Simple 888. 898. 

905. 922. 929 

IV. the Fair- ~ 1322 

V. the Wise - - 1364 

VI. the Beloved 1380. 1382. 

1385. 1393. 1394. 1397 

— VII. the Victorious 1422. 

1429. 1435. 1438 

• VIII. the Affable - 1483. 

1494, 1495 
■ IX. - - - 1560 

X. - 1824. 1830. 1838 

of Anjou 1265. 1266. 1268. 

1284 

the Lame - ~ 1284 

the Bad - - 1349 

— IV. of Germany 1346.1347. 

1356 

the Bad of Navarre - 1349 

' the Dauphin- - 1358 

de Durazzo 1380. 1381. 

1386 

Cnutson - - 1448 

the Bold of Burgundy 1467. 

1468. 1476. 1478 

in. of Savoy 1504. 1508 

I. of Spain and V. of 

Germany 1500. 1516. 1519. 1521. 
1525, 1526, 1.527. 1535. 1538. 
1541. 1544. 1546. 1547. 1548. 

15.52. 1553. 1556. 1558 

Emmanuel the Great 1580 

L of England 1625, 1637. 

1642. 1644. 1645. 1647. 1649 

- n. of England 1651. 1660. 

1662. 1674. 1679. 1685 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



271 



Charles VIII of Sweden - 1448 

X. of Sweden 1654.1655 

II. of Spain - 1665. 1700 

III. of Lorraine 1670. 1687 

XL of Sweden - 1680 

XIL of Sweden 1697. 1700. 

1704. 1709. 1718 

Albert of Sardinia - 1848. 

1849 

VL of Germany 1706.1710. 

1711. 1713. 1715. 1740 

Arehdake 1796. 1800. 1809 

Emmanuel IIL - 1730 

VIL of Germany 1742. 1745 

Edward 1745. 1746. 1788 

Theodore, Elector, - 1777 

in. of Spain- - 1759 

IV. of Spain- 1788. 1808 

XIIL of Sweden 1809. 1814. 

1818 

Duke of Brunswick 1830 

• XIV. of Sweden 1818. 1844 

Charlestown, C. - - 1780 

Charlotte, Princess - 1816. 1817 
Charlotte, Queen - - 1818 

Charibert - - - 628 

Charobert - - - 1310 

Chartist Convention - - 1848 

Cbartreux order - - 1084 

Char trier, Alain - - 1400 

Chasse, General - - 1832 

Chateaubriand - 1800. 1848 

Chateau-Cambresis, T. - 1599 

Chatham, Earl - 1779, 1809 

Chatillon, B. - - - 1453 

Chatham, descent on - - 1667 

Chatterton, poet - - 1770 

Chaucer - - - 1378 

Cheke, Sir John - - 1550 

Chenier, Andre - - 1794 

Chereddin Barbarossa 1516. 1534. 

1535 
Chersou, F. - - - 1778 

Cherubini, musician - - 1800 

Cheselden - - - 1710 

Chesapeake, bay of - - 1607 

Chesterfield - - - 1750 

Chesney, Colonel - - 1835 

ChildebertL- ■ - 511 

Childebert IL - 593. 596 

Childebcrt IIL - - 695 

Childeric I. - - - 456 

Childeric IL of Austrasia •• 654 
Childeric II. of France - 715 

Childeric IIL - - 742 



Chili - 


1523. 1818 


ChiUon 


1263. 1531 


Chillianwallah, B. - 


- 1849 


Chillingworth 


- 1630 


Chilperic I. - 


562. 584 


Chinese war - 


1840. 1842 


Chinese rebellion 


- 1851 


Chioggia, B. - 


" 1380 


Chisme B. - 


- 1770 


Chobham 


- 1853 


Choczim, B. - 1673 


1739. 1769 


Choiseul 


1761. 1770 


Cholera 1831, 1832. 


1848. 1849 


Chosroes I. the Great 


519. 532. 




542. 579 


Chosroes II. - -610. 614. 625 


Christ Church, Dublin 


- 1040 


Christians, name of - 


- 43 


Christians, 1st persecution of 64 


2nd — 


95 


?rf1 


1 A*7 


dth 


11" 


■ 5th 


202 


6th 


235 


7th 


250 


Sth 


257 


9th 


272 


10th 


303 


at Lyons - 


- 177 


Christians, massacre of 


- 609 


Christian assemblies 


- 98 


school 


- 180 




- 516 


era - 


Christian L 1448. 


1457. 1468. 




1478 


IL 1513. 


1520, 1521. 




1523 


IIL 


- 1534 


IV. 


- 1626 


V.- 


- 1670 


VL 


- 1730 


VIL 


- 1766 


VIIL 


1839. 1848 


Christina 


1632. 1654 


Christina - 1833 


1840. 1841 


Christopher, antipope 


- 903 


Christopher the Bavarian 1440 


Christophe of Hayti 


1806. 1820 


Chrysolaras - 


- 1400 


Chrysopolis, B. 


- 323 


Chrysostom, Dion 


- ]00 


Chrysostom, John 


- 390 


Churchill 


- 1760 


Gibber 


1730. 1757 


Cid, the 


" 1060 



272 



INDEX, ISO. 2. 



A.O. 

Cimabue - - - 1300 

Cimarosa - - - 1790 

Cintra, convention of - 1808 

Cisalpine republic - - 1797 

Cistercians,orderof 1098. 1115. 1142 



Citeaux monastery - 

Ciudad Rodrigo, C. 

Civil law - 529. 

Civita Vecchia, C. 

CiviteUa, B. - 

Clairaut 

Clapperton - 

Clarence, duke of 

Clarendon, Constitutions of 

Clarendon, Lord 

Clarke, Dr. Samuel - 

Clarke, General 

Clarke, Dr. E. 1799. 

Clarke, Dr. Adam - 

Clarkson 

Claude, John 

Claudius, poet 

Claudius - 41. 42 

Claudius II. - 

Clavius 

Clement of Alexandria 

Clement I., pope 

II. - 

III. (antipope) 



- 1098 
1810. 1811 
1137. 1150 

- 1849 

- 1053 
1731. 1740 
1824. 1825 

- 1818 
1164 

- 1660 
1710. 1729 

- 1795 
1810. 1822 
1810. 1832 
1826. 1846 
1680. 1685 

- 400 
43. 48. 54 

268. 269 

- 1601 

- 200 
66. 91 

- 1046 
1080. 



III. 
IV. 
V. 
VI. 



VII. (at Avignon) 
VII. 



VIII. 

IX. 

X. - 

. XL 

XIL 

XIII. 

XIV. 

Clement, Jacques 
Clerical celibacy 
Clermont, council of 



1084. 1086. 1099 

- 1187 

- 1265 

- 1305 
1342. 1346. 1348. 

1350 
1378 
1523 

- 1592 

- 1667 

- 1670 
1713. 1715 

- 1730 

- 1758 
1769. 1773 

- 1589 



1700. 



Clifford 
Clissau, B. 
Clive 
Clodion 
Clodomir 
Clontarf, B. 
Closterseven, 
Clotaire I. 



- 1074 

- 1095 

- 1669 

- 1704 
- 1751.1757 

- 448 

- 511 

- 1014 
capitulation of 1757 

-511.558.562 



A.C. 

Clotaire IL - -584.613.614 

Clotilda - - - 496 

Clovis L 481. 486. 496. 500. 507, 
508. 510, 511 
Clovis IL - " - 638 

Clovis IIL - - - 692 

Clugni, monastery - 910. 927 

Coaches in England - - 1580 

Coalition against Francis I. - 1524 
Coalition against France — 

1st - - - 1793 

2nd- - - 1798 

3rd- - - 1805 

4th- - - 1806 

5th- - - 1809 

6th- - - 1813 

of Vienna - - 1815 

Coals - - - 1357 

Cobbett, William 1816.1835 

Cobham, Lord - - 1417 

Coblentz diet - - 1212 

Coburg, Prince of - - 1794 

Cochrane, Lord - 1809.1810 

Codinus - - - 1453 

Codrington, Admiral - 1827. 1828 
Coffee brought to England - 1641 
Cohorn, engineer - - 1690 

Coke, Sir Edward - - 1620 

Colbert 1661. 1663. 1666. 1683 

Colborne, Sir J. - - 1838 

Colet, Dean - - 1517. 1519 

Coleridge, S. T. - 1826. 1834 

Coleridge, Hartley - - 1849 

Coligni - - 1569. 1572 

Collard, Royer - - 1845 

Collins - - - 1750 

Colman, senior 1760. 1784. 1794 
Colman, junior 1784.1800.1836 
Collingwood, Lord - 1809. 1810 
Collot d'Herbois - - 1792 

Cologne, C. ~ - - 882 

Cologne, diet - - 1512 

Columba - - - 565 

Columbanus - - 589.614 

Columbia, republic of - 1819 

Columbus 1492. 1493. 1498. 1502. 
1506 
Columella - - - 49 

Combermere, Lord •- 1826.1812 
Commandine - - 1560 

Commodus - - 180, 192 

Commons, House of - - 1265 

Common Prayer, Book of - 1548. 
1551 
Commonwealth - - 1649 



EVENTS THAT OCCUREED A. C. 



273 



- 1770 
1780. 1794 

440. 1215 

- 1759 

- 530 

- 1710 

- 1803 

- 686 

- 912 
1024. 1027. 1034. 1100 
1125. 1138. 1140. 1147 



Complutensiau Polyglot Bible 1516 
Compostella, C. - - 996 

Corny n ... 1302 

Concini - - 1610. 1617 

Concordat of Worms - 1122, 1123 
Concordat . - - 1802 

Concordate - - - 1515 

Conde - 1560. 1562. 1569 

Conde, the Elder - 1618.1638 
Conde the Great 1643, 1644, 1645. 
1648. 1668. 1674 
Conde, C. - - 1793. 1795 

Condillac 
Condorcet 
Confession 
Conflans, Marshal 
Congal 
Congreve 
Cofigreve, Sir W. 
Conon, Pope 
Conrad I. 
. II. 

III. 

IV. - - 1250. 1254 

V. - - 1258. 1268 

Conrad - - 1093. 1100 

Constance of Bretagne - 1189 

Constance of Sicily - - 1189 

Constance, Council of 1414, 1415 
Constans I. - ■ 337. 340. 350 

II. - - 642. 658 

Constantine I. (the Great) 306. 311, 
312, 313. 323. 326. 328. 331. 337 

II. - 337. 340 

III. - - 641 

IV. - - 668 

V. 741.743.745.754.770 

780. 786. 788 
912. 915 

- 920 
975. 1025 

- 1042 
1059. 1068 
1068. 1071 
1448. 1453 

- 708 
328. 330 



^VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XI. 

XII. 

XIII. 

Constantine, Pope 

Constantinople, F. 

Constantinople, insurrection at 532 

Constantinople besieged 625. 668. 

672. 716 719. 907. 1397. 1422 

Constantinople, C 743. 754. 869. 

1203, 1204. 1453 

Constantinople, Councils of 381. 553. 

681. 754. 814. 869. 879 

Constantinus Manasses - 1150 



A.C. 

Constantius - - 292. 304. 306 

Constantius - 337. 348. 350. 356 
Convocation - - - 1663 

Convention, French - - 1792 

Cook, Captain 1769, 1770. 1773, 
1774. 1778, 1779 
Cooper, Sir Astley - 1826. 1841 
Cooper, J. F. - - 1851 

Copenhagen, C. - - 1700 

Copenhagen, B. - 1801. 1807 

Coote, Sir Eyre - 1759.1781 

Copernicus - - 1530. 1543 

Copley, J. S., painter 1780. 1815 
Coponius - - - 6 

Cordova, C. - - - 1236 

Corelli - - - 1700 

Corneille - - - 1670 

Cornelius - - - 42 

Cornelius, Pope - - 251 

Cornutus - - - 49 

Cornwallis 1780, 1781. 1786. 1792. 

1798 
Corpus Christi - - 1264 

Corri, musician - - 1800 

Corsica, C. 1730. 1736. 1755. 1794. 

1796 
Cortez - - - 1521 

Corunna, B. - - - 1809 

Coster - - - 1440 

Cosmo de Medici 1431. 1453. 1464. 
Cottin, Mad. - 1800. 1808 

Cotton, Sir Charles - - 1808 

Cotton, Sir Stapleton - 1812. 1826 
Council, Aulic - - 1512 

Courtenay, B. - - 1302 

Coutras, B. - - - 1587 

Covenant - - - i638 

Cowley - - - 1650 

Cowper - - 1780, 1800 

Coxe, Archd. - 1810. 1828 

Crabbe - - 1810. 1832 

Cracow, C. - - - 1846 

Craig - - - 1795 

Cranmer, Thomas - 1532. 1540 
Crantz - - - 1509 

Cravant, B. - - •• 1423 

Crecy, or Cressy, B. - - 1346 

Crefeld, B. - - - 1758 

Crespy, P. - - - 1544 

Crequi .... 1629 

Crequi - - 1670. 1675 

Crescentius - 974. 996. 998. 

Crimea 1736. 1771. 1774. 1783, 1784 
Crispus - - - 326 

Croja, S. - - - 1447 



274 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



1649, 
1653. 
1095, 



1670. 
1746, 



1816. 



Cromwell 1644, 1645. 

1651. 
Crusade 1st - 

1 2nd - 

3rd - 

4tli - 

. 5th - 

6tli - 

7th - 

8th - 

• 9th - 

10th 

Cuba, conquest of 

Cudworth 

CuUoden, B. - 

Cumberland, Duke - 

Cumberland, dramatist 

Cunningham - 

Cur ran 

Curtius, Q. - 

Cusanus, Nicolaus 

Custine 

Cuvier 

Cyprian 

Cyprus 

Cy renins 

Cyril 

Czernavoda, B. 

Czerni, George 

D. 

Dacier, Madame - - 1700 

Dagobert I. - - 628. 634 

n. - - 679 

III. - - 711 

Daguerre - - - 1851 

Daguerreotype - - 1839 

D'Albret - - ■ 1415 

D'Alembert - - 1751. 1770 

Dalhousie, Earl - - 1847 

Dalton, chemist - 1826. 1844 
Dalrymple (Lord Hailes) - 1770 

Damascenus - - - 718 

Damasus I., Pope - 366. 384 

II.- - - 1048 

Dambrowka - - - 966 

Damietta, C. - - 1219. 1249 

Damiens . . - 1757 

Dampier - - - 1700 

Dandolo - - - 1202 
Danes 787. 800. 832. 837. 867. 880. 

902. 1002. 1014. 1016. 1041 

Dante - - - 1300 

Danton - - 1792. 1794 

D'Anville - - - 1760 



A.C. 

1650, 
1658 
1096 

- 1147 
1189, 1190 

- 1194 

- 1202 

- 1217 

- 1228 

- 1239 

- 1248 

- 1270 

- 1511 
1678 
1746 
1747 
1790 
1842 
1800 

49 
1453 
1792 
1832 

- 248 

- 648 

- 6, 7 

- 431 

- 1854 
1804. 1817 



A.C. 

Dantzic, C. - - - 1807 

D'Arblay, Madame - - 1840 

D' Argon - - . 1732 

Darien - - - 1699 

Darnley - - 1561. 1567 

Daru, historian - 1810. 1829 



Darwin 


_ 


- 1780 


Dauhn 


1757 


1758. 1760 


D'Aumale 


- 


- 1553 


Dauphin 


- 


- 1349 


David I. 


_ 


1124. 1138 


David II. 


- 


1329. 1346 


David Comnenus 


_ 


- 1206 


David Comnenus 


- 


- 1466 


David, painter 


_ 


1800, 1825 


Davila 


_ 


- 1620 


Davoust 


- 


1806. 1809 


Davy, Sir Humphry - 


1816. 1829 


De Candolle, botanist 


- 1§41 


Decius 


- 


249. 251 


Decimal arithmetic 


_ 


- 1602 


Decretum 


. 


- 1151 


De Foe 


. 


1710. 1731 


De Forbin - 


. 


- 1693 


De Lally 


- 


1758, 1759 


Delambre 


- 


1800. 1822 


Delavigne 


- 


- 1843 


D'Elbee 


- 


- 1793 


Delhi, C. 


_ 


1398. 1739 


Delille 


. 


1790. 1813 


De Lolme 


- 


- 1771 


De Lyra 


. 


- 1331 


Demerara, C. 


. 


- 1803 


Demetrius - 


_ 


- 55 


Demetrius Chalcondylas 


- 1453 


Demoivre 


- 


- 1740 


Denain, B. - 


. 


- 1712 


D'Enghien - 


. 


- 1643 


D'Enghien - 


. 


- 1804 


Denham 


_ 


1643. 1650 


Denham, traveller 


_ 


- 1824 


Denis, St., church 


- 


- 1140 


Denis, St., B. 


_ 


- 1567 


Denon 


. 


1800. 1825 


De Nouailles 


_ 


- 1743 


Derby, Lord - 


- 


- 1852 


Dermod, M'Morogh - 


1153. 1168 


Derry, S. 


- 


- 1689 


De Saussure - 


- 


- 1787 


Descartes 1629, 


1630. 


1637. 1650 


Desiderius - 


-756, 757. 774 


Desiderius - 


_ 


- 1086 


Desmoulins - 


- 


- 1794 


Despard, Colonel 


- 


- 1803 


Dessalines - 1803, 


1804. 1806 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



275 



Dessau, B. - 


- 


1626 


I)e Stael, Baroness - 


- 


1800 


Dettingen, B. 


- 


1743 


Deus-dedit, Pope 


- 


615 


Diana, temple 


- 


260 


Diamond, B. of the - 


- 


1795 


Dibdin, C. - 


1790. 


1814 


Dibdin, T. - 


1826. 


1841 


Dibdin, Dr. - 


- 


1847 


Diderot 


1751 


1770 


Didot, Ambrose 


- 


1797 


Didius Julianus 


- 


193 


Dieskau 


- 


1755 


Digby, Sir Kenelm - 


- 


1640 


Dillenius 


- 


1730 



Diocletian 284. 286. 292. 295. 304 

Diogenes Laertius - - 200 

Dion Cassius - - 222 

Dion Chrysostom - - 100 

Dionysius . - - 203 
Dionysius, Bishop of Kome - 259 

Dionysius Exiguus - - 516 

Dionysius the Just - - 1279 

Diophantus - - - 400 

Dioscorus - - - 451 

Dirk I. or Thierry - - 955 

Dirk IV. - - - 1049 

Disraeli, Isaac - - 1848 

Dmitri Donskoy - _ 1362. 1380 
Docetse, or Apparitionists - 138 

Doddridge, Dr. - - 1730 

Dodsley - - - 1750 

Dodwell, H. - - - 1700 

Doheny - - - 1848 

Dolgoruki, Prince - - 1771 

Dollond - - - 1757 

Dolomieu - - - 1790 

Domenichino - - 1620 

Domitian - - 81. 96 

Dominic - - 1204. 1216 

Dominican order - 1204.1216 

Donald Bane - - 1093 

Donatello - - - 1458 

Donati - - - 1308 

Donatist controversy 311. 314 

Donatus - - - 314 

Donatus of Dublin - -1040 

Donizetti, musician - - 1848 

Donus I. - - - 676 

Donus II. - - - 974 

Doomsday Book - - 1079 

Dort, Synod of, - - 1618 
Dort, assembly of the states - 1572 

Douay Seminary - - 1568 

Douay Bible- - - 1609 



A.C. 

Douglas - - 1306. 1333 

Douglas - - 1388. 1402 
Douglas, Earl of Angus - 1509 

Douglas, Gawin - - 1509 

Doyle, Dr. - - - 1834 

Drake, Sir Francis 1580. 1586, 
1587, 1588 

Drebbel - - - 1609 

Dresden, P. - - - 1745 

Dresden, B. - - - 1813 

Dreux, B. - - - 1562 

Drogheda, Synod - -1152 

Drogheda, C. - - 1649 

Drummond - - - 1810 
Dryden - 1668. 1680. 1701 

Dublin, F. - - - 800 

Dublin, bishops of - 1040. 1181 

Dublin University - - 1591 

Dublin Society - - 1749 

Ducas, histoi-ian - - 1460 

Duckworth, Admiral 1803. 1807 

Dudley - - - 1554 

Duffy - - - 1848 

Duguay-Trouin - - 1711 
Duguesclin 1367, 1368. 1370. 1380 

Dugommier - - 1793, 1794 

Dumblain, B. - - 1715 

Dumouriez - - 1792, 1793 

Dunbar, B. - - - 1650 

Duncan - - - 1039 

Duncan II. - - - 1095 

Duncan, Admiral - - 1797 

Dundee, Viscount - - 1689 

Dundalk, B. ; 1315. (1318) 

Dungannon Convention - 1782 

Dunkirk - - 1658. 1662 

Dunois - - - 1453 

Dunstan - - - 955 

Du Pin - - - 1700 

Dupleix - - - 1748 

Dupont, General - - 1808 

Duprat - - - 1285 

Du Quesne - - 1676 1682 

Du Quesne, Fort - 1755.1758 

Durandus of Mende - - 1286 
Durandus of St. Porcain - 1331 

Durazzo, B. - - - 1081 

Durer, Albert - - 1509 

Durham, B. - - - 1346 

Durham, Earl - - 1838 

Duris Scotus - - 1300 
Dutch East India Company - 1602 



Earthquakes 



1693. 1755. 1783 



T 2 



276 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



A.C. 

Earthquake in Dublin - 1852 

East India (English) Company 

1600. 1690 
East India (Dutch) Company 1602 
Ebionites - - - 138 

Ecclesiastical Titles Bill - 1851 
Eck - - - - 1519 

Eckmiihl, B. - - 1809 

Eddjstone lighthouse - 1774 

Edessa, C. - - - 1145 

Edgar - - - 959 

Edgar Atheling - - 1068 

Edgar - - - 1098 

Edict of Restitution - - 1629 

Edinburgh, C. - - 1544 

Edinburgh Review - - 1802 

Edgehill, B. - - - 1642 

Edge worth - - 1810. 1849 

Edmund I. - - 940. 945 

Edmund II., Ironside 1016, 1017 
Edmund - - - 1272 

Edmund Mortimer - 1377. 1399 
Edmund, Duke of York -1377 

Edred - - - 947 

Edrisites - - 808. 908 

Edward I. - - 901,915 

II., the Martyr 975. 978 

III., the Confessor 1041. 

1048. 1059. 1066 

I. 1265. 1271, 1272. 1283. 

1292. 1296. 1298. 1304. 1307 

■ 11. 1307.1311.1314.1322. 

1326, 1327 

III. 1327. 1332, 1333. 

1337. 1340. 1346, 1347. 1349. 
1356. 1360. 1377 

IV. 1461. 1471. 1475. 1483 



1536. 1547. 



1332, 



V. - 

VI. - 

Bruce 

-^ — Baliol 

of Lancaster 

Edwards, Jonathan - 

Edwardes, Lieutenant 

Edwy 

Effingham 

Egbert the Great 827 

Egfrid 

Eginhard 

Egmont 

Elchingen, B. 

Eleanor of Provence 



1483 
1553 
1315 
1333 
1471 
1750 
1848 

955 
1596 

837 

- 685 

- 788 
1557. 1558. 1566 

- 1805 

- 1272 



832. 



Eleanor, of Guienne - 1137. 1152 
Eleanor, daughter of John - 1216 
Election of Popes - - 1059 



A.C. 

Electricity - - 1601. 1745 

Electric telegraph - - 1837 

Eleutherus - - - 176 

Elephant, order of the -1478 

Elfrida - - - 978 

Eliberis, Council of - - 305 

Elizabeth Wydville - - 1483 

Elizabeth - - 1483. 1485 

Ehzabeth, Queen 1533. 1558. 1570. 
1584. 1586. 1599. 1601. 1603 

Elizabeth, Princess - - 1649 

Elizabeth of Russia - 1741.1762 

Elizabeth, Madame - - 1794 

Elizabeth, Princess - - 1818 

Ellenborough, Lord - - 1842 

Elliott, Captain - - 1760 

Elliot, General - - 1779 

Elliot, Captain - - 1839 

Elmakin - - - 1263 

Elphinstone - - - 1795 

Emancipation Bill - - 1829 

Emesa, B. - - - 273 

Erairs-al-Omra - 935. 945 

Emma - - - 1001 

Emmanuel of Portugal - 1495 

Emmet, Robert - - 1803 
Encumbered Estates Court - 1849 

Encyclopedia - - 1751 

Enghien, Duke of - -1643 

Enghien, Duke of - - 1804 

Enniskillen - - - 1689 

Ephesus, Council of - - 431 

Epictetus - - - 81 

Episcopius, Simon - - 1618 

Erasmus - - - 1517 

Ercilla - - - 1580 

Erfurth, Conference at - 1808 

Eric X. - - - 1157 

Eric XIL - - - 1223 

Eric the Pomeranian - 1412 

Eric Vasa - - - 1520 

Eric XIV. - - - 1560 

Erie, canal - - - 1824 

Ernest - - - 1024 

Ernest Augustus - - 1837 

Ertogrul - - - 1288 

Espartero 1836. 1840, 1841, 1842, 
1843. 1847 

Essex - 1596. 1599. 1601. 

Esslingen, B. - - 1809 

Este, Borsa, marquis of - 1452 

EthelbaldIL - - 858 

Ethelbert - - - 861 

Ethelred - - - 866 
Ethelred IL 978. 1001, 1002. 1013 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



277 



Ethelwolf - 

Etna, Mount - 

Elides 

Eudocia 

Eudocia 

Eudoxia 

Eudoxia 



A.C. 

- 837 
- 1669. 1754 

887, 888. 922 
421. 439 

- 1068 

- 404 

- 455 



A.C. 

Famine in Ireland - - 1847 

Farquhar - - - 1700 

Fatimites - 908. 969. 1075. 1171 



Eugenius, Emperor - - 392 

Eugenius I , Pope - - 655 

II. - - 824 

III. - - 1145 

IV. 1431. 1438, 1439. 1447 

Eufjene, Prince 1697. 1701. 1704. 
1706. 1708, 1709. 1712. 1716, 
1717. 1736 
Eulalius, rival pope - - 419 

Euler - - 1748. 1760 

Euphrates Expedition - 1835 

Euric, King - - - 468 

Eusden - - - 1730 

Eusebius, Bp. of Rome - 310 

Eusebius, Christian writer - 331 
Eiistathius, Bp. - - 1185 

Eutychians - 451. 519. 681 

Eutychianus, Bp. of Rome - 275 
Eutyches - - - 451 

Eutvchius - - - 752 

Evans, General - 1835. 1854 

Evaristus - - - 100 

Evelyn, John - - 1680 

Evesham, B. - - - 1265 

Evremond, St. - - 1697 

Exchange, New - - 1842 

Excommunication - - 192 

Exeter, Bp. - •• - 1850 

Exhibitions - 1851, 1852, 1853 
Exmouth, Lord - - 1816 

Eylau, B. - - - 1807 



Fabianus - - - 
Factions of the Two Roses - 

Factions, Burgundian and 

Orleanais - - - 

Factions of the Hats and 

Bonnets - - - 

Factions of the Blues and 

Greens _ - - 
Feesulse, B.- 
Fahrenheit - - - 
Fairfax _ - - 
Falkceping, B. - - 
Falkirk, B. - - 1298. 
Falkland Isles 
Family Compact 



235 
1399 

1404 

1739 

491 
405 
1724 
1645 
1389 
1746 
1594 
1761 



- 1440 

- 326 

- 1556 

- 1675 
53. 56 

- 269 

- 356 

- 483 

- 526 
- 1439. 1449 

- 1628 
1686. 1697. 1700. 1715 



Faust 

Fausta 

Faustus Socinus 

Fehrbellin, B. 

Felix 

Felix I., Pope 

II. 

III. - 

IV. - 

V. 

Felton 
Fenelon 
Ferdinand I., the Great, of 
Spain - 1020. 1035. 1065 

II. - - 1158 

. ■ III. 1217. 1230. 1236 

IV. - - 1303 

. v., the Catholic 

1469. 1476. 1479. 1481. 1492. 
1496. 1500. 1508. 1512. 1516, 1517 

VI. - - 1746 

VII. 1808. 1814. 1820. 

1830. 1833 

I., of Germany 1521. 

1526. 1556 

II. 1619. 1621. 1629 

. III. - - 1637 

II., of Naples -1495 

IV. 1759. 1815. 1825 

II. of Two Sicilies 1830. 

1848 

I., of Austria 1835. 1848 

1758 

1519. 1521 

1542 

1836 

1846 

1020 

404 

1750 

1790 

1650 

1845 

1438 



of Brunswick 
Cortez 
Mendez Pinto 
Augustus 



Ferdinanda, Infanta of Spain 
Ferdusi 

Fergus I., king of Scotland 
Ferguson, James 
Ferguson, Adam, historian 
Fermat 

Ferozeshah, B. 
Ferrara, Council of - 
Feth-AH-Khan - 1797. 1834 

Festus - - - 56 

Feudal system 827. 923. 945. 1070. 
1451. 1789. 1811 
Ficinus - - - 1480 

Field of the Cloth of Gold - 1520 
Fielding - 1742. 1750. 1754 
Fiesco - - '■1547 



T 3 



278 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



Fieschi - - 1835 

Figuieres, C. - - 1794 

Filicaia - - 1700. 1707 

Finden, engraver - - 1852 

Fingal - - - 283 

Finiguerra, Tomaso - - 1458 

Finland - - - 1809 

Fitz-Ralph - - - 1347 

Five Hundred, Council of - 1799 

Fladenheim, 13. - - 1080 

Flagellants, societies of - 1263 

Flavio Gioia- - - 1300 

Flaxman, sculptor - 1810.1826 

Flechier - - - 1687 

Fleur-de-lis - - - 1154 

Fleurus, B. - - 1690. 1794 

Fleury - - - 1710 

Fleury, Cardinal - 1726. 1743 

Flodden, B. - - - 1513 

Flood, Henry - - 1796 

Florence, Council of- - 1439 

Florence, C. - - - 1530 

Floras - - - 67 

Florus, historian - - 1 00 

Fludd - - - 1620 

Flushing, C- - - - 1809 

Fontarabia, S. - - 1638 

Fontenay, B. - - 841 

Fontenelle - - -1720 

Fontenoy, B. - - 1745 

Fontevraud, Order of - 1094 

Foranuovo, or Fornova, B. - 1495 

Forbin, De - - - 1693 

Fordyce, Lieut. -Col. - 1851 

Formosus - - - 891 

Fornova, or Foranuovo, B. - 1495 

Forsyth, Alexander - - 1803 

Fortunatus - - - 578 

Foscolo, Ugo - - 1810 

Foster - - 1826. 1843 

Fotheringay castle - - 1587 

Fouche - - - 1804 

Foulques - - - 1202 

Fouquet - - - 1661 

Fox, Charles James - - 1806 

Fox, George - - - 1649 

Fox, CouTmodore - - 1747 

Francis I., of France 1515. 1520, 

1521. 1524, 1525, 1526. 1529. 
1538. 1544. 1547 

II. - - 1558, 1559 

I., of Austria - 1804. 1835 

Joseph of Austria - 1848 

I., of the Two Sicilies 1825. 

1830 



Francis I., of Germany 

Almeida 

Xavier 

of Assisi 

of Paulo 

John - 

Franciscan Order 
Franconia, dynasty of 
Frankfort, Council of 
Franklin, philosopher 



A.C. 

1745 

1792. 1797. 

1804 

- 1505 

- 1534 

- 1209 

- 1467 

- 1842 

- 1209 

- 1024 

- 794 
1752. 1760. 

1790 

- 1845 
420. 428 

- 1302 

- 1807 
571. 584 

1523 

- 1559 
1648. 1660. 1701 

- 1699 



Franklin, Sir John - 
Franks 
Fraser 

Fraser, General 
Fredegonda - 
Frederic I., of Denmark 
II. 

III. 

IV.- 

V, - - - 1746 

• VI.- - - 1808 

VIL - - 1848 

I., of Prussia - 1701 

II., the Great 1740, 1741. 

1744. 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 

1760. 1772. 1779. 1786 

William I. - - 1713 

II. _ 1786.1797 

— ^IIl. - 1797 

• ^IV. - 1840 



Barbarossa 1152. 



1154. 
1164. 



1156. 1158, 1159. 1162 
1167. 1176, 1177. 1180. 1189. 

1190 

Frederick II. 1212. 1218. 1226, 

1227, 1228. 1239. 1245. 1250 

III., the Fair 1314. 1319. 

1322 

IV. - - 1440 

of Hohenzollern 1415 

of Austria- - 1268 

the Warlike 1409. 1423 

the Wise - - 1517 

of Arragon - 1496 

the Elector 1620, 1621 

I., Duke of Prussia 1 640 

1675 

, king of Sweden 

III., of Poland 

Prince of Wales 



Frederickshall, 8. 
Frederickstadt, B. 



1720 
1733 
1760 
1718 
1850 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



279 



A.C. 

Fredigaire - - - 718 

Free Companies - - 1360 

Freemasons - - - 926 
Free Presbyterian Church - 1843 

Free trade - - - 1823 

French Academy, F. - 1635 

French Revolution - - 1789 

Freret - - . 1730 

Freyburg, F. - - 1178 

Friars, mendicant - - 1209 

Friburg, B. - - - 1644 

Friedland, B. - - 1807 

Frobisher, Sir Martin - 1576 

Froissart . _ - 1364 

Fronde, civil war of the - 1648 

Fulbert - - - 1017 

Fulton - - - 1807 

Furst - - - 1307 
Fuseli, painter - 1800. 1825 

Fust, Sir H. J. - - 1852 

G. 

Gadara, C. - - - 68 

Gaeta, C. - - - 1503 

Gaeta - - 1848, 1849 

Gainsborough - - 1768 

Galba - - 68. 69 
Galerius 292. 297. 304, 305. 311 

Galileo - 1610. 1632. 1642 

Galileo, the younger - - 1641 

Galissonniere, La - - 1 756 

Galitzin - - - 1769 

Gall, St., monastery - - 614 

Gall, Dr. - 1803. 1616. 1828 

Galle, astronomer - - 1847 

Galilean Church 1269. 1438. 1682 

Gallienus - - 260. 268 

Gallic . - - - 51 

Gallipoli, C. - - - 1358 

Gallus - - 251. 254 

Gait - - - 1816. 1839 

Galvani - 1790, 1791. 1798 

Gamaliel - - - 19 
Gambler, Admiral - 1807. 1809 

Garcias Ximenes - - 858 

Garcias - - 1035. 1065 

Gamier- Pages - - 1848 

Garrick - - 1741. 1760 

Garter, Order of - - 1349 

Gas introduced - 1792. 1807 

Gassendi - 1630, 1631. 1655 

Gaston de Foix - - 1512 

Gates, General - - 1777 

Gaveston - - 1307. 1311 

Gay - - 1711. 1720. 1726 



Gaza, C. 
Ged, W. 
Gedimin 

Gelasius I., Pope 
Gelasius II. - 
Gelimer 
Gellius, Aulus 
Gell, Sir W. 
Gemblours, B. 
Geminiani 
Gemistius Pletho 



A.C. 

- 1797 

- 1797 

- 1320 

- 492 
1118, 1119 

- 534 

- 100 
1810. 1836 

- 1578 

- 1750 

- 1439 



Genghis Khan 1202. 1215. 1221. 

1227 
Genghiskanides - - 1368 

Genlis, Countess of - 1800. 1830 
Gennadius - - - 472 

Genoa, Republic 1060. 1290. 1409. 

1528 
Genoa, University - - 1365 

Genoa, C. - - - 1685 

Genseric - 429. 439. 455 

GeofiFrey - - - 1189 

George Hermonymus - 1453 

George Codinus - - 1453 

George of Purbach - - 1455 

George Scholarius - - 1455 

George Dodiebrad - - 1458 

George of Trebisond - 1460 

George, Fort St. - - 1640 

George I. - - 1714. 1727 

11. - - 1727. 1760 

III. 1760. 1809. 1811. 

1820 

IV. 1820, 1821. 1830 

. Frederick, of Hanover 

1851 
Gerard of Alsace - - 1 048 

Gerard, painter - - 1816 

Gerbert - - - 999 

Germain en Laye, St., T. - 1570 
Germanicus - - 14. 19 

Gerson, John - - 1414 

Gervase - - - 120O 

Gesenius - - _ 1342 

Gesler - - _ 1307 

Gesner, Conrad - - 1550 

Gesner, poet - - 1760. 1788 

Geta- - 208.211,212 

Get® - - - 517 

Ghent, Rebellion - - 1540 

Ghent, Pacification - - 1576 

Ghent, P. - - - 1814 

Ghibellines - - - 1139 

Gibbon - 1776. 1780. 1794 

Gibraltar - - - 713 



T 4 



280 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



Gibraltar, C. 


A.C. 

1303. 1704 


A.C. 

Gospel preached in England - 657 


Gibraltar, S. 1727. 


1779. 1782 




- Germany 736 


Gibraltar, B. 

Gifford - 1809 


- 1759 
1810. 1826 




T^on Yv» o vL- 


and Sweden 


- 829 


Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 


- 1578 




Bulgaria - 861 


Gilbert, physician 


- 1601 





- Bohemia 894. 


Gilbert, General 


- 1845 




967 


Gildo 


- 397 




- ^Jr\T»Tn *:i'rtATT Q 1 1 




- xN ormanciy y 1 1 


Gillebert, Bp. 


1118. 1139 




- Norway - 945 




Gillies 


1816. 1836 




- Kussia - 988 


Ginckle 


- 1691 




Transylvania 




Gioia 


- 1300 




1002 


Giorgone 
Giotto 


- 1509 

- 1300 




- T^r\m QT^a n 1 o 1 1 O/^ 




x^omeranid iiz* 
- Sclavonia 1124 


Girardon 


- 1700 




-Finland - 1157 


Glasgow University - 


- 1451 




- China - 1288 


Glencoe, massacre of 


- 1692 




- Africa - 1300 


Gloucester, Duke 


1422. 1471 


Gospels (The) translated into 


Glover, poet - 


- 1770 


French 


- 1160 


Gliick, musician 


- 1770 


Printed in 


English - 1526 


Glycerins 


473, 474 


Phrmi'^h +""""'"*''"" ^ '^°'^ 






Gmelin, chemist 
Gnostic school 


- 1790 

- 138 


Tt.;<^T-. 4"nnT^r^1<-. + ;^.-. 1 C ClO 


Gothard, St., B. 


- 1664 


Goderich, Prime Minister - 1827 


Gothic style - 


- 1005 


Godfreyof Bouillon 1096. 1099. 1100 


Goths 222. 253. 269. 376. 378. 383. 


Godwin 


- 1054 




405. 417. 428 


Goethe - 1774. 


1790. 1832 


Gottingen 


- 1750 


Goito, B. 


- 1848 


Gough, Sir Hugh (now Viscount) 


Gold in California - 


- 1847 


1841. 1845. 


1846. 1848, 1849 


. in Australia 


- 1851 


Gower 


- 1378 


Golden Bull •• 


- 1356 


Gowrie 


- 1582. 1600 


Golden Book 


- 1297 


Graham, General 


1811, 1813, 1814 


Golden Fleece, Order of the - 1430 


Grahame, poet 


- 1800. 1811 


Goldsmith - 


1760. 1774 


Grainger 


- 1760 


Goldoni 


- 1760 


Grammont - 


- 1644 


Gondebald - 490. 500. 501. 516 


Gran, B. 


- 1849 


Gonsalvo 


- 1035 


Granada, C. - 


- 1492 


Gon salvo of Cordova 


- 1503 


Granson, B. - 


- 1476 


Gontran 


562. 593 


Grasse, Count de 


- 1781, 1782 


Good Hope, Cape 1486. 


1497. 1651. 


Gratian, Emperor 


367. 375. 379. 




1795. 1806 




383 


Goodwin Sands, B. - 


- 1652 


Gratian 


- 1150 


Goojerat, B. - 


- 1849 


Grattan 


- 1800 


Gordians, I. II. III. - 


- 238 


Gratus 


17. 26 


Gordian III. - 


242. 244 


Gravelines, B. 


- 1558 


Goree, C. - 


- 1758 


Gray 


1747. 1760. 1770 


Gorgey 


- 1849 


Greek Empire of Nice - 1206 


Gorham - - 


- 1850 


Greek Eevolution 


- 1821, 1822 


Gortschakoff, General 


- 1854 


Greens, faction of the - 491 


Gortz, Count 


- 1719 


Greenland, discovered - 982 


Goselin 


- 887 


Greenwich Observatory - 1675 


Gospel preached in Switzer- 


Gregorian Codes 


- 290 


land 


- 300 


Gregory Nazianzen - - 375 


Pirt" 'ifi'i 


Gregory of Tours - - 578 
Gregory I., the Great, Pope - 590 


Saxony - 596 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



281 



Gregory II. - 

III. - 

IV. - 

V. - 

— VI. - 

VII. 



A.C. 

715. 728 

- 732 

- 828 
996. 998. 1012 
- 1044. 1046 

1073, 1074, 1075, 
1076, 1077. 1079, 1080. 1084, 1085 
VIII. 1118, 1119. 1187 

IX. - 1227. 1234. 1239 

X. - - 1271. 1274 

XL - - 1370. 1377 

XII. 1406. 1409. 1414 

XIII. - 1572. 1582 

XIV. - - 1590 

XV. - - 1621 

Dr. Olinthus 1826. 1841 

James - 1663. 1670 

David - - 1700 

Grenville, Lord - - 1806 

Gresham, Sir Thomas -1569 

Grey, Earl - - - 1830 

Grimaldi - - - 1653 

Grose, antiquarian - - 1770 

Gros Jagersdorff, B. - - 1757 

Grotius - 1620. 1625. 1645 

Gronovius - - - 1700 

Gaadaloupe, C. - - 1810 

Gualfredo - - - 1084 

Gualter Vinesauf - - 1200 

Guarini - - - 1601 

Guatimozin - - - 1521 

Gaastalla, B. - - - 1735 

Guebriant - - - 1641 

Guelf or Guelph 1071. 1089. 1140 
Guelph, house of - 1180.1233 
Guelph VI. - - - 1158 

Guelphs and Ghibellines 1139. 1235 
Guericke, Otto - - 1654 

Guibert - - - 1080 

Guicciardini - - - 1530 

Guido Aretino - - 1024 

Guido, painter - - 1630 

Guildford, Dudley - - 1554 

Guinea discovered - - 1461 

Guiscard - - - 1102 

Guise, duke of 1558. 1560. 1562.^ 

1563 
Guise, Henry of - 1576.1588 
Gunpo-wder invented - 1340 

Gunpowder plot - - 1605 

Gunther - - - 1100 

Gunther - - - 1209 

Gum . _ . 934 

Gustavus Vasa 1520. 1521. 1523. 

1560 



A.C. 

Gustavus Adolphus 1611. 1618. 
1630, 1631, 1632 
Gustavus Til. - 1771. 1792 

Gustavus IV. - 1792. 1809 

Guthrie - - - 1750 

Guttenberg - - - 1440 

Guthrum ... §80 
Guy - - - 890. 893. 928 

Guyon ... 1687 

Gwalior, C. - - - 1843 

Gyraldus Cambrensis - 1200 

H. 

Habeas Corpus 1679. 1794. 1817 

Haco - _ _ 945 

Haerlem, C. - - - 1573 

Hagarenes - - 117. 200 

Hague, Triple Alliance - 1668 

Hahnemann - - 1796. 1843 

Hail Storm - - - 1850 

Hale, Sir Matthew - - 1660 

Hales, Alexander - - 1239 

Halidoun Hill, B. - - 1333 

Halifax, F. - - - 1749 

Hall, More - - - 1729 

Hall, Eobert - - 1800. 1831 

Hall, Basil - - 1830. 1844 

Haller - - 1760. 1777 

Halley - - 1710. 1742 

Hamburgh, C. - 845. 1806 

Hame^ons, Faction - - 1417 

Hamilton - - - 1816 

Hamilton, Sir W. - - 1843 

Hampden - - - 1637 
Hampton Court Conference - 1603 

Handel - 1704. 1741. 1759 

Hannibal Caracci - - 1601 

Hanno . . _ io56 
Hanover - 1806. 1810. 1830 

Hanover, alliance of - - 1725 

Hanseatic League - 1241. 1370 

Hans Sach - - - 1570 

Han way, philanthropist - 1770 

Hapsburg dynasty - - 1282 

Harald - - - 826 

Harald Blaatand - 941. 949 

Hardicanute 1036. 1039. 1041 

Harding, astronomer - 1 804 

Hardinge - - 1844. 1846 

Harduin - - - 1700 

Hardy - - - 1794 

Hargreaves - - - 1767 

Hariri - - - 1116 

Harney, General - - 1852 

Harold Harfager - 875, 1066 



282 



INDEX^ NO. 2. 



Harold!., Harefoot - - 1036 

Harold - - - 1066 

Haroun-Al-Raschid 785. 807. 813 
Harriot - - - 1610 

Harris, R. - - - 1641 

Harris, General - - 1799 

Harrison, John 1735. 1750. 1759 
Harrison, President - - 1841 

Harvey, - 1619. 1620. 1628 

Haschem or Hissem, Caliph 

996. 1027 
Hassan - - - 661 

Hastings, B. - - - 1066 

Hastings, Warren - 1774. 1787 

1795 
Hastings, Lord - 1813. 1817 

Hauy - - - 1810 

Havannah - - 1762, 1763 

Hawke - - 1747. 1758 

Hawkins - - 1588. 1594 

Hawley - - - 1746 

Haydn, musician - 1800. 1809 
Hay don, painter - 1816. 1846 
Hayley - - 1800. 1820 

Haynau, Marshal 1849, 1850. 1853 
Hayti 1791. 1802, 1803. 1818. 1846. 

1849 
Hazlitt - - 1816. 1830 

Head, Sir F. - - 1837 

Head-act - - - 1465 

Heber, Bp. - - 1816. 1826 

Hebert - - - 1794 

Hedgely, B. - - - 1464 

Heeren - - 1826. 1842 

Hegel - - 1810. 1831 

Hegyra of Mahomet - - 622 

Heidelberg, university of - 1386 
Heinsius, Anthony - - 1703 

Heinsius, D. - " - - 1640 

Helena, St. - - 1815. 1840 

Helena Victoria - - 1846 

Heliogabalus- - 218.222 

Heliopolis, B. - - 1800 

Helvetia - - - 1218 

Helvetius - - - 1759 

Hemans, Mrs. - 1826. 1835 

Hengist - - - 451 

Henoticon - - 482. 518 

Henrietta Maria - - 1649 

Henrietta of Orleans - - 1649 

Henry I of England 1087. 1100. 
1116. 1119. 1135 

II., Plantagenet 1152. 1154. 

1158. 1168. 1171. 1172, 1175. 

1189 



Henry III. 1216. 1258. 1264, 1265. 
1272 

IV. - 1399. 1409. 1413 

V. 1413. 1415. 1418. 1420, 

1421, 1422 

VI. 1422, 1423. 1455. 1460. 

1470, 1471 

VII. 1485. 1487. 1502. 1509 

VIII. 1509. 1511. 1513. 

1520. 1527. 1533, 1534, 1535, 

1536. 1539, 1540. 1542. 1544. 

1547 

T. of France - 1031.1032 

11. - - - 1547 

III. 1573,1574.1588,1589 

IV. 1587. 1589, 1590. 1592, 

1593. 1597. 1600. 1610 

I., the Fowler, of Germany 

920. 925. 929. 932. 934 

II. - 1002.1012.1024 

III., the Black 1039. 1043. 

1046. 1049. 1055 

IV. 1056. 1061. 1071. 1073. 

1076,1077.1080,1081.1084. 

1093. 1100. 1105 

V. 1100.1105,1106.1111, 

1112. 1116. 1118. 1122.1125 

VI. 1190.1192.1194.1197 

VII. - - - 1308 

of Burgundy - 1094 

the Superb - -1138 

the Lion 1142. 1156. 1180 

prince, of England - 1189 

of Constantinople - 1206 

of Navarre •• - 1274 

■ of Transtamere - 1368 

Hotspur - 1402, 1403 

IV., of Castile 1464. 1468. 

1474 

d'Albret - - 1527 

duke of Guise 1576. 1588 

duke of Rohan - 1635 

— of Gloucester - 1649 

Matthew - - 1714 

Heptarchy - - 451. 827 

Heracleonas - - - 641 

Heraclius - 610. 621. 628. 64i 
Heraclius - - - 700 

Herbert, G. - - - 1620 

Herculaneum - 79. 1708 

Herder - - 1790. 1803 

Herman of Luxemburg - 1081 

Herman Contractus - - 1043 

Hermenegild- - - 585 

Hermoginian Codes - - 290 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



283 



Hermonymus 


. 


A.C. 

- 1453 


Herod Antipas 


- 


28. 40 


Herod Philip 


- 


34. 38 


Herod Agrippa 


- 38. 40. 42. 44 


Herodian 


- 


- 222 


Herschel, Miss 


_ 


- 1848 


Herschel, Sir W. 1781. 


1789. 1800. 






1822 


Hertford, Earl 


_ 


- 1544 


Heruli 267. 269. 476. 493. 512 


Hervey 


- 


- 1750 


Hervey, Admiral 


- 


- 1797 


Hexham, John of 


. 


- 1160 


Hexham, B. - 


- 


- 1464 


Heyne 


- 


1790. 1812 


Hilarius, Bishop of Rome - 461 


Hilary 


- 


- 331 


Hildebrand - 


- 


1061. 1073 


Hissem, or Haschem - 


996. 1027 


Hobbes 


- 


1650, 1651 


Hoche 


- 


1795, 1796 


Hochkirchen, B. 


_ 


- 1758 


Hoffmann, Daniel 


. 


- 1603 


Hofland, Mrs., novelist 


- 1844 


Hogarth 


- 


- 1750 


Hogg 


- 


1816. 1835 


Hohenlinden, B. 


. 


- 1800 


Hobenlohe, Prince 


- 


1806. 1849 


Hohenstaufen, house of 1138. 1156. 






1268 


Holagu 


- 


- 1258 


Holbein 


- 


- 1540 


Holcroft 


_ 


- 1800 


Holstein, house of 


_ 


- 1448 


Holstein, T^var of 


- 


1848. 1851 


Holy Coat - 


- 


- 1844 


Holy League 


- 


- 1511 


Holy Alliance 


- 


- 1815 


Home, dramatist 


-- 


1756. 1808 


Homeldon Hill, B. 


- 


- 1402 


Homoeopathy 


- 


1796. 1835 


Hondscote, B. 


. 


- 1793 


Honorius - 395. 397. 403. 419 


Honorius I., Pope 


- 


- 625 


II. 


. 


1124. 1130 


III. 


- 


1216. 1218 


IV. 


_ 


- 1285 


Hood, Lord - 


- 


- 1793 


Hood 


- 


1830. 1845 


Hooker, Richard 


- 


- 1580 


Hooke, Dr. - 


_ 


- 1670 


Hooke, N. - 


. 


- 1750 


Hook, Theodore 


> 


1830. 1841 


Hooper, Bp. - 


» 


- 1555 


Hormisdas, Pope 


- 


- 514 



Hormisdas IV., king of Persia 579 
Horn, Count- - - 1566 

Horn, Cape - - 1616. 1740 

Home, Andrew - - 1340 

Home, Bp. - - 1770. 1792 

Horrox - - - 1639 

Horrebow - - - 1659 

Horsa - - - 451 

Horsley, Bp, - - 1790. 1806 

Hosein - - 908. 1370 

Hospital of Quinze Vingts - 1260 
Hospitallers, Knights - 1291 

Houchard - - - 1793 

House of Commons - - 1265 

House of Commons, Ireland - 1606 
Howard, Catherine - - 1540 

Howard, Lord - - 1588 

Howard, philanthropist 1770. 1790 
Howe - - 1777. 1794 

Howel-Dha - - - 940 

Hubertsburg, T. - - 1763 

Hudson - - - 1610 

Huet- - - - 1680 

Hugh of Provence - - 926 

Hugh, the Great - 955, 956 

Hugh Capet - - 956. 987. 996 

Hugh of Vermandois - 1096 

Hughes, Sir Edward - - 1782 

Hugo of St. Victor - -1140 

Huguenots - - 1620. 1629 

Humbert White Hands - 1027 

Humbert II., of Dauphiny - 1349 
Humbert, General - - 1798 

Humboldt - - 1799. 1835 

Hume, D. 1738. 1754. 1760. 1776 
Humphrey ... 1053 
Hungarians - - - 887 

Hungary, war in - 1848. 1849 
Huns 376. 383. 395. 558. 794 

Hurd, Bp. - - 1780. 1808 

Huskisson - - 1823. 1830 

Huss, John - - 1408. 1415 

Hussites - - 1418. 1420 

Hutchinson, General - - 1801 

Hutton, James - - 1780 

Hutton, Charles - 1800. 1823 

Huyghens 1641. 1655. 1659. 1680. 
1695 
Hyder-AUy 1760. 1780, 1781, 1782 
Hyginus - - 66. 139 

Hypathia - _ _ 400 



Ibrahim 



1G40 



284 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



A.C. 

Ibrahim Pacha 1825, 1826. 1828. 
1832, 1833. 1849 

Ida - - - - 547 

Idstedt, B. - - - 1850 

Iffland, dramatist - - 1800 

Ignatius - - - 108 

Ignatius, Martyr - - 869 

Ignatius Loyola - - 1534 

Igor - - - 907. 941 

lUuminati, order of - - 1776 

Immaculate Conception - 1140 

Imperial Chamber - - 1495 

Inchbald, Mrs. - - 1800 
Independence, United States - 1782 

, Irish - - 1782 

Indulgence, Plenary - - 1300 

Indulgences, sale of - 1517. 1519 

Ingelheim - - - 826 

Ingulphus - - - 1084 

Inigo - - - 830 

Inkerman, B. - - 1854 

Innocent I. (Pope) - - 402 

II. - - 1130. 1139 

III. 1198. 1200. 1204. 



1198 

1209. 1212 

- 1243, 



1215 

IV. - - 1243. 1245 

" V. - - - 1276 

— — VI.- - - 1352 

VII. - - 1404 

. VIII. - - 1484 

IX - - 1591 

X. - - 1644. 1653 

XI. - - 1676 

— XII. - - 1691 

Xlir. - - 1721 

XIV. - - 1740 

Inoculation - - - 1723 
Inquisition - - 1204. 1813 

- 1204 

- 1454 
1481. 1813, 

1814. 1820 
in the Netherlands 1559 
1381 
1520 
1820 
1820 
1848 
1848 
1848 
1848 
1848 
1848 

^.xxxx. - - 1848 

Interim - - - 1548 



in France 
at Venice 
in Spain 



Insurrection in England 

of Castile 

Naples - 

— Piedmont 

Paris 

Milan - 

Venice - 

Vienna - 

Hungarian 

Rome 

Berlin - 



Interregnum, Germany - 1254 

Interregnum, Scotland 1290. 1296 
Ionian Islands, C. - 1809. 1814 
lona, monastery - - 565 

Ipsara, C. - - - 1824 

Ireland 490. 1172. 1782. 1795. 

1798. 1848 
Irenseus - - 180. 192 

Irene 775. 780. 786, 787, 788. 801 
Irish Academy - - 1786 

Irish RebeUion - 1641. 1798 

Irish Brigade - - 1 69 1 

Irish Independence - - 1782 

Irish Association - - 1829 

Irish National Education - 1845 
Irnerius - - 1137. 1150 

Irun, B. - - - 1837 

Isaac I. - - - 1057 

Isaac II. - - 1185. 1195 

Isaac Angelus - - 1203 

Isabel of Bedford - -1377 

Isabella of Angouleme - 1216 

Isabella, wife of Frederic II. - 1216 

, wife of Edward II. - 1327 

of Bavaria - - 1418 

of Castile 1468, 1469. 1479. 

1481. 1500. 1504 

II., of Spain 1833. 1841. 

1843. 1846 
Isidorus - - - 49 

Ismael Sophi - - 1501 

Ismail, C. - - - 1790 

Ismail Pacha - - 1853 

Issus, B. - - - 194 

Iturbide, Emperor - 1822. 1824 
Ivan I. - - - 1328 

II. - - - 1353 

III. - 1462. 1479. 1492 

IV. - - 1533. 1682 

Ivri, B. - - - 1590 



Jack Straw - - - 1381 

Jackson, Henry - - 1791 

, General 1815. 1829. 1845 

—, J., painter - 1816. 1831 

Jacobs - - - 1847 

Jacobin Club - - 1794 

Jacquard - - - 1810 

Jacquerie - - - 1353 

Jaffa, C. - - - 1799 

Jagello of Poland - -1386 

Jagellon dynasty - - 1572 

Jamaica, C. - - - 1654 

Jamblicus - - - 331 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



285 



James, St. 


A.C. 

- 44 


Joachim Murat 


m 


1808. 1815 


James, St., B. 


- 1444 


Joan of Sicily 


~ 


- 1189 


James I., of Scotland 


1406. 1422. 


Joan of Arc - 


_ 


1429. 1431 




1425 


Joan, papess 


- 


- 847 


II. - 1437. 


1451. 1460 


Joanna I., of Hungary 


1345. 1348 


III. - 1460. 


1468. 1488 


Joanna II., of Navarre 


- 1349 


IV. - 1488. 


1502. 1513 


Joanna I., of Naples 




1380. 1381 


V. - 


1513. 1542 


IL, of Naples 


1423. 1435 


VT nf ^rntliTifl — -^ T 


tVip Mnd 




1496. 1500 
1196. 1198 


ofEngland 1567. 1582 


1603. 


Joannice or Johannicus 


1605.1606.1611. 1621 


. 1623. 1625 


John the Baptist 


- 


26. 28 


II. 1685. 1688, 


1689, 1690. 


John, St. 


30. 


95, 96. 100 




1701 


I., Pope 


. 


- 523 


Francis Edward 


- 1701 


II. - 


- 


- 532 


I., of Arragon 


- 1237 


III. - 


. 


- 560 


Jamestown, F. 


- 1607 


IV. 


_ 


- 640 


Jane of Scotland 


- 1216 


V. 


- 


- 685 


Jane Seymour 


- 1536 


VI. - 


- 


- 701 


Jane Grey - 


- 1554 


VII. - 


- 


- 705 


Janissaries, Order 


- 1327 


VIII. -■ 


- 


- 872 


Jansen of Middleburg 


- 1590 


IX. - 


- 


- 898 


Jansenius 


- 1638 


X. 


. 


914. 928 


Jansenius' Doctrines 


- 1653 


XI. - 


- 


- 931 


Jausenists 


- 1638 


XII. - 


' 956. 962, 963 


Jarnac, B. - 


- 1569 


XIII. - 


_ 


- 965 


Jaroslaiis or Yaroslav 


1019. 1055 


XIV. - 


- 


- 984 


Jassy, P. 


- 1792 


XV. - 


- 


984. 993 


Jean d'Acre, St., C. - 


- 1840 


XVI. - 


- 


996. 1003 


Jefferson, President - 


- 1801 


XVII. - 


. 


- 1003 


Jeffrey, Francis 


1802. 1850 


XVIII. 


- 


- 1004 


Jellalabad, B. 


- 1842 


XIX. - 


. 


- 1024 


Jellachich 


- 1848 


XX. or XXL 


- 


- 1276 


Jemmapes, B. 


- 1792 


XXII. - 1316. 


1327. 1328 


Jemmgin or Genghis Khan - 1202 


XXIII. 1410. 


1413. 1414 


Jena, B. - 


- 1806 


the Patrician 


- 


- 699 


Jenner, Dr. - 


- 1796 


Damascenus 


- 


- 718 


Jenyns 


- 1760 


Erigena Scotus 


- 872 


Jericho, C.- 


68 


Zimisces 


- 


- 969 


Jerome - - 366. 384. 400 


I., Comnenus 


- 


- 1118 


Jerome of Prague 


- 1416 


Paparo 


- 


- 1151 


Jerome Savonarola - 


- 1444 


° of Salisbury 


- 


- 1165 


Jerusalem, council of 


- 47 


Cumin 


.- 


- 1181 


Jerusalem, C. 70. 614. 


636. 1065. 


St., knights of - 


- 1099 


1098, 1099 


1187. 1244 


L, Lackland 1189. 


1199. 1202. 


Jerusalem, Bp. of 


1841. 1845 


1212. 


1215. 1216 


Jerusalem, rebuilding 


- 130 


, Little - 


. 


- 1199 


Jervis, Sir John 


- 1797 


Ducas - 


. 


- 1222 


Jesuits, order of 


- 1534 


of Brienne 


.. 


- 1228 


Jesuits 1584. 1606.1733. 


1759. 1764. 


Lascaris 


_ 


- 1259 


1766,1767,1768.1773.1814.1816. 


De Monte 


Corvino 1288. 




1845. 1848 






1307 


Jews 19. 50. 1185. 


1394. 1492 


Baliol - 1 


290 


292. 1296 


Massacre of 


40. 67. 135 


Villiers 


_ 


- 1291 


Massacres by - 


115. 609 


Suabia - 


. 


- 1308 


Rebellion of - 


- 131 


v., Palseologi 


is 


1 41. 1369 



286 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



A.C. 

John Cantacurene, Emperor 1341. 


Julien, sculptor 


. 


A.C. 

- 1790 




1358 


Julius Severus 


. 


- 131 


II., tlie Good, of France 1350. 


Julius Capitolinus 


- 


- 300 


1355, 1356. 


1360. 1363 


' Nepos- 


. 


474, 475 


of Gaunt 


- 1377 


I., pope 


- 


- 337 


Bastard 


- 1383 


II. 1503. 1506. 


1508. 1511, 


Duke of Berry - 


- 1393 






1512 


Fearless 1396. 


1404. 1407. 


III. - 


_ 


- 1550 


Ziska - 


1418. 1424 


Jumonville - 


- 


- 1754 


the Good, of Burgundy 1419 


Junot 


« 


1807, 1808 


VI., Palseologus 


- 1421 


Jupiter, Sat. of 


. 


- 1610 


VII., PalsGologus 


- 1425 


Justin Martyr 


- 


- 138 


Argyropylus - 


- 1453 


Justin I. 


- 518,519. 525 


■ Hunniades 


- 1456 


II. - 


_ 


- 565 


II., of Navarre 


" 1458 


Justinian 525. 527. 529. 532, 533. 


— de la Balue 


- 1469 






537. 541 


III., of Russia - 


- 1479 


II. - 685. 695. 705. 707 


■ of Denmark 


1483. 1501 


Just, St. 


_ 


- 1792 


II., of Portugal 


- 1481 


Justus Lipsius 


- 


- 160 


III., of Portugal 


- 1521 








VI., of Portugal 


1816. 1826 


K. 






the Constant, of Saxony 1525 


Kaffir War - 


- 


- 1847 


Frederick, of Saxony 1532. 


Kainargi, P. - 


- 


- 1774 




1546. 1547 


Kames, Lord 


_ 


- 1760 


of Austria 


1571. 1578 


Kant - 1781. 


1790. 1804 


IV., of Braganza 


- 1640 


Kara Mustapha 


- 


1683. 1687 


Casimir 


- 1668 


Kaufmann - 


- 


1780. 1808 


Sobieski 1673. 


1674. 1683 


Kayi of Khorassan 


- 


- 1234 


Johnson, General 


- 1755 


Keane, Sir J. 


_ 


- 1839 


Johnson, Samuel 1750. 


1755. 1760. 


Kean, Edmund, actor 


- 1833 




1784 


Kellermann - 


_ 


- 1792 


Johnston, Captain 


- 1825 


Kells, Synod of 


- 


- 1152 


Joinville, hist. 


- 1312 


Kemble, actor 


- 


1800. 1823 


Joinville, Prince 


- 1844 


Kenneth 


. 


- 843 


Jomelli 


- 1760 


III. 


- 


- 975 


Jonathan Martin 


- 1828 


Kent, kingdom of 


. 


- 451 


Jones, Inigo - 


- 1640 


Kent, duke of 


- 


- 1818 


Jones, Sir W. 


1780. 1795 


Kepler 1595.1610.1615 


.1618.1630 


Jones 


- 1848 


Keppel 


- 


- 1778 


Jonson, Ben - 


- 1638 


Khoord pass - 


- 


- 1842 


Jornandes - 


- 536 


Khorassan - 


- 


- 820 


Jortin 


- 1750 


Kiel, T. 


- 


- 1814 


Joseph L, emperor - 


1705. 1711 


Killala 


- 


- 1798 


11, emperor - 


- 1765 


Killicrankie, B. 


_ 


- 1689 


I. of Portugal 


1750. 1777 


Kilkenny statute 


- 


- 1367 


II. - 1765. 


1780. 1790 


Kilmarnock - 


- 


- 1746 


Josephine 


- 1810 


Kilwarden, Lord 


_ 


- 1803 


Josephus 


- 67 


Kinsale, C. - 


- 


- 1601 


Jourdan 1794. 1796. 


1809. 1813 


Kiow, C. - 


- 


- 1018 


Jovian 


- 363 


Kiptchak, F. - 


- 


- 1223 


Joyeuse, duke of 


- 1587 


Kippis, biographer 


- 


- 1780 


Jubilee 1300. 1350. 


1389. 1464 


Klapka 


- 


- 1849 


Judas of Galilee 


6 


Kleber 


. 


1795. 1800 


Julian the Apostate - 357. 361, 362 | 


Klopstock - 1 


747. 


1780. 1803 


Julian di Medici 


- 1478 I 


Kneller 


- 


- 1690 



EVENTS THAT OCCURKED A. C. 



287 



Knights of Jerusalem, order of 

-of St. John - 1099. 

Templars 

Sword Bearers 1198. 

of Nova Scotia 

Baronets 



Knighton 
Knox, John - 
Kolin, B. - 
Komorn, C. - 
Konigsberg, F. 
Koran 
Korsakoff 
Kosciusko 
Kossuth 
Kotzebue, poet 
Kouli-Khan - 
Kronstadt 
Kublai 

Kukuli, B. - 
Kunnersdorf, B. 
Kutusoff 



Labedoyere - 

La Bruyere - 

La Clue 

La Croix 

Lactantius 

Lacy, Count - 

Ladislaus IIL 

■ Lobieteck - 

of Naples - 

VI. 

of Hungary 



1560. 



632 



1794. 



1730. 1736. 



A.C. 

109.5 
1522 
1118 
1237 
1623 
1625 
1394 
1572 
1757 
1849 
1255 
, 636 
1799 
1817 
1849 
1819 
1747 
1703 
1280 
1770 
1759 
1811 



- 1815 

- 1680 

- 1759 
1797. 1800 

- 331 

- 1736 

- 1290 

- 1320 
1386. 1413 
1434. 1444 

- 1444 



II., of Bohemia 1471.1490 



Ladrone Islands 

Lalius Socinus 

Laetus 

La Fayette - 

Laffeldt, B. - 

La Fontaine - 

La Galissoniere 
La Grange - 
La Harpe 
La Hogue, B. 
Lahore, T. - 
Laing, INIalcolm 

, A. G. 

Lake, General (lord) 

Lalande 

Lally, De, General 

Lally, musician 

Lamartine - 



- 1521 

- 1556 

- 192 
1781. 1789. 1834 

- 1747 
1668.1680. 1695 

- 1810 

- 1756 
1788. 1790. 1813. 

- 1780. 1803 

- 1792 

- 1846 

- 1810. 1819 

- 1826 

- 1803 
1790. 1807 
1758, 1759 

- 1670 

- 1848 



Lamb, Charles 
Lambert, Duke 

, historian 

, Commodore 

Lambeth Articles 
Lamoriciere, General 
La Mothe, Vayer de - 
Lancaster 

House 

, Joseph 

Lander, traveller 

Landonius, pope 

Landon, poet 

Landrecies, C. 

Lanfranc 

Langara 

Langles, orientalist - 

Langdale, Lord 

Langton, Bp. 

Lanjuinais 

Lannes, General 

La Peyrouse- 

Lapide, Cornelius, a. 

La Place - 1796. 

La Plata 

Lardner, Nathaniel - 

Largs, B. - 

La Rochejaquelin 

Las Casas 

Lateran Council, L - 

II. . 



IIL 
IV. 



Latimer, Bp. 
Latin tongue 

empire 

kingdom 

La Trappe - 

Laud, Archbishop 

Lauderdale - 

Laudhon 

Launoi 

Laura 

Laurence 

, painter 1816. 

Laurent 

Laurentius, antipope - 

Valla - 

Laurenzio 

Lautrec 

Lav alette 

Lavater 

La Vendee - 

Lavoisier - 1780. 

Law, John - 



1816. 1834 

- 928 

- 1084 

- 1852 

- 1595 

- 1848 

- 1660 
1322. 1377 

- 1399 

- 1816.1839 

- 1831 

- 913 

- 1826. 1838 

- 1795 

- 1061. 1074 

- 1793 

- 1800 

- 1851 

- 1228 

- 1789 

- 1809 

- 1785 

- 1620 
1800. 1827 

- 1816 

- 1750 

- 1263 

- 1793 

- 1517 

- 1123 

- 1139 

- 1179 

- 1215 

- 1555 

- 580 
1204. 1261 

- 1291 

- 1664 

- 1643 

- 1669 
1760. 1789 

- 1660 

- 1348 

- 257 
1820. 1830 

- 1519 
498. 514 

- 1453 

- 1100 

- 1521 

- 1815 
1790. 1801 

- 1793 
1789. 1794 

- 1720 



288 



INDEX, NO. 2, 



Lawrence, Sir T. 

Leake, Sir John 

Lebrun 

Lechus 

Leek, B. 

Le Clerc 

Ledru Rollin 

Ledyard, traveller 

Legislative Assembly 

Legendre 

Lefevre 

Legion of Honour 

, British 

Leibnitz 
Leicester 
Leignitz, B. - 
Leipsic University 

,B. - 

Lekain 
Leland, J. 
, Thomas 



A.C. 

1820. 1830 

- 1708 

- 1799 
. - 550 

- 955 

- 1710 

- 1848 

- 1780 

- 1791 
1810. 1832 

- 1807 

- 1802 
1835, 1836, 1837 
1677. 1680. 1716 

- 1264, 1265 

- 1760 

- 1409 

- 1631. 1813 

- 1778 



Lely, Sir Peter 
Le Maire 
Lemnos, B. - 
Lenses, discovery of - 
Leo I., the great pope 
IL 



1750 
1770 
1660 
1615 
1807 
1252 
440 
682 

- 795 

- 847 

- 903 

- 928 

- 936 

- 963 
1049, 1050. 1053, 1054. 

1513. 1515. 1520 

- 1605 

- 1823 
457 



— in. 

IV. 

— V. 

— VL 

— vn. 

— VIIL 
IX. 

— X. 
XL 

— XIL 

I. the Great (emperor) 

II. Junior - - 474 

IIL the Isaurian 718. 726. 728. 

736 

— IV. 

V. 

VL 

Leon, C. 

Leonardo Aretino 
Leonardo da Vinci 
Leontius 
Pilatus 



Leopold of Saxe Coburg 1816. 1831 
L, Emperor 1656. 1671 



-- IL, 



Leopold the Illustrious 

I. , of Babenberg 

of Austria - 



IL, of Austria 
of Lorraine - 



775. 780 

- 813 
886. 901 

- 996 

- 1425 

- 1509 
695. 698 

- 1360 

- 928 

- 983 

- 1138 

- 1192 

- 1386 

- 1729 



Leovigild 
Lepanto, B. - 
Lerme 
Le Sage 
Leslie, Sir John 
Lessing, poet 
Le Tellier - 
Leuthen, B. - 
Leuwenhoeck 
Le Verrier, astronomer 
Lewes, B.- 
Lewis L, of Bavaria - 

IL - 

the Stammerer 

IV. - 

of Aries 



1790. 1792 

- 585 

- 1571 

- 1598 
1730. 1747 

- 1810 

- 1770 

- 1685 

- 1757 

- 1700 
^ 1847 

- 1264 

- 842 

- 855 

- 877 

- 900 

- 904 
1314. 1319. 



— v., of Bavaria 
1322. 1327, 1328. 1346, 1347 

— king of Bavaria - 1825 

— IL, of Hungary 1516.1526 

- 1810 

- 1574 
- 1800. 1811 
-352. 356. 358 

311, 312, 313. 323 
882. 1703 

- 1760 

- 1176 

- 1815 

- 1797 
1667, 1668 

- 800 

- 1691 

- 1141 

- 1851 
1750. 1778 

- 66 



M. G. 

Leyden, S. - 

, Dr. - 

Liberius, pope 
Licinius 
Liege, C. 
Liegnitz, B. - 
Lignano, B. - 
Ligny, B. 
Ligurian Republic 
Lille, C. 
Limerick, F. - 
, C.- 
Lincoln, B. - 
Lingard 
Linnaeus 
Linus 

Lionel, duke of Clarence 1367. 1377 
Lipsius, Justus 
Lisbon destroyed 
Lisle, Lord - 
Litanies 

Lithography, invention of 
Littleton 
Littler, Sir John 
Liturgy, English 
Liverpool, Lord 
Llewellyn 
Locke 
Lodi, B. 
Logan, poet 



Logarithms invented 



- 1601 

- 1755 

- 1453 

- 483 

- 1796 

- 1481 

- 1845 

- 1551 

- 1812 

- 128£ 
1680. 1690. 1704. 

- 1796 

- 1770 
1614 



EVENTS THAT OCCUKRED A. C. 



289 



Gazette 

; T. of 

Bridg^ 

Uoiversity - 

Londonderry, Lord - 

, S. 

Longinus 

Longueville, Duke of 
Longwy, C. - 
Lope de Vega 
Lorenzo di Medici - 
Lorraine, House of - 
Lothaire 
Lotharius 
11. 



A.C. 

Lollius Urbicus - - 139 

Lombard, Peter - - 1151 

League 1167. 1176. 1177 

Lombardian, New, League - 1226 
London incorporated - 1208 

Mechanics Institution 1824 

- 1665 

- 1S27 
1824. 1831 

- 1828 

- 1822 

- 1689 

- 273 

- 1513 

- 1792 

- 1625 
1472. 1478 

- 1048 
954, 955 
840,841. 

1125. 1137 
Louis L, le Debonnaire, (French) 
814. 817, 818. 826 

II., the Stammerer - 877 

III. - . - 879 

IV., d'Outremer 929. 936. 

939 

v., the Indolent 986, 987 

VI., - 1108.1116.1119 

VIL, the Young 1137. 1147. 

VIII., the Lion 1152. 1223. 

1226 

IX., St. Louis 1226 1239. 

1248, 1249, 1250. 1269, 1270 

X. le Hutin 1305. 1314. 1316 

XL 1461. 1468, 1469. 1473 

XIL 1498, 1499. 1507. 1508. 

1509. 1511. 1514, 1515 

XIIL 1610. 1615. 1629. 1643 

XIV. 1643.1659. 1661,1662. 

1667. 1672,1673, 1674. 1680, 

1681, 1682,1683. 1685. 1688. 

1691, 1692. 1694, 1715 

XV. 1715.1757.1771.1774 

XVL - 1774. 1791. 1793 

XVIL - 1793. 1795 

XVIII. 1795. 1814, 1815. 

1822, 1823, 1824 
Philippe L, 1793. 1830, 1835. 

1844. 1848 
Napoleon 1836. 1840. 1846. 

1848. 1851 

■ ofAquitaine - - 781 

, son of Philip Augustus 1216 

■ I., the Great - - 1342 



A.C. 

380. 1386 

- 1423 

- 1488 

- 1500 

- 1566 

- 1848 

- 1760 

- 1848 

- 1745. 1758 

- 1685 

- 1760 

- 1746 

- 1747 

- 1756 
49. 65 

- 1060 

- 1803 

- 157 

- 350 

- 252 

- 1144 

- 1181 

- 1517 

- 728 

- 947 
55 

- 1801 

- 1186. 1187 
1489 
1850 

1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 
1521, 1522. 1528. 1546 



Louis II., of Anjou - 1 

III., of Anjou - 

de la Tremouille 

Sforza 

of Nassau 

I. of Bavaria - 

Louisa, Princess 

Louisa Carolina, Princess 

Louisburg, C, 

Louvois 

Lowth, Bp. - 

Lovat 

Lowendahl, Count 

Lowositz, B. - 

Lucan 

Lucca, Republic 

Lucia, St. C. - 

Lucian 

Lucilianus 

Lucius I. 

IL - 

;IIL - 

Ludovicus Vives 
Luitprand 

, historian ■ 

Luke, St. 
Luneville, P. 
Lusignan, Guy of - 
Lusignaus of Cyprus 
Lussac, aeronaut 
Lather 



Lutheran Church 
Lutter, B. - 
Lutzen, B.- 
Luxemburg, Duke of 
, Marshal 

Luxeul monastery 
Lyons, Councils of - 

, C. ' 

Lyttleton, jurist 
, Lord George 

M. 



- 1818 

- 1G26 
1632. 1813 

- 1668 
1690. 1692 

1693 

- 589 
1245. 1274 
1793. 1795 

- 1481 

- 1750 



Mac- Adam - - - 1816 

Macartney, Earl - 1792. 1806 
Macaulay, philanthropist - 1826 
Macbeth - - 1039. 1057 

MacCaskill, General - •- 1845 

MacCrie - - 1826. 1835 

Macdonalds, massacre of the - 1692 
Macedonius - - -381 

Macham - - - 1345 



290 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



Machiavelli - 


A.C. 

- 1517 


Malcolm Canmore - 


„ 


A.C. 

1097 


Mack, General 


- 1805 


Malcolm IV. 


1153 


1158 


Mackenzie, novelist - 


1800. 1831 


Malcolm, Sir J. 


. 


1816 


Mackintosh, Sir J. - 


1816. 1832 


Malebranche- 1673 


1680 


1715 


Maclaurin - 


- 1730 


Malek-Adel - 


. 


1201 


MacClure, Captain - 


- 1850 


Malherbe, poet 


. 


1601 


Macmanus - 


- 1849 


Malherbes - 


_ 


1794 


Macnaughten, Sir W. 


- 1841 


Mallet, D. - 


- 


1750 


Macphersou - 


- 1780 


Mallet, P. H., historian 


- 


1790 


Macrinus 


217, 218 


Malone, critic 


1790 


1812 


Macro 


- 37 


Malplaquet, B. 


. 


1709 


Macrobius - 


- 400 


Malta, Order of 


- 


1099 


Madagascar, discovery 


of - 1507 


, S. 


- 


1565 


Madeira 


1345. 1420 


— , c. - 


1798. 


1800 


Madison, James 


- 1809 


Malte Brun - 


- 


1810 


Madras, F. - 


- 1640 


Malthus 


1816. 


1835 


Madras, C. - 


- 1746 


Malus 


1810. 


1812 


Madrid, T. - 


- 1526 


Mandeville, Sir John 


_ 


1340 


Madrid, C - 


1808. 1812 


Manes 


_ 


250 


Msedler, astronomer - 


- 1846 


Manichean doctrines - 


_ 


1015 


Maestricht, C. 1579 


1673. 1794 


Manichees - 


250. 


1022 


Magdeburg, C. 


- 1631 


Mansoura, B. 


- 


1250 


Magee, Archbp. 


1810. 1831 


Mantell 


- 


1852 


Magellan 


1519. 1521 


Mantua, Surrender of 


_ 


1797 


Magic Lantern 


- 1260 


Manuel Comnenus - 


_ 


1143 


Magna Charta 


- 1215 


Manuel II., Palseologus 


- 


1391 


Magnentius - 


- 350 


Manuel Chrysoloras - 


- 


1453 


Magnus Barefoot 


- 1098 


Mausfeld, Count 


1618. 


1626 


Mahmoud of Ghazna 


1001. 1025 


Marat 


- 


1793 


Mahomet - - 571. 622. 632 


Maratti, Carlo, painter 


. 


1690 


Mahomet- Al-Mahdi - 


- 908 


Marceau 


- 


1794 


Almanzor - 


996. 1001 


Marcel 


- 


1358 


— I. , emperor of the Turks 


Marcellinus, historian 


- 


532 




1410. 1413 


Marcellinus, Bishop of Rome 


296 


II. 1451. 


1453. 1459. 


Marcellus I., Bishop of Rome 


308 




1470 


Marcellus II. 


- 


1555 


III. 


- 1595 


Marchfeld, B. 


. 


1278 


IV. 


1649. 1687 


Marcian, Emperor - 


- 


450 


V, - 


- 1730 


Marcion 


_ 


138 


VI. 


- 1808 


Marck, Count 


- 


1572 


Mahommed I., of Cordova - 888 


Marcomanni - 


- 


271 


II. 


- 1273 


Marco Polo - 


1200. 


1288 


Maida, B. - 


- 1806 


Marcus Aurelius 


161 


. 171 


Maires du Palais 


- 613 


Marcus 


- 


203 


Maimbourg - 


- 1670 


Marcus, Pope 


- 


336 


Mainfroi 


1258. 1266 


Mardyke 


- 


1662 


Maintenon, Madame de 


- 1700 


Marengo, B.- 


- 


1800 


Maitland, W. 


- 1740 


Margaret, Malcolm's wife 


1068 


Majano 


- 1451 




1189. 


1 ^Bfi 




i^oD 


Majorianus, emperor - 


457. 461 


of Pembroke 


- 


1377 


Malachy II., of Ireland 


- 980 


of France - 


- 


1307' 


Malachy, Bp. 


- 1139 


of Sweden 


1380. 


1389. 


Malchus 


- 1096 






1397 


Malcolm 


- 945 


■ of Anjou - 


1460. 


14641 


Malcolm III. 


1057. 1068 


of Valois - 


- 


1527- 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



291 



Margaret, daughter of Henry 
1502. 

of Parma - 

Maria of Burgundy - 
■ Theresa - 1659, 

Theresa 1740, 1741. 

I., ofx Portugal 1777. 



II., da Gloria 

Louisa 

Anne of Austria 

Marie di Medici 
Marie Beatrice 
Marie Antoinette 
Marie 
Mariana 
Marienburg, F. 
Mariendahl, B. 
Marignano, B. 
Mariner's compass 
Marino Faliero 
Marin us 
Mark, St. - 
Marlborough 1703, 

1708 
Marmontel - 
jNlarmont, Marshal - 
jNIarquesas - 
jNIarsaglia, B. 
Marsham 
INIarsin 

jNIarston Moor, B. 
jMartaban, S. - 
Marti a 
Martialis 
Martinico, C. 
Martin I. (Pope) 

II. - 

III. - 

IV. - 

V. - 

Jonathan 



1826. 
1836 
1810, 



1704. 
, 1709, 



1762, 



1417. 



Mary of Bretagne 

of Bohemia 

daughter of Henry VII. 

Queen of Scots 1542. 

1561. 1567. 

Queen 1.547. 1553, 1554, 

di Medici - 1 600. 

daughter of Charles I. 



A.O. 

VII. 

1509 
1559 
1478 
1683 
1772. 
1780 
1786. 
1816 
1834. 
1853 
1847 
1665 
1610 
1701 
1793 
1848 
1610 
1280 
1645 
1515 
1200 
1355 
882 
44 
1706. 
1711 
1780 
1811 
1842 
1693 
1670 
1704 
1644 
1852 
192 
100 
1809 
649 
882 
942 
1281 
1431 
1829 
1848 
1377 
1413 
1509. 
1514 
1558. 
1587 
1555, 
1558 
1610 
1649 



A.C. 

Mary Beatrice of Modena - 1701 

daughter of James 11. 1689. 

1694. 1701 

Louisa- - - 1701 

Princess - - 1760 

Maskelyne - 1767. 1770. 1810 
Mason, John - - 1750 

Mason, W., poet - - 1780 

Massacre of the Danes - 1002 

®f St. Bartholomew 1572 

of Protestants in Ireland 

1641 
of September 



in St. Domingo 

of the Mamelukes 

of the Greeks 

of the Janissaries 



1799. 1810, 



1792 
1793 
1811 
1822 
1826 
1647 
1811 

- 1710 

- 1620 

- 1612 

- 1087 



Massaniello - 

Massena 

Massillon 

Massinger 

Mathias of Germany - 

Matilda 

Matildaof Tuscany 1077. 1089. 1115 

Matilda - 1135. 1141. 1154 

Matthew, St. - - 39 

Matthew, Paris - - 1239 

Matthew Visconti - - 1296 

Matthew of Westminster - 1364 

Matthews, actor 

Matthias Corvinus 

Matthias of Germany 
^aturin 
Tiaud 

Maupertius - 

Maurice 

Elector 

Stadtholder ■ 

of Nassau - 

historian 

Mauritius, Bp. 

Mauritius 

Maury 

Maxentius 

Maximian 

Maximilian - 



- 1835 
1458. 1490 

- 1612 

- 1810 

- 1189 

- 1740 
582. 602 

- 1547 

- 1584 

- 1625 

- 1810 

- 1086 
1810. 1814 

- 1789 
311, 312 
286. 304 

- 1478 
1495. 1504. 

1508. 1511 
Sforza - - 1512 

II. of Germany - 1564 
of Bavaria - 1618 

IL of Bavaria - 1848 
Joseph L 1745. 1777 

IL 1799. 1805. 

1825 



1493. 



u 2 



292 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



Maximilian Joseph III. (2nd King) 

1848 
Maximin 230. 235. 238 

Maximin 305. 311. 313. 

Maximius Tyrius - - 180 

Maximus ... 388 
Maximus _ _ - 455 

Mayeiice, or Mentz, council - 1080 
Mayence, or Mentz, C. 1792, 1793 
Mayenne 1589, 1590 

Mayo, Dr. - - - 1852 

Maypo, B. - - - 1818 

Mazarin 1642. 1648. 1652. 1661 
Mazeppa - - - 1704 

Meagher - - 1848, 1849 

Meal-Tub Plot - - 1679 

Mechanics' Institutions - 1821 

Mede, Jos. - - - 1625 

Medici - - - 1431 

Mehemet Ali 1811. 1828. 1849 

Meistersangers - - 1355 

Melanchthon 1518. 1530. 1540. 

1560 
Melbourne - - 1834. 1853 

Melchiades, Bp. of Rome - 311 
Melchtal - - - 1307 

Melek Shah 1072. 1075, 1076.1092 
Melek Adel - - - 1201 

Memel, C. - - - 1757 

Mendelssohn- - - 1760 

, musician 1835. 1847 

Mendicant orders 1198. 1209. 1274. 
1347. 1360 
Menai Bridge - - 1826 

Mengs _ . . 1760 

Mennonites - - - 1537 

Menou - - - 1801 

Mentz, or Mayence, council of 1080 
Menzikoff - - - 1725 

Mercator - - - 1570 

Mercator, Nicholas - - 1670 

Mercia, kingdom of - - 451 

Merci 1618. 1644, 1645 

Mercury, transit of - - 1631 

Merovee - - 448. 451 

Merovingian dynasty - 448 

Mersburg, B. 932. 1081 

Merwan - - - 683 

Mesmer - - - 1766 

Messalina - - - 48 

Messier, astronomer - 1790. 1817 
Messina, C. - - - 1848 

Metastasio - - - 1760 

Methodists - - 1728. 1740 

Metius - - - 1590 



Metz, S. - - - 1553 

Mexico, conquest of 1519.1521 

, independence of 1822 

, war in 1845. 1847. 1852 

Mezeray - - - 1660 

Michael I. Emperor - - 811 

II. - - 821 

III. - - 842 

IV. - - 1034 

— V. - - 1041 

Psellus - - 1043 

VII. - 1068. 1071 

VIII. Palseologus 1260, 

1261. 1281 

III. Theodorowitsch 1613 

Angelo 1503.151-7 

Servetus 1553. 1628 

Cervantes - - 1601 

Molinos - - 1675 

Michaelis - - - 1770 

Middleton - - 1810. 1822 

Miecislaus - - - 966 

II.- - 1025. 1041 

Miguel, Don - 1828. 1834 

Milan, edict of - - 313 

Republic - - 1060 

, C. 1154. 1162. 1800 

rebuilt - - 1168 

, Council of - - 1511 

, Decree of - - 1807 

, Insurrection at - 1848 

Militia Bill, Scots' - - 1797 

Mill, James - - 1826. 1836 

Milner - - 1790. 1797 

Milton 1651. 1660. 1667. 1674 

Minden, B. - - - 1759 

Minimi, Order of - - 1467 

Minorca, C. - - - 1798 

Minto, Lord- - 1807.1810 

Minucius Felix - - 200 

Mirabeau - - 1789. 1791 

Mirza, Mehemet Khan - 1834 

Missionary Society - 1794 

Mississippi Scheme - - 1720 

Missolonghi, C. - - 1826 

Mitchell - - - 1848 

Mitford - - 1800. 1810 

Moawiyah I. 648. 655. 661. 679 

II. - - 683 

Modena, Duchy of - - 1452 

Mogadore, bombarded - 1844 

Mohacz, B. - - 1526. 1687 

Moliere - 1660. 1667. 1673 

Molinos - 1675. 1685. 1687 

Molly Maguires - - 1845 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



293 



1750, 



1757. 
1664. 
1740. 1748. 



1639. 



Molwitz, B. - - - 

Moncey - - _ _ 
Moncontour, B. - 

Monge . - . 1800, 
Monk - 1653. 1660, 
Monmouth, Duke of - 1679, 

IMonophysites _ _ _ 

Monothelit$s _ _ _ 

Monro, General - - - 
Monroe, President 

Monstrelet - - - - 

Mons, C. - - - - 

Montacute - - - - 
Montague, Lady 1723 
Montaigne - 
Montanists 
Montanus 
jSIontcalm - 
Montcontour, B. 
Montecuculi - 
Montenotti, B. 
Montesquieu 

Montesquiou _ _ _ 
Monte Video, C. - 

Montfaucon - - - - 

JMontgolfier - - - - 

]\Ionti _ _ _ - 

Montmorenci - . - 
Montpensier, Duke 

Montreal, C. - - - 

, Riots in - - 

Montrose - - - - 
Montserrat, C. - - - 
Moodkee, B, - - - 
Moolraj - . - 1848, 
Mooltan, S. - - - 1848, 
Moore, Sir John - - - 
, Thomas 1813. 1816, 

Moors or Saracens 189, 711. 

Morat, B. - - - - 

Moravian Brethren - 1457. 
More, Hannah 1764. 1800. 

, Sir Thomas 

Morea - - - 1699. 
Moreau 1796. 1800. 1804. 

Morgan - _ _ . 

Morgarten, B. - - - 

Morland - _ - - 

Morocco, F. - - - 

Morozia - _ _ _ 
Morrison, Dr. 

Mortier - _ . 1803. 

Mortimer - - . 1327. 

Mortimer, Edmund - 1377. 



A.C. 

1741 
1794 
1569 
1818 
1666 
1685 
451 
580 
1764 
1817 
1425 
1691 
1464 
1762 
1580 
180 
180 
1759 
1569 
1675 
1796 
1755 
1792 
1807 
1720 
1783 
1810 
1567 
1846 
1760 
1849 
1650 
1811 
1845 
1849 
1849 
1809 
1817. 
1852 
1610 
1476 
1727 
1833 
1530 
1715 
1813 
1669 
1315 
1800 
1061 
928 
1810 
1806 
1331 
1399 



Moscow, F. - 


_ 


A.C. 

- 1154 


,c. . 


- 


1571. 1812 


Moscow, P. - 


_ 


- 1686 


Mosheim 


_ 


1740. 1755 


Moskwa, B. 


_ 


- 1812 


Mostal 


. 


- 1098 


Mostanser 


. 


- 861 


Mostasem 


_ 


- 1258 


Mosthadi 


_ 


- 1171 


Motassem 


- 


833. 841 


Motawakee - 


_ 


- 861 


Mountainists - 


_ 


- 1793 


Mountjoy, Lord 


. 


- 1601 


Mozart 


- 


1770. 1792 


Mudie, R. - 


_ 


- 1842 


Muhlberg, B. 


- 


- 1547 


Miihldorf, B. 


_ 


- 1319 


Muley Moluck 


_ 


- 1579 


Mulhausen, B. 


- 


- 1525 


Muller, John 


_ 


- 1470 


MuUer, historian 


- 


1790. 1840 


Mundinus 


_ 


- 1326 


Mungo Park - 


- 


179.5. 1805 


Munich, revolution 


at 


- 1848 


Municipal Corporation 


Bill - 1835 


Munoz 


- 


- 1790 


Munro 


. 


- 1646 


Munro 


. 


- 1764 


Munster, C. - 


w 


- 1536 


Munster, T. - 


_ 


- 1648 


Murat 


1806 


1808. 1815 


Murcia, C. - 


_ 


- 1172 


Murdoch 


_ 


- 1792 


Murillo 


_ 


- 1660 


Murphy 


- 


- 1790 


Murray, regent 


- 


1567. 1569 


Murray, Sir John 


- 


- 1813 


Murviedro, B. 


- 


- 1811 


Murzuphlus - 


- 


1203, 1204 


Musa 


. 


- 713 


Musa 


_ 


- 1410 


Muschenbrock 


- 


- 1750 


Museum, British 


_ 


- 1753 


Musgrave 


- 


- 1810 


Mustapha L - 


1617 


1622, 1623 


II. 


- 


- 1695 


IIL 


- 


- 1757 


IV. 


- 


1807, 1808 


Myriobiblon - 


- 


- 891 


Mysteries and Moralities - 1543 


N 






Nadir Shah - 


- 


- 1739 


Nsefels, B. - 


. 


- 1368 


Nahavund, B. 


- 


- 640 



U 3 



294 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



Najara, B. 
Namur, C. 
Nancy, B. 
Nankin, P. - 
Nantes, Edict of 
Napier, John 
Napier, Commodore 
Napier, Sir Charles 



A.C. 

- 1367 
1692. 1695 

- 1476 

- 1842 
1598. 1685 
1610. 1614 

- 1840 
1843. 1849. 

1850. 1853 
Naples, B. - - - 1848 

Napoleon I. 1804, 1805, 1807, 1808, 

1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 
1814, 1815. 1821 

, Louis - 1806. 1810 

, Joseph 1806. 1809. 1844 

, Jerome - - 1807 

ir. - 1811. 1832 

III. (Louis) 1836. 1840. 

1846. 1848. 1851 
Narhonne, B. - - 737 

Nares, critic - - - 1816 

Narses, king of Persia - 297 

Narses - - 552, 553 

Narva, B. - - - 1700 

Naseby, B. - - - 1645 

Nassau, Count of • - 1572 

National Assembly - - 1789 

National Education, Irish 

Board - - - 1845 

Navarino, B. - - - 1827 

Navigation Act - - 1651 

Nazareth, C- - - 1271 

Neander, church historian - 1850 
Necessity, Fort, C. - - 1754 

Necker 1777. 1787, 1788, 1789. 1804 
Neerwinden, B. - 1693. 1793 

Nelson 1797, 1798. 1800, 1801. 1805 
Nemours, Duke de - - 1503 

Nero - 54, 55. 59. 64, 65, 66. 68 
Nerva - - - 96 

Nepos, Julius - 474, 475 

Neptune, planet - - 1847 

Nestor - - - 1100 

Nestorius - - 431, 432 

Neuchatel - - - 1707 

New Caledonia - 1707.1774 

Newcastle-on-Tyne, F. - 1097 

Newcastle-on-Tyne, fire at - 1854 
New Exchange - - 1842 

Newfoundland, discovery of - 1496 
New Orleans, B. - - 1815 

Newport - - - 1607 

New South Shetland - -1818 

Newspaper - - -1588 

New Style in Britain - 1752 



A.C. 

New Testament 1526, 1527. 1603 

Newton, Sir Isaac 1642. 1666. 1668, 

1669. 1680. 1687. 1704 

, bishop - - 1760 

New Zealand discovered - 1642 
Ney - - - 1805. 1815 

Nicene Creed - - 325 

Nice, Council 1st - - 325 

, Council 2nd - - 787 

, C. - - 1097. 1333 

, Empire - - 1206 

Nicephorus - 802. 811 

Phocas - 963. 967 

Boton - - 1078 

Callisti - - 1333 

— Gregoras - 1333 

Nicetas - - - 872 

Nicholaus I. (Pope) - 858. 866 

XL - 1058, 1059 

IIL - - 1277 

IV. - - 1288 

V. (Antipope) - 1328 

V. - 1447. 1449 

L of Russia 1825.1844 

de Bray - - 1239 

de Lyra - - 1331 

Rienzi - - 1347 

Nicopolis, B. - - 1396 

Niebuhr, Carsten 1761. 1767. 1812. 

1815 

, B. G. 1810. 1812. 1831 

Nieuport, B. - - - 1599 

Niger - - - 194 

Niger expedition - - 1841 

Nile, B. - - - 1798 

Nimeguen, P. - - 1678 

Nimeguen, B. - - 1794 

Nivelle, B. - - - 1813 

Noailles, De - - - 1743 

Noetus - - - 250 

Nogaret - - 1301. 1303 

NoUekens 1800. 1813. 1823 

Nominalists 1084. 1116. 1322. 
1414. 1473 

Nooman . . - 640 

Norbert - - - 1119 

Nordlingen, B. - - 1645 

Norman line - - 1066 

Norradin - - 1171. 1173 

North, Lord - - - 1792 

Northcote - - 1800. 1831 

Northampton, B. - - 1460 

Northumberland - - 1554 

Northumbrian kingdom - 547 

Norway . - - 1814 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



295 



A.C. 

Notables, 1st Assembly - 1787 

Notables, 2nd Assembly - 1789 

Notre Dame de Paris - 1012 

Nott, General - - 1842 
Novara, B. - - 1513. 1849 

Nova Scotia, knights of - 1623 

Novatianus - - - 251 

Novogorod,"^ public school - 1019 

Numerianus - - - 282 

Nuremberg, diet of - - 1522 

Nuremberg, truce of - 1532 

Nystadt, P. - - -1721 

O. 

O'Brien - - 1848, 1849 

O'Connell 1829. 1844. 1847 

Octai - - - 1227 

Octavian, Antipope - 1159. 1164 
Odenatus - - - 264 

Odessa, F. - - - 1792 

, bombardment - 1854 

Odin - - - 740 

Odo - - 927. 1108 

Odoacer 476. 488. 493 

O'Donnell, General 1841. 1854 

O'Donoghue - - 1849 

fficolampadius - - 1529 

Oersted - - 1837. 1851 

Offa - - - - 755 

Oil-painting - - - 1340 

O'Keefe, comedian - - 1790 

Olaus Peterson - - 1519 

Olbers - - 1802. 1807 

Oleg - - 880. 907 

Olga or Helena - - 955 

Oliva, P. - - - 1660 

Olivarez - - - 1621 

Oliver of Clisson - - 1382 

Oltenitza, B. - - 1853 

Olybius - - - 472 

Olympiads - - - 440 

Omar - 634. 636. 644 

Ommia - - - 661 

Ommiades, dynasty 661. 749. 756. 

1027 
Onesiraus - - - 60 
O'Nial - - - 1542 
O'Nial, Shane - - 1566 
, Hugh 1595. 1598, 1599. 

1646 
Onslow - - - 1853 

Opie, painter - 1790. 1807 

, Mrs - - 1816. 1853 

Oppian - - - 200 

Orange lodges formed - 1795 



Oranges 

Orchan, or Urklan 

Orestes 

Organs 

rOrient, B. - 

Origen 

Orkney Islands 

Orleans, Duke of 



A.C. 

- 1547 

- 1327. 1333 
475, 476 

- 658 

- 1795 
• 222 

- 1468 

- 1393. 1407 

- 1789. 1793 
". 1842 

- 1770 

- 1780 

- 410 

- 1814 

- 1153 
' 1778 

- 1758 

- 1844 

- 1288. 1327 

- 1234 

- 1648 
283. 1780 

- 1604 

- 481. 493. 553 

- 1809 
1767. 1816. 1843 

644. 655 
1288. 1327 
1618. 1622 

- 1754 
69 

the Great 936. 939, 940. 



Orloff 

Orme 

Orosius 

Orthes, B. - 

O'Ruark 

d'Orvilliers - 

Osborn 

Oscar 

Osman I. 

Osmanli Turks 

Osnaburg, T. 

Ossian 

Ostend, C. - 

Ostrogoths - 

Oswald 

Otaheite 

Othman 

Othman or Osman I. 

■ II. - 

III. - 



Otho 
Otho I 

949. 951. 955. 962, 963, 964, 965 

II. - - 973. 983 

III. - -983.996.998 

IV. 1197. 1208. 1212. 1214 

of Wittelsbach - -1180 

of Brunswick - - 1386 

of Greece - 1832. 1843 

Otranto, C. - - - 1480 

Otterburn, B. - - 1388 

Otto, Bp. - - - 1124 

— , historian - - 1143 

Ottocare II. of Bohemia 1254. 1268. 
1278 
Ottoman or Osman 1234. 1288. 
1299. 1327 



Otway 

Oudenarde, B, 
Oudinot, Marshal 
Ourique, B. - 
Ovid 

Owen Glendower 
Oxenstiem - 
Oxford University 



1670 
1708 
1849 
1139 
9 
1409 
1632 
886 



u 4 



296 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



Oxford, Parliament of 
Oxford, Edward 

P. 



1258 
1840 



- 331 

- 1700 

- 1520 

- 1179 
66 

- 1826. 1840 

- 1800 

- 1794 

- 1580 
1790. 1794. 1805 

- 1808. 1847 

- 1849 

- 1802 

- 1811 

- 1660 

- 1852 
533. 1137 

- 608 

- 1755. 1768 
" 1850 

- 1151, 1152 
500. 1319 

- 200 

- 1618 

- 390 

- 1530 

- 1767 
824. 1682 

- 887 

- 1209 

- 1763. 1783 
• 1814 

- 1795. 1805 
Parliament, English 1258. 1265. 

1293. 1640. 1679. 1800, 1801 
Parliament, French - 1285. 1302 
Parma, Republic - -1180 

, duke of - - 1592 

. , B. - - - 1735 

Parnell - - - 1710 

Parry - 1819. 1824. 1827 

Pascal, Antipope - - 686 

Pascal I., Pope - - 817 

II. 1099. 1105. 1111. 1112. 

1116 

III. - 

. Blaise 



Pachomius - 
Pacent 
Padilla, John 
Padua, University 
Psetus, Thrasea 
Paganini 
Paisiello 
Paine, Thos. 
Palestrina 
Paley 
Palafox 
Palermo, C. - 
Pallas, planet 
Pallas, traveller 
Pallavicini - 
Palmerston, Lord 
Pandects 
Pantheon 
Paoli, Pascal - 
Papal aggression 
Paparo 
Paper 

Papinianus • 
Paphenheim - 
Pappus 
Paracelsus - 
Paradise Lost 
Paris, Council 
, S. 

— ; p. • 

, T. - 

Park, Mungo 



Paoli 

Paschasius Quesnel - 
Passage, North-west - 



- 1164. 1168 
1648. 1650. 1656. 

1662 

- 1755. 1768 

- 1713 

- 1850 



Passarowitz, P. 

Passau, T. - 

Pate - 

Patrick, St. - 

Patrick, Bp. of Dublin 

Patrick's Cathedral - 

Paul, St. 19. 37. 41. 43. 45. 48. 49. 

50, 51. 53. 55, 56. 59. 60. 61. 62. 

63. 65, 66 

■ ofThebais - - 250 

L, Pope - - 757 

Warefridus Diaconus 788 



A.C. 

- 1718 

- 1552 

- 1850 

- 472 

- 1074 

- 1181 



n. - 

III. - 

IV. - 

V. - 

I. of Russia - 



- 1464 
1534, 1535 

- 1555 
1605, 1606 
1796. 1801 



Paul's, St. - 

Paul's, St., School 

Paulinus 

Pausanias 

Pavia, Republic 

, Council of 

, T. - 

,B. - 

Payne, Thomas 

Pearson, Bp. 

Pecquigni, P. 



1086. 1675. 1710 

- 1519 

- 390 

- 157 

- 1060 

- 1159 

- 1331 

- 1525 

- 1794 

- 1670 

- 1475 
Pedro the Cruel, of Castile 1350. 

1361. 1367, 1368 
Pedro IV. of Arragon - 1361 

Pedro, Don - - - 1667 

, •■ 1822. 1826. 1834 

Peel, Sir Robert 1827, 1828. 1834. 

1846. 1850 

Pelagians - - - 410 

Pelagius - - - 410 

I., Pope - - 555 

II. - - . 578 

•, King of the Visigoths 717. 

737 

- 1641 

- 1654 

- 1681 

- 1840 

- 1853 

- 1666 

- 687 



Pendulum 

Penn, Admiral 

Penn, William 

Penny Postage 

Penny Postage Receipt 

Pentland Hills, B. - 

Pepin d'Heristal 

Pepin le Bref 751. 754. 756. 768 

Pepin - - 781. 810 

Perceval, Spencer - 1809. 1812 

Percussion firelock - - 1803 

Percy, Hotspur - - 1388 

Pergolese - - - 1727 

Perignon . _ - 1794 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



297 



Peronne, meeting at 

Perpetual Edict 

Per si us 

Persian Era - 

Persia 

Pertinax 

Peshawur, B. 



AC. 

- 1468 

- 1650 

- 49 

- 632 

- 640 
192, 193 

- 1852 

Pestalozzi - - 1816. 1827 

Pestilence - 1350. 1361. 1369 
Petavius - - - 1640 

Peter, St. 30. 41, 42. 44. 51. 59. 63, 

65 

Peter's pence - 755. 1154 

Peters, St. church - 1506. 1513 

the Hermit - - 1095 

de Bruys - 1130. 1139 

of Blois - - 1200 

de la Brosse - - 1278 

ofCourtenay -1216 

Lombard - - 1151 

Valdus - - 1160 

I. of Arragon - 1094 

II ditto - 1198. 1212 

III. ditto 1276. 1282. 1284 

of Savoy - - 1263 

• Shaeffer - - 1440 

I. of Medici • - 1464 

IT. of Medici - - 1492 

Louis Farnese - 1545 

Martyr - - 1540 

Ramus - - 1559 

L the Great 1682. 1689. 

1697. 1703. 1709. 1711. 1717, 

1718. 1721. 1725 

• IL of Russia - •■ 1727 

III. of Russia - 1762 

• the Cruel - 1350.1368 

IL of Portugal - 1683 

III. ditto - - 1777 

IV. - - - 1826 

Peterborough, Earl of - 1705 

Petersburgh, F. - - 1703 
Peterson, Olaus and Laurent- 1519 

Peterwaradin, B. - - 1716 

Petion- - - 1807. 1818 

Petrarch - - 1341. 1348 

Petronius - ~ - 49 

Petronius Turpilianus - 39 

Pharamond - - - 420 

Philadelphia, F. - - 1681 

Philadelphia, C. - - 1777 

Philelphus - - - 1470 

Philemon - - - 60 

Philagathus - - - 996 

Philibert, Emmanuel 1553. 1557 



A.C. 

Philip, the Deacon - - 37 

Philip (Herod) - 34. 38 

the Arabian - 244. 249 

Philip L of France 1 060. 1086. 1088 

IL, Augustus 1180.1185. 

1190, 1191. 1212. 1214 

of Suabia, Emperor 1197, 

1198 

III., the Bold 1270. 1274. 

1278. 1284 

IV., the Fair 1285. 1301, 

1302. 1305 

- 1316 
1328. 1346 

- 1361 



V. 

VL, of Valois 

of Rouvre 

the Hardy, of Burgundy 1363. 

1393 

the Bold, do. 1384 

the Good, do. 1430. 

1433. 1435 

Visconti - - 1447 

de Comines - - 1490 

L, of Castile - -1504 

IL, of Spain 1554. 1556. 

1559. 1566, 1567. 1580. 1584. 
1598 

IIL - - 1598. 1610 

IV. - 1621. 1659. 1665 

V. 1700, 1701. 1710. 1713, 

1714, 1715. 1717 

, Duke of Orleans 1715. 1718 

, Don - - 1745. 1748 

Philippa, Queen - - 1377 

Philippine Islands 1521. 1555, 1761 
Philippicus Bardanes - 711 



Philipsburg. C. 


. 


- 1734 


Phillips, Sir R. 


- 


1816. 1840 


Philo 


_ 


- 49 


Philo Byblius 


- 


- 100 


Philostratus - 


- 


- 200 


Phocas 


- 


602. 606. 608 


Photius 866. 869. 


879. 886. 891 


Phranza 


- 


- 1460 


Phrenology - 


_ 


- 1803 


Piazzi Conspiracy 


- 


- 1478 


Piazzi, astronomer 




1801. 1807. 
1810. 1826 


Piccini 


- 


- 1770 


Piccolomini - 


_ 


- 1618 


Picts 


_ 


121. 445 


Picts converted 


- 


- 565 


Pichegru 


- 


1795. 1804 


Picus 


- 


- 1490 


Pighius 


. 


- 1530 


Pilate 


- 


26. 30. 34 



298 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



A.C. 

" 1791 

- 1547 

- 1756 
931. 1290. 1406 

- 1409.1511 

- 1509 
17. 19 

- 65 

- 1790 

- 1740 
Pitt, William, Lord Chatham 1756 
Pitt, William 1783. 1800. 1804. 

1806 
Pius I., pope - - - 142 



Pilnitz convention 
Pinkey, B. - 
Pirna, capitulation 
Pisa, republic 
Pisa, councils of 
Pisa, C. 
Piso - 
Piso - 

Pitcairn's Island 
Pitt, poet 



— II. 


- 


1453. 1458 


III. - 


- 


- 1503 


IV. 


- 


1559. 1564 


V. 


- 


1556. 1570 


. VI. - 1775. 


1798, 1799 


VII. 1800. 1809 


1814. 1816 


VIII. - 


. 


- 1829 


IX. 1846. 1848 


1849, 1850 


Pizarro 


. 


1527. 1533 


Placentia Republic 


- 


- 1180 


Placidia 


- 


- 421 


Plague in London 


- 


- 1665 


Plantagenet line 


- 


- 1154 


Platina, Bartolomeo 


- 


- 1470 


Platonic philosophy 




1431. 1439. 
1460 


Plassey, B. - 


- 


- 1757 


Playfair - 1800. 


1810. 1819 


Pliny the Elder 


- 


- 79 


Pliny the Younger 


- 


81. 102 


Plotinus 


- 


222. 250 


Plutarch 


. 


- 100 


Poggio 


- 


- 1455 


Poiret 


- 


- 1700 


Poisson 


- 


1826. 1840 


Poitiers, B. - 


_ 


732. 1356 


Poland 


- 


550. 1772 


Polarisation of light 


- 


- 1810 


Politian 


- 


- 1490 


Polk, President 


- 


- 1845 


Pollentia, B. 


- 


- 403 


Pollock, General 


. 


- 1842 


Poltrot 


- 


- 1563 


Polycarp 


- 


- 167 


Polydore Virgil 


- 


- 1540 


Polyglot Bible 


- 


1516. 1650 


Polycrates - 


- 


- 192 


Pomarree 


- 


- 1843 


Pompeii 


- 


79. 1750 


Pompey's theatre 


- 


- 248 


Pondicherry, F, 


- 


- 1679 



Pondicherry, S. 
Pondicherry, C. 
Poniatowski - 
Pontanus 
Pontianus 
Pontius Pilate 
Poor-law 



- 1748 

- 1761 

- 1813 

- 1490 

- 230 
26. 30. 34 

- 1563 



Poor-law Amendment - 1834 

Pope, the 66. 606. 756. 1059. 

1061. 1073. 1074. 1294. 1414 
Pope's toe - - - 708 

Pope Alexander 1711.1720.1729. 
1744 
Popham, Sir H. - - 1806 

Population of England 1377.1483 
Porphyry - - - 250 

Porson - - 1800. 1808 

Porta, J. B. - - - 1590 

Porter, novelist - - 1850 

Porteus, Bp. - - 1790. 1809 

Portland, B. - - - 1652 

Portland, Duke of - - 1807 

Port Mahon, C. - - 1756 

Porto Bello, C. - - 1739 

Postage, penny - - 1840 

Potatoes introduced - - 1586 

Potatoes, disease of - - 1845 

Potter, Archbishop - 1730. 1747 
Poussin - . - 1640 

Pragmatic Sanction 1269. 1438. 
1515. 1713 
Prague university - - 1347 

, P. - - - 1635 

• , B. - 1620. 1741. 1757 

, C. - - 1741. 1744 

• , bombardment of - 1848 

Praxeas - - - 250 

Prayer, Book of Common 1548.1551 
Preaching Friars - - 1216 

Premislaus of Poland -1296 

Premonstrants, order of - 1119 
Presburg, P. - - 1805 

Presbyterian Church 1592. 1843 
Prescott, B. - - - 1838 

Prester, John - - 1163 

Preston, B. - - - 1715 

Preston Pans, B. - - 1745 

Pretender - - 1701. 1715 

Pretender, Young - 1745, 1746 
Prideaux, Dean - - 1710 

Price, financier - - 1770 

Priestley, Dr. - 1780. 1804 

Printing - - 1440. 1571 

Primislaus Ottocare I. - 1198 

Prior - - - 1710 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



299 



Priscianus - 


. 


A.C. 

- 472 


Probus 


- 


- 276 


Proclus 


_ 


- 472 


Procopius 
Procopius Rasa 
Prome, B. - 


; 


- 532 

- 1424 

- 1825 



Protestants 1529. 1548. 1552. 1555. 

1853 
Protestants, massacres of 1572. 

1641 
Prudentius - - - 384 

Prussia, division of - - 1466 

Pruth, B. - - - 1770 

Pruth made the frontier - 1812 
Pruth crossed - - 1853 

Ptolemais, C. 1104. 1191. 1291 

Ptolemy, geographer - 138 

Puffendorf - - 1680. 1694 

Pugin, architect - - 1832 

Pulcheria - - 430. 450 

Pulteney - - - 1780 

Pultowa, B. - - - 1709 

Pultusk, B. - - 1704. 1806 

Punjab, C. - - - 1849 

Pupienus - - . 238 

Purcel - - - 1680 

Pye, poet - - 1790. 1813 

Pyrenees, P. - - - 1659 



Q. 

Quadi - - - 282 

Quadruple Alliance - - 1745 

Quakers - - 1649. 1681 

Quarterly Review - - 1809 

Quatre-Bras, B. - - 1815 

Quebec, F. - - - 1608 

Quebec, B. - - - 1759 

Queenstown - - - 1849 

Quentin, St. B. - - 1557 

Quesnoy, C. - - - 1712 

Quietists - 1675. 1687. 1697 

Quintilian - - - 81 

Quicze-Vingts, Hospital - 1260 

R. 

Rabanus Maurus - - 843 

Rabelais - . - 1540 

Racine - 1667. 1680. 1699 

Radagaisus - - - 405 

Radbert - - - 843 

Radcliffe, novelist - - 1800 

Radetski, Marshal ■• 1848, 1849 

Raeburn, painter - - 1816 

Ragotski - - - 1644 



A.C. 

Rahes - - 932. 934 

Raid of Ruth ven - -1582 

Raikes - - 1782. 1811 

Railways 1830. 1841. 1852, 

1853 
Raleigh, Sir Walter 1584. 1588. 
1610. 1618 
Ralph de Diceto ■■ - 1200 

Ramillies, B. - - 1706 

Ramirez I. - - - 1035 

Ramiro 11. - - 927. 938 

Rammohun Roy - - 1816 

Ramus, Peter - - 1560 

Randolph - - 1306. 1329 

Rangoon, C. - - 1824. 1852 

Ranier - . - 1795 

Ranulph Higden - - 1358 

Raoul or Rodolph - 923. 936 

Raphael - 1503. 1509. 1513 

Rasa, Procopius - - 1424 

Rastadt, P. - - - 1714 

Rathbreasil, synod of - 1118 

Ratisbon, diet - 1541. 1663 

Ratisbon, B. - - - 1809 

Ratramne - - - 843 

Ravaillac - - - 1610 

Ravenna, C. - - 728. 752 

Ravenna, B. - - - 1512 

Ray - - - - 1680 

Raymond IV. 1096. 1100. 1109 

Raymond - - - 1209 

Raymond VII. - - 1249 

Raymond Lully - - 1300 

Raynal . _ _ 1730 

Realists - - - 1116 

Reaumur - . > 1724 

Rebec, B. - - - 1524 

Rebellion in Ireland - 1649. 1798 

Scotland - 1745 

China - - 1851 

Recard - - - 585 

Reformation in Bohemia - 1408 

Basil- 1431. 1529 

Florence - 1489 

Zurich 1516. 1524 

Germany - 1517 

Sweden and 

Denmark - 1519. 1527. 1539 

Prussia and 

Saxony - - - 1525 

Berne - 1528 

Geneva - 1535 

England -1360. 

1380. 1531. 1534. 1540. 1548 
: Scotland - 1560 



300 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



Reformation in Ireland 1536. 1551 
Reform Bill - - - 1832 

Reggio, Duchy of - - 1452 

Regiomontanus - - 1470 

Regnier, poet - - 1601 

Regnier, General - - 1806 

Reichenberg, B. - - 1757 

Reid, Dr. T. - 1764. 1770. 

1796 
Reign of Terror - - 1793 

Rembrandt - - - 1660 

Rennell - - 1800. 1830 

Rennie - - - 1810 

Repeal of the Union - 1829. 1843 
Republican calendar - - 1792 

Republic, French - 1792. 1848 
Requesens, Lewis of - - 1573 

Reschid, Pasha - - 1826 

Restoration, the, in England - 1660 
Reuchlin - - - 1490 

Review, Edinburgh - - 1802 

Review, Quarterly - - 1809 

Revolution in England 1649. 1689 

Sweden 1680. 1772 

• France - 1789 

Hayti 1791. 1843 

Poland - 1794 

Spain - 1820 

Portugal - 1820 

Greece 1821. 1843 

France, Belgium, 

Warsaw, Papal States, Bruns- 
wick, and Switzerland - 1830 

— Paris, Rome, Munich 

1848 

Portugal - 1851 

Revolutionary Tribunal - 1793 
Reynolds - 1768. 1774. 1792 
Rhasis - - - 908 

Rheinfeld, B. - - 1638 

Rhemish New Test. - - 1582 

Rhodes, C. - - - 1310 

Rhodes, Colossus - - 653 

Rhotas, B. - - - 1849 

Rich, C. J. - - 1810. 1822 

Ricardo - - 1816. 1823 

Richard of Normandy - 1013 

I. CcEur de Lion 1 1 88. 1 1 90. 

1192. 1199. 

n. - - 1377. 1399 

IIL - - 1483. 1485 

son of John- - 1216 

> of CornwaU 1239. 1263. 

1272 
II., Stuart - - 1371 



Richard Duke of York 1454, 1455. 
1461 

Protector - - 1658 

Richardson - - - 1750 

Riche, President - ■ 1846 

Richelieu - 1630. 1635. 1642 
Richelieu, Duke - - 1756 

Richelieu - - - 1815 

Richmond, Earl of - - 1483 



Ricimer 


-455. 


461. 472 


Ridley 
Riego 
Riga, F. 
Riga, B. 
Rimenant, B. 


- 




- 1555 

- 1823 

- 1201 

- 1704 

- 1578 


Rimini, Council of 


_ 




- 359 


Rio Janeiro, C. 


- 




- 1711 


Riquet 
Rivoli, B. 


: 




- 1664 

- 1796 


Rizzio 


. 




- 1566 


Robert 


_ 




- 922 


the Wise 


996. 


998. 1022. 



1024. 1031 

the Old - - 1032 

Guiscard 1053. 1059. 1081. 

1084, 1085 

of Normandy 1076. 1087. 

1096. 1100. 1106 



of Flanders - 
of Arbrissel - 
Bp. of Molesme 
Fitz- Stephen - 
de Courtenay 
St. Louis' brother 



- 1096 

- 1094 

- 1098 

- 1169 

- 1221 

- 1250 

ofGlos'ter - -1263 

Bruce 1290. 1306. 1314 

II., Stuart - -1371 

IIL, of Scotland - 1390 

of Germany - - 1400 

Robertson - 1759. 1770. 1793 
Robervald - - - 1650 

Robespierre 1789. 1792, 1793, 1794 



Robin Hood - 


„ 




1199 


Rochambeau - 


1780, 


1781. 


1803 


Rochefoucault 


- 




1660 


Rochelle, C. - 


_ 




1620 


Rochelle, S. - 


- 




1627 


Rocroy, B. - 
Roderic 


- 


: 


1643 
713 


Roderic of Connaught 
Rodney, Admiral 1780. 1782. 
Rodolph - - - 
1., of Hapsburgh 

1278. 


1175 
1792 
888 
1273. 
1282 


IL - 


-. 


1576. 


1612 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



301 



Rodolph of Austria - 


_ 


A.C. 

1365 


Rodrigo Diaz 


- 


1060 


Roemer 


1667. 


1670 


Roger I.- 


1090. 


1098 


Roger II. - 


1130. 


1139 


Roger of Hoveden - 


- 


1200 


Roger Bacon- 1252 


1260. 


1263 


Roger Ascham 


- 


1550 


Rogers 


- 


1555 


Roland 


- 


778 


Rollo 


- 


911 


RoUin 


1710. 


1741 


Romanus, Antipope - 


- 


897 


Romanus I., Emperor 


- 


915 


II. - 


- 


959 


III. 


1028. 


1034 


IV. 


1068. 


1071 



Romanow, House of - - 1613 

Romanzow - - 1770. 1774 

Rome, C. 410. 455. 472. 476. 547. 
549, 550. 998. 1167. 1413. 1494. 
1527. 1798. 1849 
Rome, S. - 755. 848. 1081 

Rorailly - - - 1810 

Romuald - _ - io23 

Rouceveaux or Roncesvalles, B. 778 
Ronge . - _ 1844 

Ronsard . - _ 1570 

Rooke, Sir George - 1693. 1704 
Rosa, Salvator - - 1610 

Rosacrucian mania - - 1614 

Rosas, C. - - - 1794 

, Dictator - - 1852 

Rosbach, B. - - 1382. 1757 

Roscellinus - - - 1084 

Iloscoe - 1795. 1810. 

Rosse, Lord - 
Ross, General 

, Captain - 1818. 

Rossi, Count 

Rossellini . - _ 
Rotharis - - _ 
Roubilliac - - - 
Roucoux, B. - - 
Rouen, C.- 
Rousseau, J. B. 
, J. J. 



1730. 
1762. 
1710. 



1760. 
Rowe 

Rowley - - _ 

Roxburgh, S. - - 

Royal Exchange - 1569. 
Royal Society, London 

, Dublin 

, Gottingen 

Royal Irish Academy 



1831 
1845 
1814 
1841 
1848 
1843 

636 
1750 
1746 

843 
1741 
1778 
1715 
1470 
1460 
1838 
1663 
1749 
1750 
1786 



A.C. 

Rubens _ _ . 1520 

Rudolph - 1077. 1080. 1081 

Rupert - - - 1666 

Ruric, Family of - 862. 1598 

Russell, Lord - - 1683 

, Admiral - - 1692 

, Lord John - - 1846 

Ruyter, De - - 1666. 1676 

Rye-House Plot - - 1683 

Rysbrach - - - 1750 

Ryswick, P. •• - - 1697 



Sabatei Levi - - - 1666 

Sabektekin - - - 1001 

Sabellius - - 250. 259 

Sabinianus, Pope - - 604 

SaflParian dynasty - - 872 

St. Paul's - - 1675. 1710 

St. Helena - - 1815. 1840 

Saladin 1174. 1177. 1187. 1192, 
1193 

Salamanca University - 1239 

, B. - - 1812 

Salankemen, B. - - 1691 

Saldanha, Duke of - 1846.1851 

Sale, General - 1842. 1845 

, Lady - - - 1853 

Salic-law - - 500. 

Salic Dynasty 

Salivahana - - - 

Sallo- 

Salmasius - - . 

Salsbach, B. - 

Saltoun _ _ _ 

Saltz, P. - - - 

Salvador, St., discovery 

Salvator Rosa 

Salviatti, conspiracy of 

Salvius - _ _ 

Sancho I., of Leon - 



1830 
1024 
78 
1665 
1650 
1675 
1853 

803 
1492 
1610 
1478 
1285 

955 



the Great 1000. 1028. 1035 
IL of Castile 1065. 
II. of Navarre 
the Great of Castile - 



Sandwich Isles 

Sand 

San Martin - - - 

Santa Anna - - - 

Sapor L 242. 244. 259. 261 

IL 

Sapphira 
Saracens 
Saratoga, B. - 
Saragossa, B. 



1094 
1212 
1284 
1778 
1819 
1818 
1829 
, 273 
310. 350 

- 31 

- 189 

- 1777 



302 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



Saragossa, S. 


1808, 1809 


Sejanus 


. 


A.C. 

14. 31 


Sarmatians - 


- 282 


Selden 


- 


- 1640 


Sarpi, Paul - 


1609, 1610 


Selim I. 


- 


1512. 1514 


Sassanidae dynasty - 


- 226 


11. 


- 


1566.1571 


Saul - - 19. 37. 41 


. 43. 45. 48 


III. - 


- 


1789. 1807 


Saturn - 1655. 


1671. 1789 


Seljuk 


- 


- 1038 


Saumarez, Sir James 


- 1809 


Seljukian Turks 1038. 


1043. 1075 


Saumur, B, - 


- 1793 


Seminare, B. 


- 


- 1503 


Saunderson - 


- 1710 


Sempach, B. - 


- 


- 1.386 


Saussure, De, naturalist 


- 1841 


Seneca 


- 


49. 65 


Savage 


- 1730 


Seneffe, B. - 


. 


- 1674 


Savannah 


- 1819 


Senegal, C. - 


- 


1758. 1809 


Savery 


- 1697 


Sennefelder - 


- 


- 1796 


Savonarola - 


1489. 1498 


Sens, Council 


- 


1209. 1528 


Savoy House 


- 1027 


, B. 


- 


. 1648 


Conference 


- 1661 


Sentences, the Master of - 1150 


Saxe, Marshal 1745, 


1746, 1747 


Septimus Severus 


193, 194, 195. 


Saxo Grammaticus - 


- 1200 


197, 198. 200,201. 208. 211 


Saxon Heptarchy 


- 827 


Serampore - 


- 


- 1799 


Dynasty 


1024. 1066 


Serapis, worship of 


. 


- .146 


Saxons - -449.451.596 


Sergius I. Pope 


- 


- 687 


Say - 


1816. 1832 


II. - 


- 


- 844 


Scaliger, Julius Caesar 


- 1540 


III. - 


- 


- 903 


, Joseph 


- 1601 


IV. - 


- 


- 1009 


Scanderheg - 


1443. 1447 


Seringapatam, C. 


- 


1792. 1799 


SchffifFer 


- 1440 


Servetus, Michael 


. 


1553. 1628 


Schiller - 1781. 


1790. 1805 


Servia 


- 


1739. 1804 


Schimmelpennink 


- 1805 


Seven Sacraments 


- 


- 1151 


Schism of East and West - 1054 


Seven Years' War 


- 


1756. 1763 


Schism, Great Western 


1378. 1414 


Severinus, Pope 


- 


- 640 


Schism among the Hussites - 1420 


Severus, Julius 


- 


- 131 


of Rt^iI 


14.^0 144.Q 




iqq 194 IQ'S 


Schoenheinn - 


- 1846 


197, 198. 20C 


), 201. 208. 211 


Schoenbrun, P. 
Schlegel, Augustus - 
, Frederic 


- 1809 
1816. 1845 
1816. 1829 






QHK 




Sevigne, Madame de 


- 1680 


Schleswig, H. 


1848. 1851 


Seville, T. - 


. 


- 1729 


Scholastic theology • 


- 1061 


Sforza, family 


- 


- 1447 


Schomberg, Duke 


1665. 1690 


, the Moor 


. 


- 1500 


Schomberg - 


- 1693 


, Maximilian 


- 


- 1512 


Schwartz 


- 1340 


Shaftesbury - 


- 


- 1700 


Schwartzenberg, Prince 


- 1852 


Shah Soojah - 


- 


- 1839 


Scinde 


- 1843 


Shakspeare - 


- 


- 1601 


Scindia 


- 1803 


Sharfaddin - 


- 


- 1116 


Scots- - 121.203.445 


Sharp, Abraham 


. 


- 1720 


Scots' Militia Bill - 


- 1797 


, Granville 


_ 


1800. 1813 


Scotus, John Erigena 


- 872 


Shaw, naturalist 


- 


- 1800 


Scott, Rev. T. 


- 1810 


Shell 


- 


- 1851 


, Sir W. 1816. 


1827. 1832 


SheUey, poet- 


- 


1816. 1822 


Sebastian, Don 


1574. 1579 


Shelley, Mrs. 


- 


- 1851 


, St. 1794 


1813. 1836 


Shenstone 


> 


- 1750 


Sebastian!, General - 


- 1809 


Shere Singh - 


- 


- 1848 


Sebastopol, S. 


- 1853 


Sherer 


- 


- 1794 


Seeker, Archbishop - 


- 1750 


Sheridan, R. B. 1 


'75. 


1787. 1800 


Sedgemoor, B. 


- 1685 


Sheridan, Thomas 


- 


- 1770 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



303 



Shetland Islands 




. 


A.C. 

1468 


Sixtus IV. - 


A.C. 

- 1471 


Shetland, N. S. 




. 


1819 


V. - 


- 1585 


Shiites 




. 


1501 


Slave Trade 1440. 


1517. 1789. 


Shiracush 




. 


1171 


1796. 1807. 1834 


1838. 1839 


Shore, Sir John 




, 


1792 


Slavi - 


- 640 


Shrewsbury, B. 




- 


1403 


Sleidan 


- 1540 


Shultetus, Abraham 




- 


1593 


Sloane 


- 1730 


SicilianvVespers 




- 


1282 


Sluggards, Kings 


- 679 


Siddons, Mrs. 




1800. 


1831 


Sluys, B. 


- 1340 


Sidney, Sir P. 




- 


1586 


Smalcald, League of 


1531. 1535 


Sidon, C. 




- 


1840 


Smalcald, War 


- 1546 


Sidonius Apollinaris 




_ 


472 


Smeaton 


1770. 1774 


Sigebert 


. 


. 


562 


Smerwick, B. 


.. 1580 


II. - 


- 


- 


638 


Smith, Charlotte 


1790. 1806 


V\ in4-y^'*»tr»-.-» 


- 


- 


1084 


, Horace 


- 1849 




Sigismund - 


- 


- 


516 


,Dr. Pye 


- 1851 


of Hungary 


1383. 


1396 


, Adam 1759. 1770 


.1776. 1790 






1410. 


1419, 


, Sir Sydney - 


- 1799 




1420 


1423. 


1437 


, Sir Harry 1845, 


1846. 1852. 


I. the Great, 


of Poland 


Smollett 


1748. 1760 






1507. 


1541 


Smolensko, C. 


- 1504 


II., Augustu 


3, of Poland 


Smolensko, B. 


- 1812 






1548. 


1572 


Smyrna, C. - 


1833 


of Polnnrl 


_ 


_ 


1587 
740 


Snellius 
Sobraon, B. - 


1620. 1624 
- 1846 


Sigurd 


- 


- 


Silistria, C - 


- 


- 


1829 


Sobieski, John 1673, 


1674. 1683 


Silistria, S. - 


. 


.., 


1854 


Socinian Sect 


- 1556 


Silk manufacture 


- 


. 


551 


Socinus, Sselius and Faustus - 1556 


Silkworms - 


- 


- 


500 


Socrates 


- 410 


Silver mines - 


- 


. 


968 


Soissons, B. - 


- 486 


Silverius, Pope 


- 


- 


536 


Soissons, Congress - 


" 1728 


Silvesters, Popes 


314. 999. 


1044 


Soliman 


1075. 1092 


Simancas, B. - 
Simnel 






938 

1487 




- 1358 
1402. 1410 


„ 


. 


I. - 


Simon 


- 


- 


17 


II., the Magnifi 


cent 1520, 


Simon Magus 


- 


- 


138 


1521, 1522. 1526. 


1529. 1565 


Simon of Montfort 1209. 


1258. 


1263, 


Solomons, David 


- 1835 








1264 


Solouque 


1849. 1852 


Simon, Richard 


- 


- 


1700 


Solway Moss, B. 


- 1542 


Simplicius, Pope 


- 


- 


467 


Somerset 


- 1455 


Simplicius. philosopher 


- 


536 


Somerset, Protector - 


- 1547 


Simson 


- 


1750. 


1756 


Somerville - 


- 1730 


Sinclair, Sir J. 


_ 


1816. 


1835 


Sonnini 


- 1800 


Singara, B. - 


- 


. 


348 


Sonnites 


- 1501 


Sinope, C. - 


- 


- 


1853 


Sophia,-St., Church - 


- 537 


Siroes 


- 


_ 


628 


Sophia of Russia 


- 1682 


Sisinnius, Pope 


- 


. 


708 


of Hanover - 


- 1714 


• Sismondi 
Sitric 




1826. 


1842 
1040 


of Zcll 


- 1727 

- 1727 


_ 


Princess 


Si ward 


_ 


. 


1057 


Sophi, Ismael 


- 1501 


Sixteen, Faction of 


. 


_ 


1579 


Soranus, Barea 


- 66 


Six-mile Bridge 


_ 


. 


1852 


Sorbonne, Robert de - 


- 1252 


Sixtus I., Pope 


_ 


_ 


119 


Sorbonne, College 


- 1252 


II. - 


_ 


. 


257 


Soter 


- 167 


III. - 


- 


- 


432 


Southcote, Joanna 


- 1814 



304 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



Southwark Bridge - 
Soult 1809, 1810, 181] 



A.C. 

- 1819 

1813, 1814. 

1851 



Southern 


- 1700 


South, Dr. - 


- 1700 


South Sea Company - 


- 1711 


South Sea Scheme - 


- 1720 


Southey - 1813 


1816. 1843 


Sozomen 


- 410 


Spa-Fields Riot 


- 1816 


Spallanzani - 


- 1780 


Spectacles invented - 


- 1285 


Spectator 


- 1709 


Spencers 


- 1326 


Spenser 


- 1580 


Spinning Jenny 


- 1767 


Spinola 


- 1604 


Spinoza 


- 1660 


Spires, 1st Diet of - 


- 1526 


Spires, 2nd Diet of - 


- 1529 


Spires, C. - 


1689. 1792 


Spiritoff 


- 1770 


Spiritual Guide (Molinos') - 1675 


Spottiswoode - 


- 1646 


Spurs, B. 


- 1513 


Spurzheim - 


1816. 1832 


Stael. Baroness de 


1800. 1817 


Stafarda, B. - 


- 1690 


Stair, Earl - 


- 1743 


Stamp Act - 


1764. 1766 


Standard, B. - 


- 1138 


Stanhope 


1708. 1710 


Stanislaus Lecksinski 


1704. 1709 


— Poniatowski 


1764. 1771 


ir. 


~ 1795 


Staremberg - 


- 1710 


States General 


1588. 1789 


Stauffacher - 


- 1307 


Stauracius - 


- 811 


Steam Engine 1663. ] 


L698. 1769. 


1807 


1825. 1830 


Steele 


1709, 1710 


Steinkirk, B. - 


- 1692 


Steno Sture - 


- 1471 


Steno the Elder 


- 1501 


Stephanus 


96 


Stephen of Blois 


- 1096 


Stephen of England 


1135. 1141. 


1143 


1153, 1154 


Stephen, St. - 


- 37 


Stephen I., Pope 


" 253 


. 11. - - 752, 753, 754 


III. - 


- 763 


IV. - 


- 816 


V. - 


- 885 



A.C. 

Stephen VI. - - 896. 897 

VII. - - 929 

VIII. - - 939 

IX. - - - 1057 

Stephenson - - - 1848 

Stereotyping - - - 1797 

Sterling - - - 1844 

Sterne - - - 1760 

Sternhold - - - 1549 

Stevenson, Sir John - 1813.1833 

Stewart, General - - 1798 
Stewart, Dugald 1792. 1800, 1828 

Stilicho - - 403. 405 

Stilling - - - 1817 

Stillingfleet - - - 1699 

Stirling, B. - - - 1297 

Stock, Dr. - - - 1782 

Stockholm, massacre of - 1520 

Stockholm, P. - - 1719 

Stockport riot - - 1852 

Stofflet - - - 1793 

Stoke, B. - - - 1487 

Stolbova, P. - - - 1617 

Stopford, Admiral - - 1840 

Storthing - - - 1816 

Stothard, T. - - 1800. 1834 

Stothard, C A. - - 1821 

Stow- - - - 1601 

Strabise - - - 79 

Strachan, Admiral - - 1805 

Strada - - - 1630 

Stratford, Earl of - - 1641 

Strasburg cathedral - - 1012 

, C. - - 1681 

Strathcluyd - - - 975 

Struensee, Count - - 1772 

Strutt - - - 1790 

Stuart, House of - - 1603 

, Sir John - 1795.1806 

Stukely, Dr. - - - 1750 

Style, New - - 1582. 1752 

Suchet - - 1811.1813 

Sudermania, Duke of - 1792 

Suetonius, Paulinus - - 60 

, historian - - 100 

Sueur, Eustache le - - 1640 

Suevi - - - 406 

SufiPrein - - - 1782 

Sugarcane - - 1506.1641 

Sully - - - 1597 
Sulpitius Quirinius (Cyrenius) 6, 7 

Severus - - 410 

Sultan - - - 1001 

Sunday Schools - 1782. 1786 

Surajah Dowlah - 1756. 1764 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



305 



Surinam, C. - 

Sutri, Council of 

Sutlege 

SuwaiTow 

Swerker, House of - 

Sweyn 985. 1002. 



Swift, Jonathan 

Sword ;^earers, order of 1198 

Syagrius 

Sydenham Palace 

Sydney, Algernon 

Syeyes 

Sylvain Bailly 

Sylvester I,, Pope 

II. - 

■ III. 

Sylvius Italic us 
Symmachus - 
, Pope 



Syncellus 
Syricius, Pope 



Taborites 
Tacitus, historian 
emperor 



1789. 



Taherites 
Talavera, B. 
Talbot 
Tallard 
Talleyrand 
Tallien 
Tallis 
Talma 

Tamerlane 1370. 1386. 
1398. 
Tancred Hauteville - 



of Sicily 

Tangier, ceded 
Tangiers, bombarded 
Tangrolipix - 
Tara, B. 
Tarbes, B. - 
Tarifa, B. - 
Tarik 

Tarragona, C. 
, S. 



Tarsus, C. 

Tartaglia 

Tasman 

Tasso 

Tate- 



1799 


A.C. 

1804 


. 


1046 


. 


1846 


1790 


1799 


- 


1223 


1013 


1014 


- 


1036 


1720 


1745 


1198 


1237 


- 


486 


_ 


1852 


- 


1683 


- 


1789 


- 


1793 




314 


- 


999 


1044 


1046 


- 


49 


. 


384 


- 


498 


_ 


526 


- 


785 


- 


384 


1420. 


1457 


- 


81 


- 


275 


820. 872 1 


_ 


1809 


, 


1453 


. 


1704 


1815. 


1838 


- 


1792 


- 


1570 


_ 


1800 


1392. 


1397, 


1402. 


1405 


. 


1043 


. 


1096 


- 


1189 


- 


1661 


- 


1844 


. 


1046 


- 


980 


.. 


1814 


- 


1340 


- 


713 


- 


1811 




1813 


_ 


261 


- 


1560 


.. 


1642 


_ 


1580 


1710. 


1715 



A.C. 

Tatler - - - 1709 

Tauris, C. - - - 1514 

Taylor, Jer. - - - 1650 

, Brook - - 1710 

, General - - 1847 

Tea, introduction of - - 1610 

Teias - - - 553 

Tekeley - - - 1677 

Telescopes 1590. 1663. 1668. 1789. 
1845 
Telegraph, Electric - - 1837 

Telesius - - - 1560 

Telesphorus, Pope - - 128 

Tell - . - . 1307 

Temeswar, C. - - 1717 

, P. - - 1664 

, B. - - 1849 

Templars, Order of the Knights 

1118 
Tenchebray, B. 
Teniers 
Tennyson 

Teodor Alexiewitch - 
TertuUian 
Teschen, P. - 
Test Act 
Testament, New 
Testry, B. - 
Teutonic Order 

1237. 1255 
•Teutonic Russia 
Tewkesbury, B. 
Thabor, B. - 
Thackwell, General 
Thames mouth, B. 
Thames Tunnel 
Thelwell 
Theobald 
Theodebald - 
Theodebert - 
Theodebert - 
Theodora 
Theodora 
Theodore, Antipope 



1526. 



1106 
1630 
1850 
1676 
180 
1779 
1673 
1603 

- 687 
1164. 1191. 1230. 

1280. 1283. 1466 

- 1525 

- 1471 

- 1645 

- 1848 
;66, 1667 

- 1843 

- 1794 

- 926 

- 548 

- 534 
596. 612 

- 842 

- 1054 

- 686 
I. Lascaris, Emp. - 1206 

II. - - 1255 

Gaza - - 1460 

of Corsica - 1736 

Theodoric, King of the Visigoths 

451 
Theodoric the Ostrogoth (the Great) 
481. 488. 493. 500. 508. 526 
Theodorus I., Pope - - 642 

Theodorus II. - - 898 

Theodosian Code - - 435 



X 



306 



INDEX, NO. 2= 



Theodosius the Great 379. 388. 390. 
392. 394 

II. 408. 421. 425. 430. 

442. 450 

III. .. - 716 

Theon - - - 390 

Theophilus - - - 829 

Thermometers invented - 1609 

Thessalonica, massacre at - 390 
ThibaldV. - - - 1239 

Thibaut - - 1234. 1239 

Thierry - ~ - 511 

of Burgundy 596. 612 

III. - - 679. 687 

IV. - - 720. 737 

Third Estate, or Commons 1108. 

1302 
Thirty Years' War - 1618. 1648 
Thirty-nine Articles - 1562 

Thomas a Becket - 1164.1171 

Aquinas - - 1263 

Bradwardine - 1348 

Woodstock - - 1377 

a Kempis - - 1453 

Munzer - - 1525 

More - - 1530 

Cranmer - - 1533 

Wyatt - - 1554 

, Christian - - 1710 

Thomson, James - 1730. 1748 
Thorn, P. - - - 1466 

Thornton, botanist - - 1810 

Thorwaldsen - 1816. 1844 

Thou, De - - - 1601 

Thrasea Psetus - - 66 

Three Chapters, the - - 553 

Three Days' Revolution - 1830 
Thurgau - - - 1460 

Thurles, Synod of - - 1850 

Thurlow, Lord - - 1806 

Thurst - - - 1760 

Tiberias, B. - - - 1187 



Tiberius 



12. 14. 19. 26. 31. 37 



Ticonderago, B 
Tieck, Ludwig 
Tiers Etat. 
Tillemont 
Tillon 
Tillotson 
Tilly 
Tilsit, P. 
Timothy 



II. - - - 578 

III. - - 641 

Absimarus - - 698 

- 1758 

- 1853 
See Third Estate. 

- 1680 

- 1797 
- 1680. 1694 

1618. 1626. 1630. 1631 

- 1807 
6L 63 



A.C- 

Tindal - - - 1526 

Tintoretto - - - 1580 

TippooSaib 1782. 1790. 1792. 1799 

Tissot, physician - - 1780 

Titian - - - 1517 

Titus, Emperor - 70. 79 

Tobacco introduced - - 1586 

Tobago, C. - - - 1803 

Toe, Pope's - - - 708 

Tograi - - - 1116 

Togrul Beg - 1037. 1043. 1056 

Tolbiac, B. - - - 496 

Toledo, C. - - - 1085 

Tolentino, B. - - 1815 

Tooke, Home 1786. 1790. 1794. 
1812 

Torgau, B. - - - 1760 

Tories - - 1680. 1711 

Toro, B. - - - 1476 

Torquemada - - 1481 

Torres Vedras - 1810, 1811 

Torres Vedras, B. - - 1846 

Torricelli - - 1640. 1643 

Torrigiano - - - 1513 

Torstenson - 1618. 1642. 1645 

Tortona, C. - - - 1154 

Tortosa, C. - - - 1811 

Tosti - - - 1066 
Totila 543. 547. 550. 552, 553 

Toulon, C. - - - 1793 

Toulouse, B. - - - 1814 

Tournaments - - 1066 

Tourville - - 1692, 1693 

Toushi - - - 1223 

Toussaint I'Ouverture 1 7 9 1 . 1 802 

Townson - - . - 1770 

Townley, Charles - - 1790 

Towton, B. - - - 1461 

Trafalgar, B. - - 1805 
Trajan 98. 102, 103. 107. 114. 117 

Transubstantiation - - 1215 

Transits - 1631. 1639. 1769 

Trapezuntius, George - 1460 

Trebisond, Empire of 1206. 1466 

Trent, Council - 1545. 1563 

Trenton, B. - - - 1776 

Treves, C. - - - 882 

, S. - - - 1675 

, Holy Coat at - 1844 

Trevulzio - - 1500. 1515 

Tribonian's Institutes - 1152 

Trinidad, C. - - 1797 

Tripoli, C. - - - 1109 

Trissino - - - 1517 

Trithemius - - - 1509 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



307 



Trollo, Archbp. 


. 


A.C. 

- 1520 


Utrecht, P. - 


A.C. 

- 1713 


Tromp, Van 


- 


1652. 1653 


Utricia Leonora 


1718. 1720 


Tromp, the Younger 


- 1666 






Troubadours 


. 


- 1100 


V. 




Trouveres 


. 


- 1100 


Vaccination - 


- 1796 


Troyes, T. - 


_ 


- 1420 


Valdemar of Denmark 


- 1157 


Tudor, House of 


_ 


- 1485 


Valdemar II. 


1202. 1227 


Tuileries, Palace 


- 


- 1564 


Valdemar I. of Sweden 


- 1250 


Tunis, a 


_ 


1535. 1573 


Val de Dunes, B. 


- 1046 


Turenne 1618. 1644, 


1645. 1648. 


Valdus, Peter 


- 1160 


1667. 


1674, 1675 


Valenciennes, C. 1677. 


1793, 1794 


Turgot 


_ 


- 1774 


Valengin 


- 1707 


Turin, B. 


_ 


- 1706 


Valens - - 364. 376. 378 


Turlogh 


. 


- 1082 


Valentinian I. - 


364. 367 


Turnebus 


. 


- 1550 


II. 375. 388. 392 


Turner 


_ 


- 1851 


III. 


425. 455 


Turtukai, B. - 


. 


- 1854 


Valentinus, Pope 


- 827 


Twiss, Horace 


_ 


- 1849 


Valerian 


254. 259 


Two Roses, Faction of 


- 1399 


Valla, Laurentius 


- 1453 


Tychoe Brahe 


- 


- 1601 


Valladolid, university 


- 1346 


Tyler, President 


- 


- 1841 


Valiancy 


1790 1812 


Tyre, C. 


- 


1098. 1291 


Valmy, B. - 


- 1792 


Tytler, A. F. 


_ 


- 1800 


Valois, House of 


- 1328 


Tytler, P. F. 


- 


- 1849 


Orleans 

Angouleme - 


- 1515 
1515. 1589 


U. 






Valteline, War in 


1620. 1635 


Ubeda, or Tolosa, B 




- 1212 


Van Buren - 


- 1837 


Uladislaus V. of Poland 


- 1386 


Vandals 406. 412. 429. 439 


Ubn, B. 


- 


- 1805 


Van Diemen 


1616. 1642 


Ulpianus 


- 


- 222 


Vandyke 


- 1620 


Ulric, St. 


- 


- 993 


Van~Eyk - 


- 1340 


Unam Sanctam, Bui 


I 


1294. 1713 


Van-Helmont 


- 1620 


Unigenitus, Bull 


. 


- 1713 


Vanini 


- 1619 


Union of Denmark 


and Nor- 


Van Tromp - 


1652, 1653 


-way 


- 


- 1380 


Van Tromp, Younger 


- 1666 


Union of England 


and Scot- 


Varna, B. - 


- 1444 


land 


. 


1603. 1706 


Varna, C. 


- 1828 


Union of Ireland 


and 


Great 


Varus 


9 


Britain 


. 


- 1800 


Vasco di Gama 


1496. 1498 


United States 


_ 


- 1776 


Vassili Vassiliewitch • 


- 1425 


Urban I. (Pope) 


_ 


- 223 


Vassili IV. - 


- 1505 


II. 1088. 1093 


1095. 1098 


Vatablus 


- 1530 


III. - 


- 


1185. 1187 


Vatican Library 


- 1447 


IV. - 


. 


1261. 1264 


Vattel 


- 1750 


V. - 


- 


1362. 1367 


Vauban - 1677 


1690, 1691 


VI. - 


_ 


1378. 1380 


Vechivis, B.- 


- 1322 


VII. - 


. 


- 1590 


Velasquez 


- 1640 


Urgel 


_ 


- 1822 


Venables, admiral 


- 1654 


Urklan 


. 


- 1333 


Vendome, duke of - 


- 1710 


Urquiza 


- 


1852, 1853 


Venezuela, republic - 


- 1810 


Urraque 


- 


- 1109 


Venice, F. - 


- 452 


Ursicinus, Pope 


. 


- 366 


, Bank of 


- 1157 


Usher, Archbp. 


- 


1640. 1655 


, T - 


- 11T7 


Ushant, B. - 


- 


1778. 1794 


,C. - 


- 1797 


Utrecht, Union of 


- 


- 1579 


, republic 


- 1848 



X 2 



308 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



Venus 1665 

Verde, Cape, Islands 
Verden, C.- 
Verdun, T. - 
Verdun, C. - 
Vernet 

Verneuil, B.- 
Vernon, admiral 
Veronese, Paul 
Versailles, P. 
Vertot 
Verus 
Vervins, P. - 



1639. 



161 



45. 66. 



Vesta, planet 

Vesuvius, eruption of 

Viazma, P. - 

Vicelin 

Victor I. (Pope) 

II. - 

III. - 

IV. - 

Amadeus I. - 

II. - 

III. 



general 

Emmanuel II. 

Victoria 



A.C. 

1759 

- 1460 

- 1757 

- 843 

- 1792 

- 1768 

- 1424 

- 1739 

- 1580 

- 1783 

- 1720 
162. 171 

- 1598 
68, 69, 70 

- 1807 
472. 1779 

- 1634 

- 1124 

- 192 

- 1055 

- 1086 
1159. 1164 
1630. 1690 

- 1730 

- 1773 
1809. 1811 

" 1849 
1819. 1837, 1838. 1840. 
1843, 1844. 1849, 1850 
1840 
1841 
1683 
1738 
1806 
1805 
1809 
1814 
1580 
538 
1702 
1331 
1794 
1734 



Victoria Adelaide, Princess - 
Victoria Land 
Vienna, S. - 

P. - 

B. - - 1529. 

T. - 

C. - 

Congress 

Vieta 

Vigilius I., Pope 

Vigo, B. - " 

Villani 

Villaret Joyeuse 

Villars 1709. 1 

Villaviciosa, B. 

Villeroi 

Vimeira, B. - 

Vince, astronomer 

Vincent de Paula 

, St., B. 

, St., Earl 

Vincens, Dr. 

Vinceslaus II. of Bohemia 

Viner 

Virginia 

Virome, Marshal 



12. 



1665. 1710 

- 1706 

- 1808 
~ 1810 

- 1632 
1797 
1797 
1815 
1278 
1740 
1584 
1676 



1780, 



- 1296 

- 1395 

- 1447 
400. 414 
657, 658 

- 34. 37 

- 69 

- 1541 

- 1813 
1800. 1820 

- 162 
1750. 1778 
1810. 1826 

- 17 

- 300 

- 1680 

- 1630 

- 507 

- 384 



- 1809 

- 1718 

- 1460 

- 1790 

- 1536 

- 1690 



Visconti, Matthew 
Visconti, John Galeas 
Viscontis, Family of 
Visigoths 
Vitalianus 
Vitellius 

Vitellius, Emperor 
Vittoria Colonna 
Vittoria, B. 
Volney 
Vologesus 
Voltaire 
Volta 
Vonones 
Vopiscus 
Vossius, Isaac 
Vossius, G. J. 
Vouille, B.- 
Vulgate, Latin 

W. 

Wagram, B.- 
Wake 

Wakefield, B. 
Wakefield, Gilbert - 
Waldec, Bp. - 
Waldec, Prince 
Waldenses - 1160. 1176. 1853 
Wales, Prince of - - 1283 

Walhalla - - - 1842 

Walid - - 706. 713 

Wallace - 1296, 1297. 1304 
Wallachia - - - 1739 

Wallenstein 1618. 1626. 1630. 1634 
Waller - - - 1670 

Wallis, mathematician - 1680 

Wallis, Captain - - 1767 

Walpole, Sir Robert 1714. 1727. 
1745 
Walpole, Horace - 1780. 1797 
Walpott - - - 1191 

Walter - - - 1096 

Walter de Mapes - - 1209 

Walton, Isaac - - 1670 

Walton, Brian - - 1650 

Wamba - - - 675 

Wandiwash, B. - - 1759 

War, Jewish - - - 66 

, Parthian - - 162 

, Marcomanni - - 169 

, Civil, in England 1263. 1311. 

1455. to 1485. 1642 

, Civil, in France - 1404 

, Cabillauds and Hame^ons 1417 

, of the Hussites - - 14!8 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



309 



War, Thirty Years' 1618. to 1648 

, Religious, in Switzerland 1531 

, Religious, of Smalcald - 1546 

, Religious, in France - 1560 

, Russia and Turkey 1677. 1768. 

1806. 1828 

, of the North - -1700 

, Spanish Succession - 1701 

, Austrian Succession - 1740 

, Seven Years' - - 1756 

■ , England and North America 

1775 

, England and France - 1778 

, England and India 1780. 1790 

, England and Holland - 1780 

, Civil, in Spain - - 1822 

, Civil, in do. - - 1833 

, Burmese - - 1824 

, Kaffir - - 1847. 1851 

, Sikh 1845, 1846. 1848, 1849 

■ , Sardinia and Austria 1848, 

1849 

, Hungary and Austria 1848, 

1849 

, French and Romans - 1849 

, Schleswig-Holstein 1848. 1850 

• , French and Algerines - 1851 

, Brazil and Buenos Ay res 1851 

, British and Burmese - 1852 

, Russians and Turks - 1853 

, British, French, and Russians 

1854 
Warburton - 
Ward, essayist 
Ware, Sir James 
Warefridus Diaconus 
Waring, Dr. E. 
Waronitz 
Warren, Admiral 
Warsaw, C. - 
Warsaw, B. - 
Warton - 1770. 1785. 1790 

Warwick 1460. 1464. 1470, 1471 
Washington 1754. 1775, 1776. 1781. 
1799 
Washington, C. 
Wat Tyler - 
Watches invented 
Waterford, F. 
Water-Kloof, B. 
Waterland, Dr. 
Waterloo, B. 
Waterloo Bridge 
Watson, Bp. - 



1760. 1779 

- 1846 

- 1650 

- 788 
1780. 1798 

- 1697 

- 1747 

- 1806 
1794. 1831 



- 1814 

- 1381 
- 1478. 1597 

- 800 

- 1851 

- 1730 

- 1815 

- 1817 

- 1800 



A.C. 

Watt, James - 1769. 1800. 1819 
Watts, Dr. Isaac - 1730. 1748 
Weber, musician - 1816.1826 
Webster - - - 1852 

Wedgewood - - - 1780 

Weimar, Duke of - - 1618 

Weinsberg, B. - - 1140 

Welf or Guelph - - 1071 

Wellesley, Marquis 1788. 1798. 1842 
Wellesley, Sir Arthur 1803. 1808, 
1809 
Wellington 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 
1813, 1814, 1815. 1827, 1828. 
1852 
Wenceslaus - - - 1300 

, Emperor - 1378 

of Bohemia - 1419 

Werner - - 1800. 1817 

Werth, John- - - 1618 

Wesley, Charles - - 1728 

, John - - 1740 

, musician - - 1816 

Wessel - - - 1470 

West, painter 1792. 1800. 1820 

West, Gilbert - - 1750 

Westall - 1816. 1836, 1850 

Westminster Abbey - - 1059 

Westminster Bridge - - 1750 

Westphalia, T. - - 1648 

Westphalia, Kingdom - 1810 

Wheatstone - - 1837 

Whigs - - 1680. 1711 

Whish, General - - 1848 

White Canons - - 1119 

White, H. Kirke - - 1806 

White, Joseph, Orientalist - 1800 
Whitehead - 1757. 1770. 1785 
Whitelocke, General - 1807 

Whitfield - - - 1770 

Whitgift - - - 1595 

Wickliffe - 1360. 1377. 1380 
Wicklifltttes, or Lollards - 1413 

Wieland, poet - 1790. 1813 

Wilberforce 1789. 1826. 1833 

Wilfred - - - 709 

Willdenow, botanist - - 1800 

Wilkie, Sir D. - 1830. 1841 

Wilkins, Sir Charles - 1836 

William the Conqueror 1046. 1048. 
1070. 1079. 1087 

II. Rufus 1087. 1097. 1100 

III. of Orange 1672. 1674. 

1688, 1689, 1690. 1692, 1693. 
1695. 



X 3 



310 



INDEX, NO. 2. 



William IV. - 

Iron- Arm - 

of Apulia 

Prince of England 

of Malmesbury 

the Lion 

— ^ II., the Good, (of Naples) 

1166. 1189 

of Turc 

III., son of Tancred 

Parvus 



1830. 1837 

- 1043 

- 1084 
1120 
1143 
1165 



~ of Brittany ■ 

— of Holland - 

— of Nogaret ■ 

— Tell 

— Ocram 

— Sawtre 

— I. of Orange 



11. 



1185 
1194 

- 1200 

- 1239 

- 1250 

- 1301 

- 1307 

- 1322 

- 1401 
1566. 1572. 
1574. 1584 

- 1650 



IV., Stadtholder - 1747 
of Cumberland - 1760 

v., Stadtholder - 1785 
Duke of Brunswick - 1830 
I. of Holland 1815. 1840 



Wolsey 
Worcester, B. 
Worcester, Marquis - 
Woolwich 

Wordsworth - 1816. 
Worms, B. - 

, Concordat - 

, Council 



-, C. 
-, Diet 



513. 



1843. 
1122, 



1689. 
1495. 



- 1618. 
1674. 1690. 



A.C. 

1530 
1651 
1663 
1741 
1850 
1298 
1123 
1076 
1792 
1521 
1660 
1648 
1810 
1723 
1780 
1610 
1554 



Wouvermans 

Wrangel 

Wraxall 

Wren, Sir C. 

Wright, painter 

Wurzburg, League - 

Wyatt 

X. 

Xaintrailles - - 1423 

Xeres de la Frontera, B. - 713 
Ximenes - - 1509. 1516 



Y. 



II. of Holland 


- 


1840 


Yakub, Ebn. Seis 


_ 


872 


III. of Holland 


_ 


1849 


Yezdejird, Era 


_ 


632 


William Henry, Fort, C 


. 


1757 


Yezdejird III. 


. 


651 


Williams 


- 


1848 


Yezid L 


- 


679 


Willis, physician 


- 


1810 


York, Constitution of 


- 


926 


WiUoughby, Sir Hugh 


- 


1553 


, B. 


- 


1066 


Winchester, T. 


- 


1153 


, Duke of 


_ 


1377 


Winckelmann 


_ 


1760 


, House of 


_ 


1461 


Windischgratz, Prince 


. 


1848 


, S. 


- 


1644 


Windsor, Council 


_ 


1175 


, Duke of 


1794. 


1799 


Winkelried, Arnold - 


- 


1386 


, Cardinal of 


_ 


1807 


Winsor 


1807. 


1810 


Minster 


_ 


1829 


Wirtemberg, Duchy - 


- 


1495 


Yorktown, C. 


- 


1781 


Wislock, B. - 


- 


1636 


Young, agriculturist - 




1800 


Witikind 


. 


772 


-,Th. - 


1816. 


1829 


Witt, John de 


1653. 


1672 


, poet - 


_ 


1750 


Witt, Cornelius de - 


_ 


1672 


Yoursoulf 


_ 


1061 


Wittelsbach, House of 


- 


1331 


Ypsilanti 


_ 


1821 


Wladimir the Great - 


988. 


1015 








Wladimir IL 


_ 


1113 


Z. 






Wladislaus - 


_ 


1081 


Zacharias, Pope 


_ 


741 


Wolcot, Dr. - 


- 


1819 


Zapolya, John 


_ 


1526 


Wolfenbuttel, B. 


- 


1641 


Zealand, Invasion of 


- 


1700 


Wolf, philosopher 


1719, 


1720. 


Zeno 474. 481, 482, 483. 488 


. 491 






1754 


Zenobia 


_ 


273 


Wolf 


. 


1812 


Zenta, B. 


- 


1697 


Wolfe, General 


_ 


1759 


Zephyrinus - 


_ 


201 


Wolfe, Rev. C. 


.. 


1825 


Ziano, Doge - 


_ 


1177 


Wollaston 


1810 


1828 


Zimmermann 


1780. 


1795 



EVENTS THAT OCCURRED A. C. 



Ziska - - 1418. 

Zinzendorf - - - 

Zizim - - _ 

Znaym, armistice 
Zoe, Leo VI. 's second wife - 
Zoe, Leo VL's fourth wife - 



A.a 
1424 
1727 
1481 
1809 
886 
901 



Zoe,RomaiiusIIL'swife 1034.1049 



Zorndorf, B. - 
Zosimus, Pope 
Zummerhausen, B. - 
Zurich, B. - 
Zutphen, B. - 
Zwingle 1516. 1519. 



311 

A.C. 

- 1758 

- 417 

- 1648 

- 1799 

- 1586 
1524. 1531 



X 4 



SYNCHR(( 



SOVEREIGNS OF EUROPE, F]l 



ENGLAND. 


SCOTLAND. 


FRANCE. 


GERM AN Yi 


827. Egbert. 


824. Dongal. 


814. Louis le Debonnaire. 


814. Louis le Debon 


837. Ethelwolf. 


831. Alpine. 
834. Kenneth IL 


840. Charles the Bald. 


840. Lothaire. 


857. Ethelbald. 

860. Ethelbert. 
866. Ethelred. 


854. Donald V. 
858. Constantine II. 




855. Louis II. 


872. Alfred. 


874. Ethus, or Eth. 
876. Gregory. ■ 




875. Charles 11. 




877. Louis the Stammerer. 
879. Louis 111. and Carlo- 


877. Interregnum. 






man. 


880. Charles III, le < 






884. Charles le Gros. 








887. Eudes, or Hugh. 


887. Arnould. 




893, Donald VI. 


893. Charles III. 


899. Louis III. 



L TABLE 



BERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 



DENMARK. 


SPAIN. 


POPES. 


THE EAST. 


arold. 


791. Alfonso II. 


827. Valentinus. 

828. Gregory I. 


829. Theophilus. 


ric. 
ricll 


842. Ramiro I. 
850. Ordogno. 


844. Sergius II. 
847. Leo IV. 

855. Benedict III. 
858. Nicholas I. 


842. Michael III. 




866. Alfonso III. 


867. Adrian 11. 
872. John VIII. 


867. Basilius I. 


ormo the Old. 




882. Martin II. 

884. Adrian III. 

885. Stephen V. 

891. Formosus. 

896. Boniface VI. 

897. Romanus and Stephen 
VI. 

898. John IX. 


886. Leo VI, 









314 SYNCHRONIC AL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 



900. 



ENGLAND. 

Alfred. 



SCOTLAND. 
Donald VL 



FRANCE. 
Charles IIL 



GERMANY. 
Louis IIL 



901. Edward the Elder. 



904. Constautine IIL 



924. Athelstan. 



940. Edmund I. 



947. Edred. 



955. Edwy. 
959. 



974. Edward the Martyr. 



979. Ethelred II. 



944. Malcolm I. 

953, Indulfus. 

961. Duff. 
965. CuUen. 
970. Kenneth IIL 



994. Constantine IV. 

995. Grimus. 



922. Robert. 

923. Rodolph. 



936. Louis IV. 



954. Lothaire. 



986. Louis V. 

987. Hugh Capet. 



Robert 11. 



Saxon dynasty. 
911. Conrad I. 

918. Henry I. 



936. Otho I. 



973. Otho II. 



983. Otho III. 



EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 



315 



900. 



DENMARK. 


SPAIN. 


POPES. 


THE EAST. 


GoRMo THE Old. 


Alfonso III. 


John IX. 


Leo VI. 






903. Leo V. 

904. Sergius III. 






910. Garcias. 
914. Ordogno II. 


911. Anastasius III. 

913. Landonius. 

914. John X. 


911. Alexander and Con- 
stantiiie VII. 

919. Romanus Lecapanus. 

920. Constantine VIII. 




923. Froila II. 






Harold II. 


925. Alfonso IV. 
927. Ramiro II. 


928. Leo VI. 

929. Stephen VII. 
931. John XI. 

936. Leo VII. 
939. Stephen VIII. 

942. Martin III. 


928. Stephen and Christo- 
pher. 

945.Constantlne VII. (sole). 




950. Ordogno III. 


946. Agapetus II. 






955. Ordogno IV. 

956. Sancho I. 


956. John XII. 






967. Ramiro III. 


963. Leo VIII. and Bene- 

diet V. 
965. John XIII. 

972. Benedict VI. 

974. Boniface VII. & Dom- 


959. Romanus II. 
963. Nicephorus II. 

969. John I. 






nus II. 
975. Benedict VII. 


975. Basil ius II. and Con- 
stantine IX. 


Swein. 


982. Veremundo II. 


983. John XIV. 

984. John XV. 

985. John XVI. 






999. Alfonso V. 


996. Gregory V. 
999. Silvester II. 





316 SYNCHEONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEEEIGNS 


OP 


1000. 






ENGLAND. 


SCOTLAND. 


FRANCE. 


GERMANY. 


HUNGARY. 


Ethelred II. 


Grimus. 


Robert II. 


Otho in. 


Stephen (997). 




1003. Malcolm II. 




1002. Henry II. 




1013. Sweyn. 

1014. Canute the Gt. 
1013. Ethelred restor- 
ed. 

1016. Edmund Iron- 
side and Canute 
again. 


1033. Duncan I. 


1031. Henry I. 


1024. Conrad II. 




1036. Harold I. 










1039. Hardicanute, 
1041. Edward the 
Confessor. 


1039 Macbeth. 
1057. Malcolm III. 


1060. Philip I. 


1039. Henry III. 
1056. Henry IV. 


1038. Peter. 
1041. Aba. 

1044. Peter again. 
1047. Andrew I. 

1061. Bela I, 
1064. Salamon, 


1066. Harold II., and 
William the 
conqueror. 
(Norman line.) 








1075. Geisa I. 
1077. Ladislas I. 


1087. William II. Ru- 
fus. 


1093. Donald VII. 

1094. Duncan II. and 
Donald Bane. 

1098. Edgar. 






1095. Coloman. 


1100. Henry 1. 











EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 



317 



1000. 



DENMARK. 




SPAIN. 


POPES. 


EAST. 


SWEIN. 


SWEDEN. 


Alfonso V. 


Silvester II. 


CONSTANTINE IX. 




1001. Olaf. 








14. Canute II. 






1003. John XVII. and 

XVIII. 
1009. Sergius IV. 
1012. Benedict VIII. 






1026. Edmund. 


1027. VeremundoIII. 


1024. John XIX. 


1028. Romanus III. 


36. Canute III. 




Kings of Castile. 
1035. Ferdinand. 


1033. Benedict IX. 


1034. Michael IV. 


42. Magnus. 








1041. Michael V. 

1042. Constantine X. 


47. Swein 11. 


1051. Edmund Slemme 




1044. Gregory VI. 

1046. Clement 11. 

1047. Benedict again. 

1048. Damasns 11. and 

Leo IX. 






1056. Stenkill. 


1065. Sancho II. 


1054. Vacant. 

1055. Victor II. 

1057. Stephen IX. 

1058. Benedict X. and 

Nicholas II. 

1061. Alexander II. 


1054. Theodora. 

1056. Michael VI. 

1057. Isaac I. 

1059. Constantine XI. 




1066. Halstan. 






1007. Eudocia. 

1071. Michael VII. 


73. Interregnum. 




1072. Alfonso VI. 


1073. Gregory VII. 


fagain. 


)77. Harold. 










)80. Canute IV. 








1078. Nicephorus III. 


)86. Olaus IV. 


1090. Ingo. 




1085. Vacancy. 

1086. Victor III. 

1088. Urban II. 


1081. Alexius I. 


395. Eric III. 






1099. Pascal IT. 





SYNCHRONICAL TABLE OP THE SOVEREIGNS OF 



1100. 



JGLAND. 


SCOTLAND. 


FRANCE. 


GERMANY. 


HUNGARY. 




lENRY I. 


Edgar. 


Philip I. 


Henry IV. 


COLOMAN. 


PRUSSIA. 




1107. Alexander. 


1108. Louis VL 


1106. Henry V. 


1114. Stephen. 






1124. David. 




1125. Lothaire II. 






Stephen. 


1153. Malcolm IV. 


1137. Louis Vn. 


1138. Conrad III. 

1 152. Frederic 
Barbarossa. 


llSl.Belall. 
1141. Geisa IL 


1134. Albert L 


Henry IL 


1165. William. 






1161. Stephen III. 








1180. Philip II. 




1174. Bela IIL 


1170. OthoL 
1184. Otho II. 


Richard I. 






1190. Henry VI. 
1198. Philip. 


1196. Emeric. 




John. 













EUROPE^ FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 



31: 



1100. 



NMARK. 

;ric hi. 



nterregnum 
Nicholas I. 



SWEDEN. 

Ingo. 



Eric IV. 
Eric V. 



Sweinlll. J 
Canute V. 



Canute VI. 



1112. Philip. 
1118. Ingo II. 



1129. Swerker. 



SPAIN. 
Alfonso VI. 



1109. Urracaand 
Alfonso 
VII. 



1126.AlfonsoVin 



1150. Eric X. 



162. Charles VII 
1168. Canute. 



1192. Swerker II. 



PORTUGAL 

(Counts of). 



Henry. 



112. Alfonso and 
Theresa. 



1128. Alfonso 
alone. 



1139. Alfonso I. 
as king. 



1157. SanchoIII. 

1158. Alfonso IX. 



1185, Sancho I. 



POPES. 
Pascal II. 



1118. GelasiusII. 



1119. Calixtus II 
1124. Honorius II. 



1130. Innocent II. 



1143. Celestine II 

1144. Lucius II. 
1145.EugeniusIII 



1153. Anastasius 

IV. 

1154. Adrian IV. 



1159. Alexander 
III. 



1181. Lucius III. 



1185. Urban III. 

1187. Gregory 

VIII. and 

Clement 

III. 



THE EAST. 
Alexius I. 



1118. John Com- 
nenus. 



1143. Manuel I. 



1191. Celestine 

in. 



1198. Innocent 
IIL 



1180. Alexius II. 



1183. Androni- 

cus I. 
1185. Isaac II. 



1195. Alexius III, 



320 



SYNCHRONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 



1200. 



ENGLAND. 


SCOTLAND. 


FRANCE. 


GERMANY. 


HUNGARY. 


PRUSSIAA 


John. 


William. 


Philip II. 


Philip. 


Emeric. 


Otho II. 








1208. Otho IV. 


1204. Ladislas II. 

1205. Andrew II. 


1206. Albert II 


1216. Henry III. 


l2l4.AIexandern. 
1249. Alexander 

in. 


1223. Louis VIII. 
1226. Louis IX. 


1212. Frederic n. 


1235. Bela IV. 


1221. John La 
Otho II 






1250. Cocrad IV. 
& William. 












1256. Interregnum 






1272. Edward I. 


128.5. Margaret. 


1270. Philip III. 
1285. Philip IV. 


Houses of Haps- 
burg, Luxemburg, 
and Bavaria. 

1273. Rodolph. 


1270. Stephen IV. 
1272. Ladislas III. 


1266. John 11. 
1282. Otho IV. 




1292. JohnBaliol. 




1291. Interregnum 

1292. Adolphus 

1298. Albert 


1290. Andrew III. 

















EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 



321 



1200. 



ISTMARK. 


SWEDEN. 


SPAIN, 


PORTUGAL. 


POPES. 


THE EAST. 


WTE VI. 


SWERKER II. 


Alfonso IX. 


Sancho I. 


Innocent III. 


Alexius III. 


^''aldemarll. 










1203. Isaac II. 
Latin Emperors. 

1204. Baldwin I. 

1206. Henry I. 




1210. Eric XI. 


1214. Henry I. 


1212. Alfonso II. 


1216.HonoriusIII. 






1220. John I. 
1223. Eric XII. 


1217. Ferdinand 
III. 


1223. Sancho II. 


1227. Gregory IX. 


1217. Peter de 
Courtenay. 

1221. Robert de 
Courtenay. 

1228. Baldwin II. 


.ric VI. 






1248. Alfonso III. 


1241. Vacancy, and 

Celestine IV. 

1243. Innocent IV. 




Lbel. 




. 








'hristopher 
.ric VII. 


1251. Waldemar. 


1252. Alfonso X. 




1254. Alexander 
IV. 

1261. Urban IV. 
1/65. Clement IV. 

1268. Vacancy. 

1271. Gregory X. 


Greek Empprors 
at Constantinople. 

126l.MichaelVIII 


ricVIII. 


1279. Magnus I. 
1290. Birger II. 


1284. SanchoIV. 

1294. Ferdinand 
IV. 


1279. Denis. 


1276. Innocent V., 
Adrian V., & 
Vicedonr.inus. 

1277. John XX. or 
XXI., and 
Nicholas III. 

1281. Martin IV. 

1285.HonoriusIV. 

1288. Nicholas IV. 

1M2. Vacancy. 
1294. Celestine V. 

and Boniface 

VIII. 


282. Andronicus 
II. 



322 SYNCHRONIC AL TABLE OF THE SOVEEEIGNS OF 

1300. 



ENGLAND. 
Edward 1. 



1307. Edward II. 



1306. Robert 
Bruce I. 



1327. Edward III, 



SCOTLAND. 
John Baliol. 



1329. David Bruce 
II. 



1332. Edward Ba- 
liol. 



1342. David II. 

again. 



FRANCE. 
Philip IV. 



314. Louis X. 



1316. John and 
Philip V. 



1322. Charles IV. 



1328. Philip VI. 



377. Richard II. 



1371. Robert 

Stuart II. 



1390. Robert III. 



350. John II. 



1364. Charles V, 



GERMANY. 
Albert. 



1308. Henry VII. 



131 3. Interregnum. 
1314.LouisIV.and 
Frederic III. 



1330. Louis IV. 
alone. 



1347. Charles IV. 



1380. Charles VI. 



1378. Wenceslas. 



HUNGARY. 
Andrew III. 



1309. Charobert. 



PRUSSlJi 
Otho IV 



1309. Waldedt 



1319. Henry I.I 
1320.1nterreg!^ 



1323. Louis 



1342. Louis the 
Great. 



382. Mary. 



1352. Louis III 



1365. Otho V\' 



1373. Wences 



1378. Sigismi 



1388. Jnssus. 



EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 323 



1300. 



MARK. 
VIII. 



ristopher 



erregnum 

aldemar 

I. 



erregnum 
aus V. 



urgaret. 



SWEDEN. 

BiRGER II. 



1320. Magnus II. 



1363. Albert. 



SPAIN. 
Ferdinand IV. 



1312. Alfonso XI. 



1350. Peter the 
Cruel. 



1368. Henry 



1379. John I. 



Henry III. 



PORTUGAL. 
Denis. 



1325. Alfonso IV. 



1357. Peter the Se- 
vere. 



1367. Ferdinand I, 



1384. John I. 



POPES. 
Boniface VIII. 



1303. Benedict XI. 

1304. Vacancy. 

1305. Clement V. 



1314. Vacancy. 
1316, John XXII. 



1334.BenedictXIl, 



1342. Clement VI, 



1352. InnocentVI, 



1362. Urban V. 



1370. Gregory XI. 



1378. Urban VI. 



1389. Boniface IX 



THE EAST. 
Andronicus II. 



1332. Andronicus 
III. 



311. JohnPalaeo- 
logus. 



1347. John Canta 
cuzenus. 



1355. John False- 
ologus re- 
stored again 



Y 2 



324 SYNCHRONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 



ENGLAND. 


SCOTLAND. 


FRANCE. 


GERMANY. 


HUNGARY. 


PRUSSl 










1392. Mary and Si- 
gismund. 




House of Lan- 
caster. 












1399. Henry IV. 






- 








1400. j 


Henry IV. 


Robert III. 


Charles VI. 


Wenceslas. 


Sigismund. 


Jossus, 








1400. Frederic and 
Rupert. 








1406. James I. 
















1410. Jossus and 
Sigismund. 




1411. Sigismu 
again. 


1413. Henry V. 










1415. Frederic 


1422. Henry VL 




1422. Charles VII. 










1437. James II. 




House of Austria. 


1437. Albert. 










143S. Albert II. 

1439. Interregnum 

1440. Frederic IV. 


1440. Ladislas IV. 
1444. Interregnum 

1453. Ladislas V. 


1440. Frederic 


House of York. 


1460. James III. 






1458. Matthias. 
Corvinus. 




1461. Edward IV. 




1461. Louis XL 






1470. Albert II 
1476. John 11 


1483. Edward V.& 
Richard III. 




1483.CharlesVIII. 








Hou^e of Tudor. 












1483. Henry VII. 













EUEOPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 



325 



;nmark. 


SWEDEN. 


SPAIN. 


PORTUGAL. 


POPES. 


THE EAST, 












1391. Manuel Pa- 
Iseologus. 


Margaret & 
Eric IX. 


1397. Union of 
Calmar. 






1394. Benedict 
XIH. 




1400. 




Eric IX. and Margaret. 


Henry III. 


John I. 


Benedict Xlll. 


Manuel 

PAL.E0L0GUS. 






1406. John II, 




1404.InnocentVIl 
NOe.GregorvXII. 

1409. Alexander V. 

1410. John XXIII. 




Eric IX. or 
sole so 


1412. Eric XIII. 
vereign. 






1417. Martin V. 










1433. Edward. 


143I.EugeniusIV, 


1425. John Palffio- 
logus 11. 


Interregnum 






1433. Alfonso V. 






Christopher 
III. 

End of 


1440. Christopher 
III.ofDen- 
marli. 

Union. 










Christian I. 


l448.CharlesVIII. 


1454. Henry IV. 




1447. Nicholas V. 

1455. Calixtus III, 
1458. Pius 11. 


1448. Constantinc 

Xlll. 

SiiltanF. 

1453. Mahomttll. 




1470. Interregnum 


l474.FerdinandV. 




1464. Paul II. 
1471. Sixtus IV. 




John. 


1483. John 11. 

(John I. of 
Denmrirk) 


Y 


1481. John II. 
3 


1484. Innocent 
VIII. 


1481. Bajazet II. 



326 SYNCHKONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 



ENGLAND. 


SCOTLAND. 


FRANCE. 


GERMANY. 


HUNGARY. 


PRUSSI 




1488. James IV. 


1498. Louis XII. 


1493.MaximilianI. 


1490. Ladislas VI. 


Elector! 
1486. John I 

1499. Joachii 




1500. 




Henry VII. 


James IV. 


Louis XII. 


Maximilian I. 


Ladislas VI. 


Joachim 


1509. Henry VIII. 














1513. James V. 


1515. Francis I. 


1519. Charles V. 


1516. Louis II. 

1526. John Zapol- 
ski and Fer- 
dinand I. 




1547. Edward VI. 


1542. Mary. 


1547. Henry 11. 




1541. Ferdinand 
alone. 


1535. Joachin 


1553. Mary. 












1558. Elizabeth. 


1567. James VI. 


1559. Francis II. 

1560. Charles IX. 


1558. Ferduiandl. 

1564. Maximilian 
II. 






ENGLAND. 


SCOTLAND. 


FRANCE. 


GERMANY. 


HOLLAND. 


PRUSSIi 












57 I.John Geo 



EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 327 



^MARK. 


SWEDEN. 


SPAIN. 


PORTUGAL. 


POPES. 


THE EAST. 








1495. Emmanuel. 


1492. Alexander 
VI. 




1500. 




HN I, or 


John II. 


Ferdinand V, 


Emmanuel. 


Alexander VI, 


Bajazet II. 




1502. Interregnum 


1504. Joan. 




1503. Pius I II. and 
Julius II.: 




Christian II. 




l512.FerdinandV. 
1516. Charles I. 




1513. Leo. X. 


1512. Selim I. 




1520. Christian II. 
of Denmark. 




1521. John III. 


1522. Adrian VI. 


1520. Solyraan. 


>ederic I. 


1523. Gustavus 
Vdsa. 






1523. Clement 
VII. 




:^hristian 
III. 








1534. Paul III. 
1550. Julius III. 








1553. Philip. II. 


1557. Sebastian. 


1556. Marcellus 
II. and Paul 
IV. 




"rederic II. 


1560. Eric XIV. 
I5G8. John HI. 






1559. Pius IV. 
1566. Pius V. 


1566. Selim II. 


"IMARK. 


SWEDEN. 


SPAIN. 


PORTUGAL. 


POPES. 


THE EAST. 






Y 


4 


1572. C^egory 





328 



STNCHRONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 



ENGLAND. 


SCOTLAND. 


FRANCE. 


GERMANY. 


HOLLAND. 


PRUSSIA 






1574. Henry III. 














1576. Rodolph II. 


Stadtholders. 












1579. William of ,1 
Nassau. 1 










1587. Maurice. 








1589. Henry IV. 






1598. Joachim 
Frederic 




1600. 




ENGLAND. 


FRANCE. 


GERMANY. 


HOLLAND. 


PRUSSIA. 


DENMARK 


Elizabeth. 


Henry IV. 


RODOLPH II. 


Maurice. 


Joachim Frede- 
ric. 


Christian IV 


House of Stuart. 












1603. James L 


1610. Louis XIH. 


1612. Matthias. 

1619. Ferdinand 
II. 




1608. John Sigis 
mund. 

Dukes of Prussia. 

1616. John Sigis- 
mund. 

1619. George Wil- 
liam. 




1625. Charles 1. 


1643. Louis XIV. 


1637. Ferdinand 
III. 


1625. Frederic 
Henry. 

1647. William II. 


1640. Frederic 
William. 


648. FredericII 



EUROPE^ FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 



329 



Christian 
IV. 



1592. Sigismund. 



SPAIN. 



1598. Philip III. 



PORTUGAL. 



1578. Henry 
1S80. Anthony. 



1585. Sixtus V. 



1590. Urbjin VII 
and Gregorv 
XIV. 

1591. Innocent IX, 

1592. L lenient 

VIII. 



THE EAST. 



1574. Amurath 
III. 



1595.MahometIII 



1600. 



WEDEN. 

IGISMUND. 



Charles IX, 



Gustavus II, 



Interreg- 
num, then 
Christina. 



SPAIN, 
Philip III. 



1621. Philip IV. 



PORTUGAL. 

Anthony. 



POPES. 
Clement VIII. 



1605. Leo XI. and 
Paul V. 



THE EAST. 
Mahomet III. 



1603. Achmet. 



1640. John IV. 



1621. Gregory 
XV. 



1623. Urban Vin 



1644. Innocent IX. 



1617. Mustapha I. 

1618. Osman I. 



1622. Mustapha I. 

again. 

1623. Amurath 

IV. 



1640. Ibrahim. 



RUSSIA. 
Boris Godonof. 



1606. Demetrius. 
1610. Interregnun 



1613. Michael Fe- 
dorovitz 



1645. Alexis. 



330 



SYNCHRONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 



ENGLAND. 



1649. Common- 
wealth. 



1660. Charles II. 



1G85. James II. 



1689. William III, 
and Mary. 



FRANCE. 



GERMANY. 



1658. Leopold I. 



HOLLAND. 



1650. Interregnum 



1672. William III, 



PRUSSIA. 



1688. Frederic. 



DENMARK 



1670. Christian 



1699. Frederic : 



1700. 



William and 

Mary. 


Louis XIV. 


Leopold I. 


William III. 


Frederic. 


Frederic IV 


1702. Anne. 




1705. Joseph I. 


Princes of Orange. 
1702. William IV. 


Kings. 
1701. Freda 




House of Hanover 
1714. George I. 


1715. Louis XV-. 


1711. Charles VI. 


1711. William V. 


1713. Frederic 

William I. 




1727. George II. 










1730. Christian 






1740. Maria The- 
resa. 




1710. Frederic II. 
or in. 


VI 






1742. Charles VII. 
1745. Francis I. 


1751. William VI. 


V*. 


1746. Frederic"" 



EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 



331 



tVEDEN. 


SPAIN. 


PORTUGAL. 


POPES. 


THE EAST. 


RUSSIA. 










1649. Mahomet 
IV. 




Charles X. 




1656. Alfonso VI. 


1655. Alexander 
VII. 






Charles XI. 


1665. Charles II. 


1683. Peter II. 


Ifi67. Clement IX. 
1670. Clement X. 

1676. Innocent XI, 


1687. Solyman III. 


U>76. Theodore 11. 
1682. Ivan IV. and 
Peter I. 

Emperors. 


Charles XII. 






1689. Alpxander 
VIII. 

1691. Innocent 
XII. 


1691. AchmetIL 
l695.MustaphaIl. 


1689. Peter I. 






1700. 

, . , 1 


ARLES XII. 


Charles II. 


Peter II. 


Innocent XII. 


MUSTAPHA II. 


Peter THE Great 




1700. Philip V. 


1706. John V. 


1700. Clement XI. 


1703. Achmet III. 




Ulrica Eleo- 
nora. 

Frederic. 


1724. Louis I. and 
Philip V. 
again. 

1745. Ferdinand 
VI. 




1721. Innocent 

XIII. 
1724. Benedict 

XIII. 

1730.ClementXII. 
1740. Benedict 
XIV. 


1730. MahomedV. 


1725. Catherine I. 
1727. Peter II. 
1730. Anne. 

1740. Ivan V. 

1741. Elizabeth. 


. Adolphus 
iTfcderic, 




1750. Joseph. 




1754. Osman 11. 
)757.MustaphaIll 


1 
1 



332 



SYlSrCHEONlCAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 



ENGLAND. 


FRANCE. 


GERMANY. 


HOLLAND. 


PRUSSIA. 


DENMAR 


1760. George III. 


1774. Louis XVI. 
1793. Louis XV II. 


1765. Joseph II. 

1790. Leopold II. 
1792. Francis II. 


1795. United to 
France. 


1786. Frederic 
William 11. 

1797. Frederic 
William III. 


1766. Christia 
VII. 

1784. Regencj 
Freder 




1800. 


George III. 


Louis XVII. 


Francis II. 


William VI. 


Frederic Wil- 
liam III. 


Frederic, R 






Emperors of 
Austria. 










1804. Napoleon. 


1804. Francis I., 
I'nrmerly 
Francis II. 


1806. WilliamFre- 
deric & Louis 
Buonaparte. 

1810. United to 
France. 

1813. M^illiam re- 
stored. 




1808. Frederic 




1814.LouisXVIII. 




Kings of the 
Netherlands. 








1815. Napoleon 
again ; then 
Louis XVIII. 




1815. William 1. 






1820. George IV. 


1824. Charles X. 











EUROPE, FROM EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 333 



SWEDEN. 



I. Giistavus 
Adolphus 
III. 



i2.Gustavus IV. 



PORTUGAL. 



1759. Charles III. 



1788. Charles IV. 



1777. Maria and 
Peter III 



1786. Maria alone. 



1792. Regency of 
John. 



POPES. 



1758. Clement 
XIII. 



1769. Clement 
XIV. 



1775. Pius VI. 



THE EAST. 



1774. Abdul Ah- 
med. 



1788. Sehm III. 



RUSSIA. 



1762. Peter III. & 
Catherine 1 1 



1796. Paul. 







. 1800. 






^TUSTAVUS IV. 


Charles IV. 


John, Regent. 


Pius VI. 


Selim III. 


Paul. 








1800. Plus VII. 




1801. Alexander I. 


D.CharlesXlII. 


1808. Ferdinand 
VII. & Joseph 
Buonaparte. 

1814. Ferdinand 
VII. 






1807.MustaphaIV. 
1808. Mahmud II. 




8. Charles 
XIV. 




1816. John VI. 


1823. Leo XII 




1825 Nicholas. 



SYNCHRONICAL TABLE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF 



ENGLAND. FRANCE. GERMANY. HOLLAND. PRUSSIA. DENMARBli 



1830. William IV 



1837. Victoria. 



1830. Louis 

Philippe. 



1848. Louis Napo- 
leon, Pre- 
sident of the 
Republic, & 

1852. Emperor, as 
Napoleon 

in. 



1835. Ferdinand. 



848. Francis 
Joseph. 



1840. William II. 



1849. William III 



1840. Frederic 

William IV, 



EUROPE, FR03I EGBERT THE GREAT TO 1854. 



335 



rEDEN. 


SPAIN. 


PORTUGAL. 


POPES. 


THE EAST. 


RUSSIA. 




1833. Isabella II. 


1826. Peter IV. & 

Maiall. 
1828. Don Miguel. 

1833. Maria II. 
restored. 


1829. Pius VIII. 
1831. Gregory 
XVI. 


1839. Abdul Med- 
jid. 




Oscar, 




18o3. Pedro V. 


184f5. Pius IX. 




1855.AlexanderIl 



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